Purple Cards – Set 1

By: Michaela Stiger

Reform and Culture• This unit addresses the cultural

aspects of the United States history during the 19th century.

• * In addition, it addresses the reform movements of the mid-1800s, including public education, temperance, prison reform, care of the disabled and women’s rights.

• * Finally, it takes an in-depth study of the abolition movement.

Major Eras and Events in U.S. History through 1877

• Abolition• Women’s Rights• Education• Care of the Disabled and Mentally Ill• Prisons• Temperance

Frederick Douglass• Leading African-American

abolitionist, accomplished orator and writer.

Susan B. Anthony• Key spokesperson for the 19th

century women’s suffrage movement• Suffrage – right to vote

Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Leader of the 19th century women’s

suffrage movement• Called for the first convention of

women’s movement in Seneca Falls• Wrote the “Declaration of

Sentiments” which was approved at the Seneca Falls Convention

Political, Social, and Economic Contributions of Women to American Society

• Political: began the fight for suffrage• Social: allowed women to be

successful in other fields• Economic: fought for women’s rights;

they were able to get the work day reduced to 10 hours a day

Historical Development of the Abolitionist Movement

• Abolitionist movement worked to end slavery• 1807 – Congress banned the importation of

African slaves into the United States and then demand began to end slavery

• 1820 – 1840 – Abolitionists grew in number• 1840 – 1850 – Abolitionist leaders Frederick

Douglass and Sojourner Truth began to speak out across the nation; The Underground Railroad began to make an impact and the Women’s Movement joined in

Reform Movements• Public Education• Opening of public schools• Primarily in the North as well as private

grade schools and colleges• By churches and other groups

Reform Movements• Temperance• Organized societies that worked at

trying to stop the drinking of alcohol• Some states passed laws that made

it illegal to sell alcohol

Reform Movements• Women’s Rights• Well organized groups that fought for

better working conditions for women• Were able to pass a federal law that

ordered a 10 hour working day

Reform Movements• Prison Reform– Pushed for separate jails for women,

men, and children– Called for the mission of prisons to be

rehabilitation

Reform Movements• Care of the disabled• Building of new hospitals for the

mentally ill, deaf, and blind

Religious Motivation for Immigration and Influence on Social Movements• Second Great Awakening• Brought more denominations that

intensified the lines between classes and regions

• Spawned many of the humanitarian reform movements; prison reform, women’s rights, temperance, and abolition of slavery

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

• Transcendentalism– An American literary political and philosophical

movement in the early 19th Century– These men were critics of their contemporary

society for its unthinking conformity and urged each individual find their independent relation to the universe

– Particularly utilizing solitude in nature • Ralph Waldo • Emerson , author

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

• Literature• Emily Dickinson •  • Walt Whitman- Leaves of

Grass• Nathaniel Hawthorne – The Scarlet

Letter•  • Edgar Allan Poe

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

• Art – Landscapes• John James Audubon– Drew American wildlife

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

• Hudson River School Artists• Their paintings depict the American

landscape and reflect three themes of America in the 19th Century:

• Discovery• Exploration• Settlement

•  •  • Albert Bierstadt; The Oregon Trail

Developments in Art, Music, and Literature that are Unique to the American Culture

• MUSIC• Slave spirituals and gospel music• “Battle Hymn of the Republic”

• Written at the beginning of the Civil War• Used music from the abolitionist song,

“John Brown’s Body”• Became a popular Civil War song

of the Union Army • Still a well-loved patriotic anthem

Examples of American Art, Music, and Literature that Reflect Society

• Albert Bierstadt’s• River• Landscape

Examples of American Art, Music, and Literature that Reflect

• Music– Battle Hymn of the Republic• Lyrics by Julia Ward Howe

–Dixie• Lyrics by Daniel Decateur Emmett  

Examples of American Art, Music, and Literature that Reflect Society

• Literature–Mark Twain– Samuel Langhorne Clemens (real

name)– American author and humorist. He

is most noted for his novels, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885),[2] the latter often called "the Great American Novel."

Purple Cards- Set 2

By; Michaela Stiger

1803 – 1850

• Manifest Destiny – belief that it was the destiny of the United States to expand its borders from “sea to sea” across the North American continent

Major Elements of Manifest Destiny

• Westward Expansion• War with Mexico• Annexation of Texas• Gold Rush

Northwest Ordinance 1787

• Created an organized system for settlement of government lands in the Northwest Territory

• Had to be at least 5,000 men who owned at least 50 acres

• 60,000 people• An existing form of self-government

Economic, Political, and Social Roots of Manifest Destiny

• Economic:– New land for farmers– New trade routes and markets (Santa Fe Trail)– New opportunities to start a business

• Political– Expansion of our nation’s borders/territories– Expansion of slavery

• Social– Removal of Native Americans– Refuge for persecuted groups (Mormons)

Relationship Between the Concept of Manifest Destiny and the Westward

Growth of the Nation• The United States government and

its citizens believed that the nation’s destiny or fate was to expand westward from sea to sea

Causes of the United States-Mexican War

• Annexation of Texas• Viewed as a “War of Aggression” by many

Americans• Causes:– President Polk’s desire to expand the United

States (Manifest Destiny)• Border disputes concerning the southern

boundary of Texas (Rio Grande was claimed by Texas and disputed by Mexico.)

Effects and Impacts of the United States-Mexican War

• Effects and Impact– Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)

ends the war• Grants the United States the Mexican

territory of New Mexico, Arizona and California

– United States paid Mexico $10 million for the Gadsden Purchase to help repay Mexico for the annexation of Texas in 1845

Areas Acquired to Create the United States

• Louisiana Purchase• Mexican Cession – New Mexico, Arizona, California

• Gadsden Purchase• Oregon Territory• Alaska Purchase– Seward’s Folly

Sectionalism

• loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than to the country as a whole

• Regions: North, South, West, Slave States, Free States

• States: Texas, California, Kansas, Nebraska

• Cities: Washington, D.C.

Physical Characteristics of the Environment and their Influence on Population

Distribution, Settlement Patterns, and Economic Activities in the US

• Gold in California– Rush of settlers to California; pushed many American

Indians off their lands; population of California quickly rises to the amount required for statehood

• California’s proximity to the Pacific Ocean– Led to an increase of immigration from Asian nations

• Rocky Mountains • Location between eastern and western parts of

the United States resulted in a need for the Gadsden Purchase to put in a railroad train for transport of goods from East to West

Purple Cards-Set 3

By: Michaela Stiger

Missouri Compromise, 1820

• Sponsored by Henry Clay • Allowed Missouri to enter the

Union as a slave state • Allowed Maine to enter as a free

state

Nullification Crisis, 1828

• Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs• In 1832, a lower tariff was passed

– Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun

– South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders

– Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties

– To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833

– The Government lowers the tariff and backs down

Nullification Crisis, 1828

• Tariff of Abominations: resulted in higher tariffs• In 1832, a lower tariff was passed

– Still angered South Carolinians, led by John C. Calhoun

– South Carolina declared the federal tariff null and void within its borders

– Delegates to a special convention urged the state legislature to take military action and secede from the union if the federal government demanded customs duties

– To prevent a civil war, Henry Clay proposed the Compromise Tariff of 1833

– The Government lowers the tariff and backs down

Compromise of 1850

• Sponsored by Henry Clay• Allowed California to enter the Union as a free

state (pleased the North)• The rest of the Southwest was left open to slavery,

depending on a vote of the people (popular sovereignty) who settled there (pleased the South)

• Ended the slave trade in Washington, DC• Allowed those owning slaves to keep them (pleased

both sides)• INCLUDED The Fugitive Slave Law

– Required the return of escaped slaves to their owners (pleased the South, angered the North because they felt it was immoral)

Kansas – Nebraska Act, 1854

• Allowed for Kansas and Nebraska to be organized on the basis of popular sovereignty– That is, the people would vote

themselves to decide if they would be Free or Slave

John C. Calhoun

• South Carolina Senator• Favored states’ rights• Led opposition in South Carolina to the

protective Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

Henry Clay

• Senator from Kentucky• known as “The Great

Compromiser” for his ability to smooth sectional conflict through balanced legislation

• Sponsored the Missouri Compromise in 1820– Admitted Missouri as a slave state– Admitted Maine as a free state

Daniel Webster

• Senator from Massachusetts• Known as “The Great Orator”• Worked to create compromises with

the southern states that would delay the start of the Civil War

Roles Played by Significant Individuals During the Civil War

• Jefferson Davis• President of the Confederate States of

America

Ulysses S. Grant

• Commander of the Union Army• September 1861; he was promoted as a general• After a series of victories, including the capture of

Vicksburg, Lincoln gave him command of the Union Army

• He created an overall plan concentrated on Sherman’s march through Georgia and his own assault on the Confederate Army in Virginia

• Grant accepted Lee’s surrender in 1865, ending the war.

Robert E. Lee

• When the South seceded, Lincoln offered Lee the command of Union forces but Lee refused

• Resigned from the U.S. Army and returned to Virginia to serve with the Confederate forces

• In 1862, Lee was appointed to command the Army of Northern Virginia

• His battle strategies are admired to this day, but he was criticized for having a narrow strategy centered on his native Virginia

• He surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865

Abraham Lincoln

• 16th President of the United States

William Carney

• Served with the 54th Massachusetts Regiment (Union) during the Civil War

• He was the first black soldier to receive the award– Reason for citation: when the 54th’s sergeant was

shot down, this soldier grasped the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors there. When the troops fell back he brought the flag, under a fierce fire in which he was twice severely wounded

Philip Bazar

• Was a navy seaman in the Union Navy• Won the Medal of Honor for his distinguished service in

the Civil War– Reason for citation: on board the U.S.S. Santiago de Cuba

during the assault on Fort Fisher on January 15, 1865– As one of a boat crew detailed to one of the generals on

shore– Bazar bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied

his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the battle– He was one of six men who entered the fort in the assault

from the fleet

Sectionalism• Loyalty to local interests instead of national

concerns• In the United States, the differences between

northern southern, and western areas increased throughout the early 1800s.

• Different cultures and business practices existed in the three sections of the country and these concerns often conflicted.

• Farming was the main livelihood of all three sections

Major Events of the Civil War

• Firing on Fort Sumter• Fort Sumter, South Carolina• A federal fort in the Charleston Harbor• Was fired upon by Rebel forces to begin the

Civil War• April 12, 1861• P.G.T. Beauregard, Confederate• Major Robert Anderson, Union

Battle of Antietam, 1862

• The Confederacy started to draft soldiers to meet the demand for the troops and the Union followed suit in 1863

• The Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war

• Occurred in Maryland on September 17, 1862• Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on

September 23, following the Union victory at Antietam

Battle of Gettysburg

• 1863• July 1 – 3, 1863• 92,000 Union troops fought 76,000 Confederate troops

at Gettysburg, PA• The fate of the Confederacy was sealed on July 4, 1863

with Union victories at Gettysburg (turning back a Confederate invasion of the North) and Vicksburg (giving control of the Mississippi River to the Union)

• The war continued for two more years as the South sought independence and Lincoln demanded union

Siege of Vicksburg

• The North captured this strong hold to gain control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern states.

• 75-day siege• Northern Army led by Ulysses S. Grant

Emancipation Proclamation

• Changes the nature of the war• No longer a war only to preserve (keep) the Union• Now became a war to free the slaves• The proclamation freed only the slaves in the

rebelling territories• Issued in September, 1862, after the Battle of

Antietam• Went into law January 1, 1863

Assassination of Lincoln

• April 14, 1865• Shot by John Wilkes Booth– Actor– Southern sympathizer– Had wanted to kill Lincoln and keep the war going

until the South won• Ford’s Theatre, Washington, DC

Lee’s Surrender at Appomattox Court House

• Robert E. Lee – Leader of the Confederate Army

• Ulysses S. Grant – Leader of the Union Army• Lee surrendered to Grant• Brings the Civil War to a close• April 9, 1865

Sectionalism• Protective Tariffs• Increasing divide between north and south• Manufacturing Society v. Plantation Society• Kansas – Nebraska Act• Missouri Comprise

Civil War

• Secession• Slavery and states’ right• Abraham Lincoln• Confederate States of America• Union

150 years ago.. Dates of the Civil War: 1861-1865

• 1861: Fort Sumter, South Carolina• 1862: Antietam• 1863: Gettysburg• 1865: Surrender at Appomattox Court House

Impact of Tariff Policies on Sections of the United States before the Civil War

• North- high tariffs help the industrial North by making their prices more competitive against cheap imports; had most of the nation’s manufacturing

• Northern response – Northerners liked tariffs because it caused Americans to buy American-made products by increasing the cost of European imported manufactured goods

• West – the West backed government spending on internal governments such as new roads and canals, and they were financed by tariffs

Impact of Tariff Policies on Sections of the United States before the Civil War

• South – the South, which had little industry and imported most non-agricultural goods, saw high tariff as a burden imposed by the more industrialized and populated north. Sold most of their cotton to foreign buyer’s on credit.

• Southern response- Southerners opposed tariffs because the South’s main trade partners were European nations. High tariffs on raw materials forced the south to sell their materials for low prices, while higher price for the products they purchased from their European trade partners.

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Slaves and Free Blacks

• Sectionalism and Civil War• Political• Missouri Compromise – Missouri entered the Union as a

slave state and Maine entered as a free state. This Missouri Compromise also stated that all new states entering the Union with a latitude north of the 36.30’ line would be free states.

• Compromise of 1850 – California admitted as a free state; slave trade abolished in Washington, DC; stronger fugitive slave laws would be passed to help slave holders recapture runaway slaves.

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Slaves and Free Blacks

• Southern plantation system – relied on slavery; slaves had no property and no rights

• Northern industrial economy- slave trade abolished in north; large population

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Slaves and Free Blacks

• Social• Religion drew slaves together among

plantatioins; communicated through spirituals• Racism develops in both the North and South

Impact of Slavery on Different Sections of the United States

• Sectionalism and Civil War• North• Illegal since the Revolution • Abolitionist societies and newspapers and

Underground Railroad• Many were ambivalent to the plight of

slaves/free blacks

Impact of Slavery on Different Sections of the United States

• Sectionalism and Civil War• South• Economic factor –slaves viewed as property

and labor supply• Maintain a way of life• Considered a states’ rights issue• Fugitives

Impact of Slavery on Different Sections of the United States

• Sectionalism and Civil War• West• Fight over whether or not to extend slavery

into the territories• Maintain balances of the free and slave states

in the Senate