public space design in museums - robbilard

7/23/2019 Public Space Design in Museums - Robbilard

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Public S"ace #esign in $useu%s#a&id A 'RobillardUniversity of Wisconsin -Milwaukee

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Reco%%ended CitationRobillard #a&id A' .PublicS"ace #esign in $useu%s.(19!)' Center for Architecture and Urban Planning Research Books. Book1/'htt"*++d c'u )%'edu+c a u"r,%ono+1/

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PUBLIC SPACE DESIGNIN

MUSEUMS

DAVID A. ROBILLARD

e!art"ent of.#$rcliitectureand %r&an!'anning%niversity of(Wisconsin) *Mifwaukf.e

.#+ thesissub"itted in!artialfu,if"ent oftlie reuire"entsforthe tfegreeof *Master of .#$rcliitecture

*May)/#01


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PUBLICATIONS IN ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING

Center for Architecture and Urban Plannin Re!earchUni"er!it# of $i!con!in% &il'au(eeP)O) Bo* +,- )&il'au(ee. $I /-01,

Re2ort R3+%4

Additional co2ie! of thi! re2ort are a"ailable for current 2rice!b# 'ritin to the abo"e addre!!)


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To "y "other elores (B. 'l\(J6ifan[

in 2oving "e"ory

am[ to "yjamify

tlie ideai rifesu!!ort syste"

yert) *A2!r&ert)(B3&) (Bet4) on.


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Acknowledgements

I 'i!h to ac(no'lede the follo'in 2eo2le for their "aluablecontribution! to thi! 'or(5 Gar# T) &oore. 'ho!e dilience and!(ill in the teachin of En"iron6ent Beha"ior !tudie! encouraed6e to 2ur!ue thi! 2ro7ect. and 'ho!e in!iht! into the de"elo26entand co66unication of de!in uideline! hel2ed clarif# the orani8ation of the 6aterial9 Ti6oth# &cGint#. 'ho!e (no'lede andunder!tandin of architectural de!in. ra2hic !t#le! andtechni:ue! !trenthened the de"elo26ent of thi! !tud#9 C)G)Scre"en'ho!e e*cite6ent and concern for the better6ent of 6u!eu6 en"iron6ent! continuall# reaffir6ed the need for thi! 2ro7ect. and 'ho!ee*2erti!e in 6u!eu6 "i!itor re!earch 6ade thi! docu6ent 2o!!ible9Charle! R) Ince.;r). Pre!ident of A)I)A) Re!earch Cor2oration. for!electin 6e the ,'hich 2ro"ided the o22ortunit# to conduct 2reli6inar# re!earch inan en"iron6ent o"erflo'in 'ith 6u!eu6 re!ource!9 Barr# Stee"e!.for hi! editin of the final co2# and trainin in docu6ent de"elo26ent9 ;oni ?ar8#n!(i. for her 2ro62t5 and 2rof icient t#2in

!(ill!9 and Sandra B) Schroeder. a!!i!tant to the dean for !tudentaffair!. for her enthu!ia!6 for the 2ro7ect and 2atience 'hilea'aitin the final outco6e)

@inall#. I 'i!h to than( Lueta AI%Saadi. Roer and Laura Deoun.Richard ieffer. Ric(i and aren &iller. Bill Si6on and E66ettSulli"an for their con!tant !u22ort. encourae6ent and under!tandine!2eciall# durin the difficult ti6e! of the 6anual! 2roduction)

Ma !"#$

P%e&a%ed by

Da"id A) Robillard0,1/


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CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Introduction: The Museum Problem 6The Problem

Importance o! the Problem 11

Impro"in#$uture Mluseums 1%

&esi#n 'uides !orMuseum Public Space

Chapter (: The Museum and its Visitors: ) 1*

+iterature Re"ie,

Summar- o! Visitol. Characteristics 1*

Summar- o! Visitolr /eha"ior +iterature ( 1

Chapter :* Public Space IOesi#n'uidelines ::

Entrance 0alls 6

Circulation 23

'alleries 26

+oun#es 63

/iblio#raph-


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PRE+ACE

En,)%onment - Be(a,)o% Std)esn A%c()tect%e

SINCE EFER IND O@ HU&AN RECTION IS CONCEIFABLE. IT IS O@REAT I&PORTANCE TO NO$ $HICHEACTIONS ACTUALL OCCUR &OSTREUENTL. AND UNDER $HAT CONITIONS) ONL THEN IHLL A &OREADFANCED UNDERSTANDING O@ THEANENFIRON&ENT RELATIONSHIP&ERGE. $HICH $ILL UNDOUBTEDLHAFE BENE@ICIAL E@@ECTS UPONUR LIFES) =&i(ellide!. ,

here i! an enor6ou! intere!t ine"elo2in a better undertandin of the de!in re:uire

ent! for 2articular buildin#2e! =e)).re!taurant!. !chool!ou!in. bar!. ho!2ital!. raiload !tation!> and !2ecial u!errou2! =e)..children. elder l#.andica22ed>) En"iron6ent%Beha"or Studie!. 1# e*a6inin theelation!hi2 bet'een hu6an bea"ior and the !urround)n:en"i ron6ent. ha! beun toddre!! thi! 2roble6) Althouhn an earl# !tae of de"elo26ent.reat deal of u!eful

nfor6ation ha! e"ol"ed throuha!ic and a22lied re!earch) Theindin! are bein de"elo2ednto build in 2rora6! ande!in uide line!. 2ro"idinhe architect 'ith nece!!ar#nfor6ation to 6a(e ba!ic de!ineci!ion! for !2ecific buildin

#2e! and u!er !rou2!)

De!2ite thi! ro'in bod# ofre!earch. 'hich !ho'! that !ci

ntificall# ba!ed anal#!i! cani62ro"e de!in the architectural2rofe!!ion ha! re6ained !u!2iciou! of !ocial%!cientific 6ethodolo#. Accordin to RobertSo66er. there are "er# fe' 2rofe!!ional beha"ioral !cienti!t!G62lo#ed full ti6e in architectural office!) He note! that.beha"ioral con!ultation i! 6orehe e*ce2tion than the rule inarchitectural 2ractice. e"en onD),a7Or2ro7ect!) =So66er.

alone eme%genc team

one Vle,4

55

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25 RAIL0A1 S'A'ION

Althouh the neati"e attitude of6o!t 2ractitioner! to'ard! beha"ioral !cience ha! declined !o6e'hat o"er the last fe' #ear! =e)'ith the increa!e in 2ublication!and En"iron6ental De!in Re!earchA!!ociation9 EDRA conference!> .toda#! de!in re!earcher. concerned 'ith i62ro"in thi! relation!hi2. 6u!t de"elo2 their e*%

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9/83

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10/83


11/83

+

4 A''EN'ION A''EN'ION.5Be(a,)o%al consltat)on on des)gn

&%o6ects ;is st)ll go)ng on. '(e c()e3

)m&ed)ment to )ts e33ect),eness )s t(elack o3 a sol)d data 7ase deal)ng w)t(

t(e 7e(a,)o%al e33ects o3 7)ld)ngs.5Ro7e%t Somme%. 5A%c()tect%e.Psc(olog8 '(e Pass)on 0as Passed.5A3A63*lfnal' A&%)l* !"#9.

'ake t(e aUl2 t(at 3ollows* s)ng )nt)t)on and 7est 6dgement. 1o% answe%s can 7e com&a%ed to t(ose

g),en )n t(e manal* at t(e des)gnated&ages.

:.;'o )m&%o,et(e mseme9

8?.;Galle%s&aces s(old conta)n mo%et(an two doo%was to )nc%ease t(e)%

sage.'%e o% +alse .See &&. >@

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de s)gn=e.g.* colo%* l)g(t)ng etc.;* can

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13/83

r.

INTROUCTIIONT!" #US"U# $RO%&"#

It i66 6678 iou s t h a tO bu r l d i n s arc

for 2eo2le) Peo2le 2a# for the692eo2le u!e the69 2eo2le de!inthe6) The de!in of a buildincon!i!t! of 2eo2le 6a(in deci!ion! on behalf of other 2eo2le'hich affect anoter !et of2eo2le) Therefore under!tandinof de!in. and a! a con!euencethe 2erfor6ance of it! 2roduct!.6u!t !tart 'ith an under!tandinof 2eo2le)

Thi! the!i! focu!e! on the findin! of "i!itor beha"ior !tudie!in 6u!eu6!) The!e !tudie! !tronl# !ue!t that the architect a!'ell a! the 6u!eu6 2rofe!!ional6u!t be under!tandin and !en!iti"e to "i!itor! need! in order

to create a balance bet'een the6u!eu6! buildin co62onent!=e)). door!. color!. roo6 !i8e!.and location!. etc)>. e*hibit!and "i!itor!)

It i! ho2ed that a 6ore con!cientiou! effort in balancin the!e"ariable! 'ill ine"itabl# re!ultin a 6ore !ucce!!ful 6u!eu6 en"iron6ent and learnin e*2erience)

'(e P%o7lem

Fi!itor%Beha"ior !tudie! in 6u!eu6! bean 'ith Ben7a6in I"e!Gil6an! 'or( in ,


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8=

C.

77

ROBINSON !"$#!. 1.

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ti6e !2ent in the 2icture collection!. the roo6! entered. the nu6ber of 2icture! !tudied b# the"i!itor in each roo6. and theti6e !2ent before each of the!e2icture!) Althouh the nu6ber of"i!itor! ob!er"ed 'a! !6all. certain eneral tendencie! characteri!tic of 6u!eu6 "i!itor! 'ere

re6ar(ed)

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RE%OCCURING FISITOR $ALING PATTERNS DISOHED B ROBINSON AND &ELTON IN THE EARL4*3 S) THE PATTERNS HAFE BEEtIRE%A@@IRr,ED$ITH CURREflTRESEARCH AND HAFE DE@INITEDESIGN I&PLICATIONS @OR GALLER SPACES) SEECHAPTER III)

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to !to2 before a 2rore!!i"el# !6aller 2ercentae of the

2icture! encountered and to

6a(e 2rore!!i"el# !horter!to2!)

0) The 6ore 2icture! !i6ultaneou!l# di!2la#ed. the !6allerthe a"erae ti6e !2ent inloo(in at each 2icture)

-) In lare 6u!eu6! the li(elihood that a "i!itor 'ill ob!er"e an# i"en 2icture i!le!! than in !6aller 6u!eu6!=Bennett. ,)

&elton. 'or(in in art 6u!eu6!.confir6ed Robin!on! findin!)

He ob!er"ed the beha"ior of6u!eu6 "i!itor! under nor6al andcontrolled condition! and found anu6ber of factor! 'hich increa!eor di6ini!h the effecti"ene!! of

6u!eu6 di!2la#),) In a !#66etricall# arraned

e*hibit roo6 there i! a!tron tendenc# for the

"i!itor to follo' the rihthand 'all. loo(in at di!2la#! to their riht)

0) E*it! fro6 a 6u!eu6 roo6

attract the "i!itor and

co62ete 'ith nearb# di!2la#!!o that !to2! are le!!fre:uent and of le!! duration before 2icture! or ob7ect! in the "icinit# of

door! leadin fro6 the roo6)If the "i!itor encounter! ane*it before the circuit ofthe roo6 i! co62leted. the#are 6ore li(el# to de2artthan to continue in the roo6

-) Fi!itor! di!tribute theirattention. u!uall# 2au!infor brief 2eriod! to loo( atindi"idual ob7ect! and then!(i22in !e"eral inter"enine*hibit! before !to22inaain)

Re!earch into "i!itor re!2on!e!to 6u!eu6 6aterial!. e*hibit! and


15/83

!

Men"iron6ent! continued toa22ear

in boo(!) article! in the 2eri%


16/83

odical literature and di!!ertation! bet'een ,


17/83

!!

)RC0ITECTRE)N& MSEM PRO$ESSION)+S CONCERN ? LAC O@ DESIGN GUIDELINES)Althouh a "a!t a6ount of infor

@Outside their o,n eperience7 museum pro!essionals ha"e little the-can rel- on7 particularl- in areas,here prior eperience is rare7Substantial and complete data arenot readil- a"ailable and researchis cumbersome as inFuiries mustbe directed to each museum orarchitect in Fuestion7 E"en themost data.conscious architecturalma#aGines do not pro"ide dra,inFs and descriptions that are detailed enou#h !or an- serious orcomprehensi"e anal-sts7@+ud,i# 'laeser7 @Museum )rchi

tecture: Publish or Perish7;Museum?4e,4 No"ember7 1*(7

'--- --;--6

ENTR)NCE0)++. Poor location !orboo8store7 $ield Museumo! Natural0istor-7 Chica#o7Illinois 1H*

!

The s8eptic o! ps-cholo#ical reosearch in museums is Fuic8 to as8!or e"idence that the o"erall outcomes !rom such ,or8 not onl-usti!- the epense inAlol"ed butalso to Fuestion ,hether the intermatron #ained reall- supportsAchan#in# the ,a- ehibits are prepared5 It is hard to ans,er such

s8epticism because5 at the present"er- little e!!ort has #one into or#aniGin# and interpretin# ,hat theresults o! ,or8 alread- done meanand e"aluate the "arious researchstrate#ies !or their utilit-:

Ross I' +oomis777 Museums andPs-cholo#-7@ The Museolo#ists7No"ember7 1*7 .......

2

MuseumA1*6

5

: Al.9iT..:@.@:>:Dfl 6-*''6>6' .I

6ation on the beha"ior of the6u!eu6 "i!itor i! a"ailable =2redo6inantl# in 2eriodical!>. 6uchof it i! cu6ber!o6e and difficultto tran!late into 'or(able for6!for 2ractical u!e b# the de!inand 6u!eu6 2rofe!!ion!) Accordinto Lud'i Glae!er. curator of the&ie! "an der Rohe Archi"e!.thelac( of ade:uate docu6entation inthi! area i! !ur2ri!in in "ie'of the un2recedented 6u!eu6 buildin boo6 in the la!t t'o decade!a! 'ell a! the 6u!eu6! !2ecial!tatu! a! a buildin t#2e)=Glae!er. ,

The inacce!!ibilit# of co62rehen!i"e boo(! and article! onde!in uideline! for 6u!eu6 architecture loo6! e"en larer 'hencarefull# loo(in into !o6e ofthe de!in deci!ion! bein 6adein 6u!eu6 2ublic !2ace!) Thefollo'in li!t. ba!ed on "i!itorbeha"ior !tudie!. re2re!ent!!o6e of the 6o!t reoccurrinde!in deci!ion! 'hich could ha"e

neati"e i62act on the "i!itor!6u!eu6 e*2erience5

I&PROPER POSITIONING O@ THE&USEU& BOOSTORE. GI@TSHOPAND IN@OR&ATION BOOTH.

INSU@@ICIENT ORIENTATIONASSISTANCE.

INCCORRECT NU&BER O@ DOOR$AS IN A EHIBITION SPACE AS$ELL AS THE $RONG NU&BER O@DOORS USED.

I&PROPERL LOCATING GALLERSPACES. RESULTING IN &ISSED

#$...$

.....

&u!eu6! in the United State! areli(el# to ro'. 'hich 'ill 2laceincrea!ed de6and! on !taff andfacilitie!) To continue to 6eet

the need! of 6u!eu6 "i!itor!. iti! i62ortant that architect! and6u!eu6 2rofe!!ional! e"aluate"i!itor%beha"ior 2attern! thatare influential in the !ha2in of6u!eu6 en"iron6ent! and tran!latethe!e into de!in i62lication!)


25/83


26/83

'/E MUSEUM "1D I'SVI SI'ORS A LI'ERA'UREREVIE0A 6u!eu6 !er"e! the co66unit#)

It !er"e! 2eo2le 'ho corneonceand 2eo2le 'ho co6e a do8enti6e! a #ear. 2eo2le 'ho are!tudent! and 2eo2le 'ho co6e to'hile a'a# a 6ornin. 2eo2le ofeiht# #ear! old and 2eo2le often #ear! old) To co66unicate'ith the 2ublic. 6u!eu6 la#outand e*hibit de!in 6u!t be ada2ti"e to the 6u!eu6! di"er!ifiedaudience) The 6u!eu6 6u!t !ee('a#! of 6a(in their "i!it!. a!intere!tin a! 2o!!ible. i"in

"i!itor! 'hat the# e*2ect in return for their ti6e and effort)Ideall#. it !hould al!o !ee( to!ur2ri!e and re'ard the6)

To be able to de!in for the di

"er!it# of 6u!eu6 "i!itor!. architect! and de!iner! !hould5

Read a"ailable !ource 6aterial! on bUildin%2eo2le interrelation!hi2!)

U!e e*2ert con!ultant! in thebeha"ioral !cience!. e!2eciall#. tho!e 'ith e*2eriencein the 6u!eu6e*hibiton!field)

Conduct their o'n re!earch'hene"er 2o!!ible)

Carr# out 2o!t%occu2anc#e"aluation! of their 2ro7ect!

Thi! cha2ter ha! been orani8edto 2re!ent infor6ation relatin

to 6u!eu6 "i!itor characteri!tic!

and beha"ior) The cha2ter contain! t'o 6a7or !ection!) In thefir!t. 6u!eu6 "i!itor characteri!tic! literature i! re"ie'ed9 inthe !econd. 6u!eu6 "i!itor beha"ior literature i! re"ie'ed)

Smma% o3 V)s)to%C(a%acte%)st)cs

An e!!ential 2art of 6u!eu6 ad6ini!tration i! to reularl# and!#!te6aticall# 6onitor the characteri!tic! of 2eo2le 'ho co6eto !ee 'hat it ha! to offer)$ithout thi! infor6ation. it i!ai6in blind in 6eetin the need!of it! "i!itor!) &u!eu6!. li(e

6o!t other orani8ation! that2ro"ide ood! and !er"ice! forthe 2ublic are an*iou! to (no''ho i! bu#in 'hat the# ha"e to!ell and 'hether their cu!to6er!li(e 'hat the# are bein offered)&oi.itorin"i!ltor! not onl#

hel2! obtain infor6ation aboutthe 2eo2le 'ho do co6e. but al!oabout tho!e 'ho do not) Seriou!atte62t! to attract non%"i!itor!

=BSRA03=8S = $USU$S


27/83

2

6a# de6and :uite different!(ill! and techni:ue! in 6u!eu6la#out and e*hibit de!in fro6tho!e that are a22arentl# 6eetin the need! of the e*i!tin"i!itor!)

Sur"e# findin! ha"e !ho'n thatthe "a!t 6a7orit# = ofthe nation! 6u!eu6 director!'ould li(e to ha"e 6ore 2eo2le"i!it their 6u!eu6!) Con!ultant!ha"e !ue!ted that effort! toattract different !e6ent! of the2o2ulation ha"e contributed tothe de"elo26ent of ne' (ind! of6u!eu6!. re!ultin in ne' 6u!eu6audience! and increa!ed attendance) The effort in under!tandin the 6u!eu6 audience i! a "ital !te2 'hich the# feel !houldnot be ta(en lihtl#) =A6ericanA!!ociation of &u!eu6!. ,

@ro6 a !tud# of "ariou! !ur"e#! afe' eneral conclu!ion! can bedra'n concernin the characteri!tic! of the 6u!eu6 "i!itor!) The#are a! follo'!5

&o!t "i!itor! are fir!t ti6e"i!itor! and enerall# unfa6iliar 'ith 6u!eu6 !urroundin!)

Attendance i! u!uall# !elf6oti"ated and !ur2ri!inl#non%re2etiti"e9 for 6o!t2eo2le the fir!t "i!it 'illal!o be the onl# "i!it)

The audience to 'hich the6u!eu6 la#out and e*hibit!6u!t con"e# it! 6e!!ae i! anon%ca2ti"e. heteroeneou!.freel# 6o"in. hurried. orunintere!ted and. at be!t."oluntar# !ee(er! of infor6ation. often 2h#!icall#tired collection of 2eo2le)

&o!t "i!itor! are acco62anied b# one other 2er!on orare alone) Ho'e"er. !o6e"i!itor! are5 2art of an orani8ed rou2 of fa6il#.friend!. uided tour or!chool rou2) =Scre"en.,

It i! not onl# i62ortant to (no''ho i! co6in to 6u!eu6!. butal!o to under!tand ho' "i!itor!beha"e in e*i!tin 6u!eu6 en"iron6ent!) Ha"in thi! in!iht.'ill enable architect! and de!iner! to 2ro"ide 6ore efficientand affecti"e future 6u!eu6 enVirO(l(l)cnts.


28/83

*+

Smma% o3 V)s)to% Be(a,)o%

L)te%at%e

A critical loo into "i!itorbeha"ior !tudie! !ho'! that re!earcher! ha"e been able to identif# !o6e critical 2erfor6anceand learnin criteria for 6ea!ur

in the i62act of 6u!eu6 !2ace!on 6u!eu6 "i!itor!. a! 'ell a!!o6e (e# i!!ue! of !inificancefor architect! and de!iner!)Each of the i!!ue! ha! a nu6berof de!in i62lication!. 'hich

0


29/83

e*tent b# arranin e*hibit!to 2ro"ide the reate!t 2o!!ible di"er!it#) In the !a6e'a# aller# !atiation. re!ultin fro6 in!ufficient contra!t bet'een ad7acent allerie!. can ha"e a !i6iliar i62act u2on the "ie'er)

RANGE O@ &OFE&ENT9 the (indof beha"ior that ta(e! 2lacein 6u!eu6! i! e*2lorator#loco6otion9 that i!. !i62l#'al(in around and e*a6ininunfa6iliar ob7ect! in a relati"el# unfa6iliar 2lace) Co62ari!on! of "i!itor 6o"e6entdata !ho'! that a nu6ber of"ariable! =i)e).color. entrance! and e*it!. 'all!>.can influence the a6ount of

area =!:uare feet> co"ered) ATTENTION DISTRACTORS ANDATTRACTORS9 the !ettin! or!urroundin! of the e*hibitare a! i62ortant a! the e*hibit it!elf) E"er#thin 2o!!ible !hould be done to a"oidconflict bet'een the e*hibitand it! !urroundin and enhance the 'a#! in 'hich 6u!eu6! can better co66unicate'ith their heteroeneou!.tran!itor# "i!itor!)= )9 definition! and de!cri2tion! of the i!!ue! ca6e fro6the Co66unication! De!inTea6 of the Ro#al Ontario&!eu6. Toronto.Canada. ,

@ollo'in i! a !u66ar# of each

of the!e i!!ue!. ba!ed on literature re"ie') The orani8ationof thi! !ection i! a! follo'!9

O"er"ie' of the !tudie!) Pri6ar# conclu!ion!9 eneral

2rinci2le! ha"e been con!i!t

entl# !u22orted)

Secondar# conclu!ion!9 !tudie! in thi! area i! li6ited.need for further re!earch)

ORIENTATION. &u!eu6 literature.both e62irical and intuiti"e.e62ha!i8e! the need for 6u!eu6orientation) Not onl# do 6u!eu6"i!itor! need to (no' 'here the#are and 'here the# are Oin.but al!o need a!!i!ance in6a(in the be!t u!e of their li6ited ti6e) In a !tud# on "i!itororientation b# Cohen and $in(el=,. it i! !tre!!ed that thea"ailabilit# of a co2rehen!i"eorientation !#!te6 i! e!!entialif museums are to ensure that

"i!itor! co62rehend the oal! and2ur2o!e! of the 6u!eu6) The ab!ence of an interated a22roachto "i!itor orientation 6a# lead

**


30/83

*+

rs

6g666'

*"666*69%6s

s6g66A6:6

*

to inefficient e*2loration of the

e*hibit hall! 'ith a re!ultantincrea!e in fru!tration. boredo6.and fatiue)

Cohen and $in(el =,. 2Ointout that the de!in of an efficient and interated orientation!#!te6 de6and! clarification ofthe role! 2la#ed b# different de"ice! in uidin the "i!itorthrouh the 6u!eu6) The !tud#found that both 6a2! and !in!.in co6bination reduced the a6ount

of di!orientation and reco66endedthe u!e of !uch interated orientation !#!te6!) The# found that6a2! 'ere u!ed to obtain an o"erall i6ae of the area 2re!ented.'hile !in! !u22lied !2ecific di

rection!)

$hile conductin "i!itor orientation !tudie! at the National&u!eu6 of Hi!tor# and Technolo#.S6ith!onian In!titution. Cohenand $in(el =,. !a' the i62or

tance of lin(in infor6ationabout the location of e*hibit!.other facilitie! =i)e).loune!.cafeteria. re!troo6!. etc)>. the."i!itor! the6!el"e! to !alientcue! 2ro"ided b# the architecture)@or e*a62le. La(ota =,. !ue!t! that directional cue! can

be 2ro"ided b# color codin hall!and u!in !2ecific color! a! bac(round! for e*hibit title !in!at entrance!) Parr =,. concluded that if a 6u!eu6 ha! anarchitectural feature !uch a! a6ulti%!tor# interior court. thi!can beco6e a land6ar( and orientat ion 2Oint) He noted. becau!ehe return! to it aain and aain.on different le"el! and fro6 different direction!. the "oid a6id!t re2letion beco6e! a redundant e*2erience. hel2in the "i!itor to feel at ea!e in hi! !urroundin!)

La(ota =,. ha! re2orted that"i!itor! ha"e an in!atiable de6and for orientatin infor6ation.and concluded that 6an# "i!itor!feel 6ore !ecure if there i! redundanc# in the infor6ational

)!#!te6) Thu!. an effecti"e orientation !che6e !hould allo' for6e6or# la2!e! b# 2ro"idin redundant cue! at all 6a7or deci!ion

2Oint! in the 6u!eu6 =i)e).fo#er!landin!. corridor 7unction!.etc)>

Re!earcher! in"ol"ed 'ith "i!itor.orientation !tudie! aree that it

ORIENT)TION $IN&IN'S

6t>4 7@4A :7N bac8trac8in#

5 common

Primar-

M


31/83

MUSEUM +A'IGUE +INDINGS

o76ectgalle%

$>

P%)ma%

) .AI=R AC0=R 38 i1USU;1 A037U 3S7AR SA03A03=8 ;38SU3C380 C=806%=6*06366;1 E6#IAC and2h#!ical di!co6fort =e)).e*ce!!i"e heat. e*hau!tion. and nOi!e.etc)>) The!e !tudie! 'ere ba!edon direct ob!er"ation! of "i!itor

beha"ior! !uch a! leaninaain!t con"enientl# blan( 'all!.!lo'er and !huffled 'al(in. decrea!in "ie'in ti6e. an increa!

in nu6ber of !(i22ed ob7ect! ande*hibit!)

The earl# !tudie! of Robin!on=,. a"e definite e"idencefor the realit# of the decre6entin the intere!t of "i!itor!) Ina !tud# at the K


32/83

m4r

~~~6L

ob7ect of deter6inin b# actual

ob!er"ation 7u!t 'hat (ind! anda6ount of 6u!cular effort are de6anded of the "i!itor 'ho endea"or! to !ee e*hibit! a! 6u!eu6authoritie! 2lan to ha"e the6!een)

ROU'E SELEC'ION +INDINGSP%)ma%

M 6*6666s6s;i6S66666R66J0


33/83

Porter =,. 'or(in at thePeabod# &u!eu6 of Natural Hi!tor#at ale. concluded that the Hallof In"ertebrate! 'a! recei"inlittle attention. becau!e it contained no "i!ible e*it!) She noted that. 2erha2! the fact thatthi! hall doe! not lead into an#other hall i! al!o an i62ortantfactor in 2re"entin the ca!ual"i!itor fro6 tra"er!in it!lenth) Porter al!o found thatthe brief attention 6a# ha"e beeninfluenced b# the 2o'er of thee*it radient) The 6ain entrance hall 'ith the !tair'a# tothe third floor 6a# !er"e a! anattraction reater than the e*hibit! in the Hall of In"ertebrate!)

$ei!! and Boutourline =,.follo'ed "i!itor! throuh theUnited State! Science Pa"ilion.at the Seattle $orld! @air andfound an i62ortant deter6inantof 2ath! ta(en throuh the 2a"ilion i! the location of theentrance! and e*it!) The# noted. the 6o!t u!ual 2ath! 'ill bea6on tho!e 'hich 2er6it !o6e e*2loration of the hall. but 'hichal!o re2re!ent a fairl# directroute fro6 the entrance to e*it)Another factor i62ortant in deter6inin the 2ath! ta(enthrouh the 2a"ilion 'a! the

!en!e of !treet! and a"enue!'hich 'a! co66unicated b# ai!le'idth and reularit#) The# al!o

noted that the "i!itor! 'ere un'illin to o into area! 'heree*it! 'ere not readil# a22arent)

$ei!! and Boutourline al!o feltthat land6ar( e*hibit! deter6ined the 2ath that a "i!itorfollo'ed) The# feel that "ariou!:ualitie! 6a(e an e*hibit aland6ar( e*hibit) The!e 6a# bebeaut#. curio!it# "alue. educational "alue. or !o6e :ualit# ofthe e*hibit it!elf 'hich lead! toan a22reciation for it)

@inall# o!hio(a =,. !tud#in"i!itor beha"ior in the &edicineand Public Health Buildin at theNe' or( $orld! @air in ,


34/83

@66

;0RA3C @LO$. Traffic flo' i!

)another a!2ect of circulation5'hich 6u!t be con!idered to en

5!ure that "i!itor! can 2roceed'ith ea!e and at their o'n ratethrouh the 6u!eu6) The den!it#of 2eo2le in a i"en !2ace at ai"en ti6e can affect the :ualit#of co66unication ai6ed at "i!itor!)

&o!t 6u!eu6!. lare and !6all6u!t deal 'ith the !2ecial circulation 2roble6! of uided tourrou2! and lare concentration!of "i!itor! in front of one 2articular e*hibit) &u!eu6 educator!fre:uentl# 6ention the need for

corridor! and e*hibit !2ace ofade:uate 'idth !o that rou2! andindi"idual "i!itor! do not ha"e

to interfere 'ith one another) Tobetter control !uch cro'din. theHi!torical Societ# &u!eu6 in Chicao. 'hich ha! a lare dail#nu6ber of !chool rou2!. ha! atraffic coordinator 'ho (ee2!trac( of 'here "ariou! rou2! are'ithin the 6u!eu6 at an#one ti6e)

o!hio(a =,. after conductin!tudie! in the &edicine and Public Health Buildin. at the Ne'or(! $orld @air ,


35/83

note!. 2eo2le !i62l# dO not no'ho' to a22roach the thin! in the6iddle of the aller#)

Borhe#i =,. !tud#in flo'and cro'd 2re!!ure at the &il'au

(ee Public &u!eu6 ha! noted that6u!eu6 "i!itor! al6o!t in"ariabl#turn to the riht 'hen enterinan e*hibition hall) The# follo'the e*hibit ca!e! alon the 'all6o"in fro6 riht to left. read

in label! in each di!2la# fro6left to riht) Thi! accordin toBorhe#i re!ult! in a !lo' anddi!ru2ted traffic flo' and the"i!itor! infor6ation retentionfactor i! at a 6ini6u6)

Borhe#i al!o found that different area! in the allerie! ande*hibit! !hould be de!ined fordifferent t#2e! of cro'd flo')He concluded. area! of con!tantcro'd flo' =e)). bend! in corridor!.>. !hould ha"e ter!e. re2etiti"e e*hibit!. area! of cro'd!to22ae =e)).entr#>. 'ith ea!il# die!tible eneral e*hibit!and area! of "ariable cro'd flo'=e)).6iddle of the aller#. alco"e! out of the circulation2ath>. allo'in the "i!itor to6a(e lei!urel# choice! a6on !i62le and co62le* e*hibit!)

Bernardo =,. 2oint! out thatcro'din i! a factor 'hich contribute! to 6u!eu6 fatiue) Heal!o note!. the actual ca2acit#of a 6u!eu6 to handle 2eo2le efficientl# i! a function not ofthe area or "olu6e of the 6u!eu6buildin. but of the 'idth of it!corridor! and ai!le!)

La(ota =, i !tud#in larenu6ber! of 2eo2le 6o"in throuh6u!eu6! noted that a con!trictionin the circulation 2ath =e)). acentral di!2la# i!land>. re!ultedin an accelerated rate of flo' iaround it) He !ue!t!. "i!itor Iflo' !hould be treated 'ith reatcare. and that the "i!itor! 2attern of 6o"e6ent !hould be deter

6ined b# 'hat the "i!itor 'ant!to !ee rather than b# the 2re!!ure! of cro'd flo')

OB;ECT AND GALLER SATIATION)Re!earcher! ha"e !ho'n that a 6a7or factor in 6u!eu6 fatiue i!ob7ect !atiation =!i6ilarit# of2aintin! or furniture a! reard!!t#le. 2eriod. !ub7ect 6atter.etc)>) The# 2Oint out that the

2'


36/83

re!ultin decrea!e in intere!tcan be controlled to !o6e e*tentb# arranin e*hibit! to 2ro"ide5the reate!t 2o!!ible di"er!it#)

.In the !a6e 'a# it can be a!!u6edthat aller# !atiation. re!ultinfro6 in!ufficient contra!t bet'een ad7acent allerie!. canha"e a !i6ilar i62act u2on the"ie'er)

Porter =,. !tudied the beha"ior of "i!itor! in the Peabod#&u!eu6 of Natural Hi!tor# at aleUni"er!it#) See found that "i!itor! !ta#ed loner in the fir!thall entered than in an# !ucceedin hall and that the !2eed ofthe "i!itor! definitel# increa!ed

in each hall until the# reachedthe hall of In"ertebrate!) Inthi! hall the nu6ber of feettra"er!ed 'a! !o !6all in co62ari!on 'ith the other fourhall! that the ti6e !2ent 2erfoot 'a! nearl# doubled)

OBEC' AND GALLER1 SA'IA'ION+INDINGS

&la)n. !9m)n. ,)s)> sto&s

.C e


37/83

4m4

RANGE O+ MOVEMEN' +INDINGS

4 8 A%ea Co,e%ed7 ,)s)to%s

P%)ma%

. 3S30=RS US $=R ARA AR=U8# 0. can influencethe a6ount of area =!:uare feet>co"ered)

&elton =,. and Porter =,.ha"e each found that certain

area! of a 6u!eu6 are u!ed 6oree*ten!i"el# than other!9 for e*

a62le. fir!t floor area!. area!around the aller# enteries,area! 'ith lare a6ount! of infor6ation. riht hand !ide ofallerie! and allerie! 'ith t'oor 6ore door'a#! are u!ed 6oree*ten!i"el#)

Niehoff =,


38/83

tA6%6*

"i!itor! tend to u!e 6ore areain the dar( colored roo6 e"enthouh the a6ount of liht 'a!con!tant in both roo6!) Bechtelal!o noted that 6en co"er 6oreround on a i"en "i!it. ha"e6ore foot!te2! recorded. and area little !lo'er than fe6ale!)Bechtel al!o noted that 6en co"er

6ore round on a i"en "i!it.ha"e 6ore foot!te2! recorded. andare a little !lo'er than fe6ale!)

The ti6e !2ent in the roo6 'a!about the !a6e for both 6ale! andfe6ale!)

It 'a! al!o di!co"ered that (no'

in that one i! bein 'atched6a(e! the "i!itor !2end le!! ti6ein the roo6. u!e le!! area. fe'er

foot!te2! and !2read out theirfoot!te2! 6ore e"enl#)

ATTENTION DISTRACTORS AND ATTRACTORS) The !ettin! or !urroundin! of the e*hibit are a! i62ortant a! the e*hibit it!elf) E"er#thin 2o!!ible !hould be done toa"oid conflict bet'een the e*hibit and it! !urroundin and enhance the 'a#! in 'hich 6u!eu6!can better co66unicate 'ith theirheteroeneou!. tran!itor# "i!itor!)

&elton =,. anal#8in e*hibitin!tallation at the Penn!#l"ania&u!eu6 of Art in Philadel2hiaand the &u!eu6 of Science and

Indu!tr# in Ne' or(. learnedthat b# the ti6e !o6e Fi!itor!

reached the e*hibit in :ue!tionthe# 'ere alread# ro'in fatiued and !till other! had theirattention di!tracted fro6 the e*hibit b# !econdar# characteri!tic! of the aller#) @or e*a62le.&elton cited door'a#! leadin toother allerie! a! a 2ri6e di!tractor. a o"erl# lon 'al( tothe e*hibit and the "i!ual conflict 'ith nearb# e*hibit!)

Porter =,. and Cal"er =,. candi!tract "i!itor! fro6 "ie'ine*hibit!)

A''EN'ION DIS'RAC'ORS ANDA''RAC'ORS. +INDINGS

::A:[email protected]

-, A74..).r:-,

d)st%act)ngw)ndows

d)st%act)ng7ackg%onds

P%)ma%M 7AR #==R2AS(PR3$AR3 0


39/83


40/83

PUBLIC SPACEGUIDELINES

It beca6e a22arent after ob

er"in 2eo2le tour the e*hibitallerie! and conducti inter"ie'! 'ith 6u!eu6 direc5or!.curator!. and de!iner!. that a6u!eu6 en"iron6ent i! not neutralt! :ualit# and at6o!2here directl# affect tho!e 'ho "i!it it)Preli6inar# in"e!tiation! ofthi! nature. rai!ed a nu6ber of:ue!tion! concernin the i62actof architectural co62onent! on

the "i!itor! 6u!eu6 e*2erience.in 2articular their learnin e*2erience) @or e*a62le9

Do different color! and lihtlihtin de"ice! affect thelenth of ti6e !2ent "ie'inan e*hibit

Are certain bac(round! 6oreconduci"e for "ie'in e*hibit! =e)).'all2a2er. 2ainted'all. etc)>)

Ho' often doe! the a"erae"i!itor u!e re!t area!. and'hen doe! fatiue !et in

Ho' do "i!itor! decide 'hat2ath to follo'

Do "i!itor! find 6a2!. !in!.or cue! i"en b# the architecture to be 6o!t hel2ful'ith orientation

Do "i!itor! find di"er!it#and contra!t in aller# de!in and la#out di!tractin

If future 6u!eu6! are to be reconi8ed a! in!titution! offerina 2ublic !er"ice and not a! the,Kth and ,4th centur# notion9

that 6u!eu6! 'ere 6erel# !torehou!e!. than architect! and the

6u!eu6 2rofe!!ional 6u!t bein to

under!tand the co62onent! of the!2ace! that "i!itor! 'ill 6o!tli(el# co6e in touch 'ith) @or

DESIGN

TOP. &ESI'N O$ P/+IC MSEM SP)CES 0)S COl1E)+ON' J)K $ROM T0E 16T0 )N& 11T0 CENTRK STORE0OSE TEC0NIE7 T0EK C)N CONTINE TO IMPROVE

/K N&ERST)N&IN' &ESI'N IMP+IC)TIONS /)SE& PONVISITOR./E0)VIOR ST&IES7 /OTTOM. T0E $OR

M)9OR P/+IC MSEM SP)CES &E)+T JIT0 IN T0ISC0)PTER INC+&E> T0E ENTR)NCE 0)++7 CIRC+)TION

')++ERIES7 )N& +ON'ES7 C0OICE O$ T0ESE SP)CESRES+TE& $ ROM PERSON)+ O/SERV)TIONS O$ MSEMENVIRONMENTS7 INTERVIEJS JIT0 MSEM &IRECTORS)N& +ITER)TRE SE)RC07

RECOMMEN&EP&ROUIMITK)N& CONNECTIONO$ )RE)S IN) +)R'E MSEM7 Museum Ne,s7 1*H37

1 7Entrance hall 17 Sta!! lobb- ( 7Circulation 1H7 Pac8in# carpenter shop 7'alleries 1*7Recordin# eamination 2 7+oun#es (37 Mountin# !ramin#% 7Restaurant (17 /o stora#e6 7Chec8 room ((7 Recei"in# unpac8in# 7itchen (7 +oadin# doc8H 7Stud- stora#e (27 Re#istrarAs o!!ice

( * 7Curators o!!ice (%7O!! ice1373!!ice (67 Entrance !or ehibits117+oadin# doc8 !or supplies (7 Ser"ice entrance1(7Shippin# ele"ator17Temporar- stora#e127Photo#raph-1%7Permanent collection stora#e

(6 167Conser"ation

public spaceoareas o!! limits !or ehibits maor chec8 points

777 passa#e closed to ehibitso Gone o! sa!et-

++


41/83

?>

'/REE S'AGES O+ ENVIRONMEN' - BE/AVIOR S'UDIES

Msem P7l)cS&aces

Ent%ance /allC)%clat)onGalle%)esLonges

MUSEUM VISI'ORS

1DESIGN GUIDES

!

ARC/I'EC'

:

0=P- 0


42/83

The four !ection! are a! follo'!)

ENTRANCEHALLS Locatin he infor6ation

booth and 3oo(!tore)CIRCULATION

A!!i!tin 'ith orientation)GALLERIES

Door'a#!9 the nu6ber and2o!ition)

Hall location!) Di"er!it# and aller# de!in)

LOUNGES

Interior de!in) Si8e. location. and fre:uenc#


43/83

36

Ent%ance /alls

Good 6anae6ent of "i!itor! in a2ublic 6u!eu6 re:uire! a 'ellarraned entrance hall) Care!hould be i"en to 2lannin thi!!2ace a! 'ell a! certain roo6!connected 'ith it =e)). !ecurit#roo6. cloa(roo6. ift !ho2. boo(!tore. re!troo6!. utilit# roo6

for 'heel chair! and children!2u!h cart!. infor6ation de!(.loune'aitin area. !tair'a#!.e!calator!. and ele"ator! etc)>)

Entrance hall! are 6u!eu6 !er"ice8one! !er"in a "ariet# of need!.includin a 2lace for coat! and

2ac(ae! to be left. 'here 2o!tcard!. uideboo(! and re2roduction! are bouht. notice! aredi!2la#ed. direction! i"en.friend! are 6et and 2artie! a!!e6bled. and 'here !ecurit#chec(! can be carried out) Inorder to !er"e all of the !tatedfunction! the entrance hall 6u!tbe fairl# !2aciou!)

It i! i62ortant for the entrancehall to be attracti"e for fir!tand la!t i62re!!ion! of the in!titution 'ill be 6ade on it!character i!tic!)

TOP% A PHOTOGRAPHIC STUD O@ FISITOR%BEHAFIORIN &UEU& NTRANCE HALLS) LE@T TO RIGHT)PHTO ! 1-5' HICAGOS ART INSTITUTE) PHOTOS:%;.&IL$AUEE S PUBLIC &USEU&. OPPOSITE PAGE%

L@Ob!OB5NLA5$ASHINGTON) D.C. 191


44/83

m

11

3F

MOST COMMON ENTRK SP)CES

Securit- In!ormation

Coat Chec8

7 /oo8store

c

o

ENTRK SEENCE SP)CE RE+)TIONS0IPS

Restrooms

5' Stora#e

II

9' Smo8in# )rea

g1Q1People mo"e@ENTR)NCE 0)++ C)SE ST&IES

1? @K

:

The 4ational Portrait 'aler-7 Jash77 &7C7 1H%

Corcoran 'aller- o! )rtJash 77 &7C7 1H2

1?

National 'aller- o! )rt7Jest7 Jash 77&7C7 1*21

National 'aller- o! )rt7East7 Jash 77 &7C71*H

@

:

1

)rt Institute o! Chica#o7Chica#o7 III7 1H*

Mil,au8ee Public Museum7 Mil77 Ji7 1*2*

0irshhorn Museum7 Jash77&7C7 1*2


45/83

3'

NOTE . In!ormation !rom authors obser"ations7 )l) RC intern proect7 1*H1


46/83

ENTR)NCE 0)++

/oo8storeW

In!o . boothW

TKPE O$ MSEM MOST+IE+K TO /E )$$ECTE&

)rt

0istor-

Science

RepAeated studies ,isimiliar results

One Itstud- ,ith #oodresu s

ENTRANCE HALLS % LOCATING THEIN@OR&ATION BOOTH. BOOSTORE ANDGI@TSHOP)

ISSUE5

BECAUSE THE GUIDANCE PA&PHLETS.BOOS AND &APS @OUND IN IN@OR&ATION BOOTHS. BOOSTORES AND GI@TSHOPS HAFE THE CAPACIT TO ASSIST$ITH ORIENTATION. REDUCING @ATIGUE AND EHIBIT SELECTION. ASPECIAL E@@ORT SHOULD BE &ADE TOENCOURAGE FISITORS TO USE THESEA&ENITIES)

,ea8

+1 & +ea!let No +ea!let

-/

:?

no o! (%

"isitors (3stoppin#to see 1%ehibit

position o!

$reFuenc-o! stops

ME)N TOT)+ TIME5 SPENT IN E)C0 0)++

;USTI@ICATION5

Robin!on =,. Porter =,.&a!on =, and Cohen =,.intere!ted in a!!i!tin the ca!ual or fir!t%ti6e "i!itor 'ho'ill be unfa6iliar 'ith the 6u!eu6! la#out and content. ha"e!ho'n that 2eo2le 'ho are 2ro"ided 'ith SO6e for6 of itinerar#. be it a hand%out. leaflet.uidance 2a62hlet 'ith 6a2! and2icture! of feature e*hibit!. orboo(!. !ta# loner in 6u!eu6! !ee6ore e*hibit!. !ee the e*hibit!that intere!ted the6 the 6o!t.and co"er 6ore area 'ith le!! fa

tiue) The aid! hel2 reduce totalconfu!ion. fear of !trane !urroundin!. and fatiue and can2ro"ide a 6u!eu6 "i!itor 'ith anidea of ho' to a22roach the 6u!eu6 accordin to their intere!t!)

Accordin to Cohen =,. "i!

Museum 0all

17 Man!' Mammals:' Mammals27 'reat 0all

%7 In"ertebrates

No +ea!let

%72 min776H763%72(

(7*6

+ea!let

117%(27*H272676(

276(

itor! 'ithout itinerarie! 'ill'ander throuh the 6u!eu6 in arelati"el# un2re6editated fa!hion. 'al(in until the# find ae*hibit of intere!t to the6)Thi!. can re!ult in a fatiuinand fru!tratin 2roce!!) U!in a

2o!t%6u!eu6 "i!it :ue!tionnaireat the National &u!eu6 of Hi!tor#and Technolo#. $a!hinton D)C).

TIMES E)C0 C)SE J)S EU)MINE& Cohen found e"idence !ho'inthat the undirected "i!itor et!

Peabod- Museum o! Nat

Museum 0all

17 Man(7 Mammals-)27 'reat


47/83

/)sto%. 0as(.*D. C. !"!!

1' Booksto%e$. In3o%mat)on?. Coat C(eck>. Peo&le Mover

#=11

#S378 RC=666****O#NE03=8S*

@or a !2ace to be articulated a! bein of !2eciali62ortance or !inificance.it !hould be "i!ibl# uni:ue)Thi! can be achie"ed throuhthe u!e of e*ce2tional !i8e.a uni:ue !ha2e or a !trateic location )

%The !trateic 2lace6ent of!2ace! call! attention tothe6) Place6ent can 6a(e the6

#=DO&+9CI##CZLE+'

DODORIG/'

+%eent %)g(t

(and t%n

S&ace Relat)on1' Ent%

a! bein the i62ortant ele

6ent! in a co62o!ition) Althouh not conclu!i"e. !tudie! indicate that "i!itor!brin 'ith the6 a !treet habit of turnin to the rihtu2on entr# into a !2ace) Thu!other thin! bein e:ual. thelocation li(el# to ha"e thehea"ie!t traffic 'ould be tothe riht of center)

S2ace! can%be %6ade%%"i!uall#

RIG/' O+ EN'R1BES' LOCA'ION

+OR IN+ORMA':oN BOO'/*BOOS'ORE ANDGI+'S/OP.

.

(7 +obb-:' Booksto%eG' In!ormationK. 0a)t)ng a%ea@. Coat c(eck@' Sto%age#. Rest%ooms". Sec%)t

!9. E


48/83

&3

Circulation

In 2lannin the 6u!eu6 the architect !hould de"ote 2ri6ar#attention to the 2roble6 of circulation) Circulation !2ace!for6 an interal 2art of an#

buildin orani8ation) and occu2# a !inificant a6ount of !2ace'ithin the 6u!eu6! "olu6e) The"i!itor !hould be led into the6u!eu6 and throuh it naturall#and ea!il# 'ithout feelin thatthe# are in a 6a8e and 'ithoutbein interru2ted) There !houldbe continuou! controlled circulation. at lea!t throuh each6ain di"i!ion of the 6u!eu6. !othat the director and hi! !tdff6a# arrane the 6aterial in

each of the!e di"i!ion! to be!een in an orderl# and intellient !e:uence)

The for6 and !cale of a circulation !2ce. 6u!t acco66odatethe 6o"e6ent of 2eo2le. i"eorientation a!!i!tance and allo'"i!itor! to arri"e at the de!ired allerie! a! directl# a!2o!!ible. or to !elect alon theroute tho!e allerie! the "i!itor! choo!e! to !ee) Thu!. the:ue!tion of circulation 6u!t be!tudied attenti"el#. !o that thearrane6ent and the itinerar#'ill be clear not onl# to an#oneloo(in at the round 2lan of

the 6u!eu6) but al!o to an#one'al(in throuh the roo6!)

A "ariet# of t#2e! of circulation!#!te6! are u!ed in 6u!eu6!offerin different 2o!!ibilitie!for cro'd control and !ur"eillance) The 6o!t co66on !#!te6!are the !traiht. linear. o2en.

chain. co6b. fan. and !2iral2ath!) Re!earch ha! !ho'n thatconfu!ion ari!in fro6 2oorl#thouht%out circulation !#!te6!create! !inificant !tre!! forthe 6u!eu6 "i!itor)

TOP% A PHOTOGRAPHIC STUD O@ FISITOR%BEHAFIORIN &USEF& CIRCULATION SPACES) LE@T TORIGHT. PHOTO ,.NATIONA GALLER%EAST.$ASH).D)).PHOTO ! CHICAGO S ART INSTITUTE. PHOro >.THE LOUFRE. PARIS. @RANCE) PHOTO S +%/)FERSAILLES IUSEU&.@RANCE) OPPOSITE PAGE%

R5bT


49/83

44!44

MOST COMMON CIRC+)TION P)TTERNS

17 Strai#ht /ranch5 'aller-+obb-

/ranch5 +inear

+oop

66- o6666


50/83

>$

USlrO 3ST0=*S usc3*O';) 1ET* dV>:>5:DI++ lE(Kl

$-AB u:A5T59:i;*'*T'E '* I =::T5

learn) Althouh there ha! notbeen a reat deal of re!earch con

TlO>D 5:DI9+i:> SI i::% Ai*Ilt-*6C0T=*KS i55:5i 3OI*OT ; +E r:@47 ducted on circulation and orien::595lcA: !I 5>5 D AX5C+5 tation there i! !o6e e"idence

..CIRC+)TION TKPE O$ MSEM MOST

+IE+K TO /E )$$ECTE&CIRCULATION % ASSISTING $ITHORIENTATION)

)rt

0istor-

Science

ISSCE5

CIRCULATION AND ORIENTATION INCLUDING SPATIAL CUES ARE INTERDEPENDENT) THUS. THEIR I&PACT ONFISITORS AS THE &OFE THROUGH&USEU&S &UST BE CONSIDERED SI&ULTANEOUSL) OTHER$ISE. THE RESULTING CON@USION @RO& POORL

)+ITK O$ RESE)C0

R7epA4atedstudies ,ith ?simi liar results

4IYtlt4tud- ,ith #ood I IStud- Kith ,ea8 r-3correlations +

;l=S0 3S30=RS RP=R0 C=31US3=61 =RlIlRC03=ilS 6%3 3f6S3# 0

4:44c44>44Alu4I 4lID4W

4>"5**6*i;6Ai=;;D?4:l4I4:4:A>)

THOLIGHT%OUT CIRCULATION SSTE&SAND INADEUATE SPATIAL CUES &ABECO&E A &A;OR SOURCE O@ &USEU&@ATIGUE) TO CO&BAT STRESS ANDCON@USION. FISITORS NEED ASTRONG &E&ORABLE ORIENTING SSTE&)

;USTI@ICATION5

The i62ortance of the circula tion!#!te6 in a 6u!eu6 i! to a!!i!t"i!itor! 'ith orientation ) &o!t"i!itor! are not 2art of a rou2tour. !o a deliberate ef fort 6u!tbe 6ade to en!ure that ca!ual"i!itor! are 'ar6l# reet ed anda!!i!ted in findin their 'a#throuh the 6u!eu6) Good orientation and circulation !#!te6!are i62ortant. not onl# in hel2in "i!itor! to be co6fortablebut in a!!i!tin the "i!itor to

uO ;P6C3O*lC

A1 '/ T:5> r l:i5 I =IO**O rZ*O0 3lE t 1+1** .33 3 ,J.~ ++', I: r '-0 III :)::7I @I :I:C+5

--,------- -- -----

VISITORS 4A:0OSE 0!lt0OTS5 RE)& &IRECr icns )i9i )S ')RS $O0 I9RIEllT!l7TDON665O1*6i6rlCC6666+' O4'4R5 T0)ll T0OSE imI9

T0E urJIRECTE& "ISiTOR /EconES 'ORE&

se4i>447!l7F4 444VES T0E :1SErl SOOiIEST7

#3P-'C0=Ri S =R 7U#lEilC3 s 3 0=P 3 S =63 = 0)

111 addition to 6a2! and !in!.


51/83

other 6eilScf a!!i!tin 'ithorientatio are i62ortant) Cohen=, ! ourid it i62ortant tolin( infor6ation about the location of e*hibit!. other facili

tie! and the "i!itor! the6!el"e!to the architecture) An architectural feature !uch a! a 6ulti!tor# interior court can be incor2orated into the circulation!#!te6 and !er"e a! a land6ar(and orientation 2oint) Such a device hel2! "i!itor! 6aintain

their !en!e of orientation. thereb# reducin the 'ear and tear ofdeci!ion 6a(in) Becau!e the "i!itor return! to the interiorcourt nu6erou! ti6e!. 2o!!ibl# ondifferent le"el! and fro6 different direction!. the "oid a6id!t

beco6e! a re2eated e*2erience.hel2in "i!itor! feel at ea!e inthe !urroundin!) The field 6u!eu6 in Chicao u!e! a lare t'o!tor# central court to aSSi!t inorientin "i!itor! a! the# continuall# return to the court#ard.enterin or e*itin fro6 the !urroundin hall!)

La(ota =,. the Ro#al Ontario&u!eu6 De!in Tea6 =, andCohen =, all aree that effecti"e circulation and orientation !#!te6! can 2ro"ide for 6e6or# la2!e! throuh the u!e of re2etiti"e cue!) Cohen re2orted anal6o!t in!atiable "i!itor de6andfor orientation infor6ation) So6e

"i!itor! feel 6ore !ecure if the#ha"e redundanc# in the infor6ational !#!te6)

M IRT**0A036i7 #3CS Cl)O1iE=f3 IBIC+9EO;lAP*) A***I =Ui\P&3 #3RC0=R3S' S37i3SIN3CrE.i*'0liI*K S0A AiW SA3T3l0 CES7

DIIEC5iQD5T:::9 ITO 0*t IERCNU0CrUii !7C75TA77AO.%TOD.K C?E?lT4t7+co6rn' +E C9+>DA54TC77COD.!ED15:99 II t:IE+ 59 7

*iUSU*E &3S30=RS lI P

Pro"ide an ORIENTATION CENTER'here "i!itor! can 6a2 out intheir 6ind! the o"erall confiuration of the 2ath! inthe 6u!eu6) $ith thi!. orientation 'ithin the buildin anand under!tandin of it! !2atial la#out 'ill be clear)

TJO /)SIC TKPES O$ ORIENT)TION

CONCEPT)+ORIENT)TION@,hat is there to see 77V& Orietation centers& In!ormation des8

o Tours& Theme #roupin# o! halls

P0KSIC)+ORIENT)TION77 ho, do I #et there 77V

& One comprehensi"e s-stem# Man- directional7 cueso +andmar8so Maps and si#ns

&3


52/83

44

Pro"ide. 'ithin the orientation !#!te6. a re2itition ofLAND&ARS =e)).tall o2endo6e!. atriu6!. 6ulti%!tor#interior court!. etc)>. thatthrouh contra!t and di"er!it# act a! directional cue!)

+)eld!#"?

G%o&)ngs o3 %ms.

1. Na,e-to- %oom$.Co%%)do%-to-%oom

:'Room - to - %oom

:[%e-o%)entates*&%o,)des d),e%s)t

#ma2e a33ect*3at)g)ng

OBEC' LANDMARS

RIG/' 'O LE+' CIR

4In

E


53/83

The inter!ection or cro!!in

of 2ath! i! al'a#! a 2ointof deci!ion%6a(in for the"i!itor a22roachin it) TheCONTINUIT and SCALE of each2ath at an inter!ection canhel2 "i!itor! di!tinui!h bet'een 6a7or route! leadin to6a7or aller# !2ace! and !econdar# 2ath! leadin to le!!er!2ace!)

CONTINITK)N& SC)+E O$ P)T0S17 T,o choices

maor pathlar#er

4 minor

!' Three

:' $our eFualpaths

&allas Museum o! Natural 0istor-7 &allas7 Teas 19:/

The de!in of an efficientand interated locational!#!te6 de6and! clarificationof the role! 2la#ed b# different de"ice! in uidinthe "i!itor throuh the 6u!eu69 &APS !hould be u!edfor obtainin an o"erall i6ae of the area 2re!ented.

SIGNS. !hould be u!ed for!2ecific direction!)

& SI'NS

.One.0a-

M)PS. role5 o"erall ima#e1 'Names o! halls clear!' nderstandable

S. role5 speci!ic directions1' Si#n band :' ceilin# mounted 5' Jall!' Painted G' proect /' $loor

Locate 6a2!. !in! and di!tincti"e architectural land6ar(! at each 6a7or DECISIONPOINT =e)).!tair!. ele"ator!e!calator!. fo#er!. landin!.corridor 7unction!. and at!ub7ect di"i!ion! in the 6u!eu6> )

+OC)TIONS$OR M)PS5 SI'NS )N& +)N&M)RS

1' Stairs!' +andin#s:' Corridor 9unction27 Ele"ators%7 Escalators

/' $o-ers@' Subect &i"ision

@ Museum o! )rt7 Richmond7 Va7 1*6

>K


54/83

45

Galle%)es

E*hibition i! the characteri!ticand 2i"otal function of 6u!eu6!)The 2ublic 7ude! the in!titution b# the character of e*hibit!. and the buildin "er# larelarel# b# the character of e*hibition !2ace) The factor! 6o!tinfluential in deter6inin thecharacter include9 the di"i!ionof !2ace. !cale and 2ro2ortion!.rou2in! of roo6!. circulationand the interior)

The 2h#!ical de!in of a buildin influence! 'hat e*hibit! canbe held there) Architect! !hould!tri"e for fle*ibilit# in de!inin e*hibit !2ace!. !o that e*hibit! can be chaned ea!il# andarraned in accordance 'ith a'ide "ariet# of ob7ect !i8e! and!ub7ect 6atter)

TOP% A PHOTOGRAPHIC STUD O@ FISITOR%BEHAIORI &USEUf,GALLERIES) LE@T TO RIGHT. PHTO Sl-1) IIL$AUEEPUBLIC &USEU&. PHOTOS 5-GNATIONAL GALLER%EAST. $ASH). D)C) PHOTO

5L;NDONS SCIENCE &USEU&) OPPOSITE PAGE%

R5T


55/83

The National Portrait 'al. Corcoran 'aller- o! )rt National 'aller- o! )rt7 National 'aller- o! )rt7ler-7 Jash77 &7C71H% Jash 7&7C7 1H2 Jest7 Jash77&7C7 1*21 East7 Jash7&7C7

I 4

MOST COMMON ')++ERK 'ROPIN'S

Room . to. room

Corridor. to . room

Na"e. to. room

Open

%s'+inear')++ERK C)SE ST&IES

b 4

EK ')++ERK &ESI'N CONSI&ER)TIONS $ON& INMSEM SRVEK;

);r.&.i".e.rs.it.-..b.e.t,.e.e.n....5

#alleries

/7 Si#htlines to circulation paths

C7 Maps and si#ns at

#aller- entr-

&7 Interior desi#ned to

ehibit> scale7 color7 etc7

EAI Outside "ie,s

$7 &i"ision o! space b-columns

-s $ 4/ 3

94

cCl

4At

..14I

\QlI

E6NF

dE>7

>7

*

Ij \

5I E 4.4

) . / .

4 777....77 !o. ....4

,'' 66I' 666',

)rt Institute o! Chica#o7Chica#o7 III7 1H*


@T ) IRen,ic8 'aller-7 Jash77&7C7 1H%*

0irshhorn Museum7Jash77 &7C7 1*2

NOTE.In!ormation !rom authors obser"ations5)l)I RC intern proect7 1*H1

>


56/83

46

.

444444

I I

&

GALLERIES '1PE O+ MUSEUM MOS'LIEL1 'O BE A++EC'ED

"rt

/)sto%

Sc)ence

TUALI'1 O+ RESEAC/

R7epA4ated std)es w)t( simi liar %eslts

GALLERIES % LOCATION.ISSUE5

A GALLERS LOCATION SHOULD NOTBE UNDER%ESTI&ATED. @OR IT $ILLHELP DETER&INE THE ETENT TO$HICH THE SPACE $ILL BE FISITEDAND THE ATTENTION IT $ILL RECEIFE)

One Itstud- w)t( good

%es sStd w)t( weakco%%elat)ons

;USTI@ICATION5

In de!inin a circulation !#!te6 and decidin on the locationfor allerie!. !e"eral (no'n a!2ect! of "i!itor beha"ior !houldbe con!idered)

t. e


57/83

4I;4b$4(

6a7or e*hibit!. the 6ain floor!hould ha"e the 2rinci2al e*hibition !2ace and the !econdfloor !hould be u!ed for le!!i62ortant e*hibit!) &u!eu6 e*2ert La'rence Cole6a noted that.floor! abo"e the !econd are no

loner con!idered entirel# !uit

able for e*hibition nor are the#redee6ed for thi! 2ur2o!e b# ele"ator!) It i! a 6atter of ob!er"ation that a !i8eable 2art ofthe "i!itin 2ublic 'ill not

a!cend to a third and forth floorof e*hibit!) @loor! abo"e the!econd i"e the 2lace for !tud#.!torae. curatorial 'or(. librar#!tac(! and ad6ini!trati"e office!

In addition to the le"el on 'hich6a7or e*hibit! are located. 2re"iou!l# di!cu!!ed findin! indicate other locational factor!)It 6u!t be re6e6bered that the2o!ition! of entrance! and e*it!are i62ortant deter6inant! of theroute! of 6o!t "i!itor! and that6o!t Fi!itor! turn to the rihton enterin a !#66etricall# de

!ined aller# and continue around the !2ace in a counter

cloc('i!e direction) In addition.6ore than /1 2er cent of the Fi!itor! 2a!! onl# the ob7ect! alonthe 'all to'ard 'hich the# fir!tturn before lea"in the aller#)Thi! !ue!t! that the 6o!t i62ortant aller# !hould be locatedto the riht of the 6u!eu6! entrance 'ith !ucceedin hall! 2o!itioned in a riht to left order)

The follo'in !trateie! are reco66ended in con!iderin the location of 6u!eu6 allerie!)

M tE0R *N0N*Rlil7 !I 7IEN**R**=0 3S30=RSE;+ll 0URr* 0= T0El4 N.*37i30 V::A5:tA:'

I;Cl7.)*=U**06 -C=CJ6I t S SN*=UnC

M 0


58/83

(

) ID

LOCA'IONS +OR MAOR GALLERIES

4

Locate 6ain aller# !2ace!

in area! of the 6u!eu6 'hichrecei"e the hihe!t dereeof "i!itor attention and re

:uire a 6ini6u6 of 'al(inand effort to et too) In6o!t ca!e! the!e 'ould include5% Ne*t to the 6u!eu6! entr#)

% On the round floor)

Ne@

Boston Msem o3 SC)ence. !">"

% Alon 'ell defined 6a7orcirculation 2ath!)

% Con"enient location!)% @ir!t in the !e:uence of

allerie! or at the beinnin of the 6a7or circulation 2ath in a riht toleft !e:uence)

.............4......444..4..

IOI

.....i,...rll?lll

I:7577

..............7.D

''''''''45 7

+)%st )n a %)g(t to le3t c)%c)t Sca)3e Galle%. P)tts7%g(* Penn.


59/83

.

.oI I

446m49+6l

)

GALLERIES

-6'-I

d),e%s)t

754>7 :::7@ 57:75151

'1PE O+ MUSEUM MOS'LIEL1 'O BE A++EC'ED

A%t

/)sto%

Sc)ence

GALLERIES % DIFERSIT IN GALLERDESIGN.

ISSUE5

A HA;OR @ACTOR IN &USEUH @ATIGUEIS THE LAC O@ DIFERSIT IN GALLER DESIGN $HICH. IN TURN. REDUCES FISITOR INTEREST IN EHIBITS)

TUALI'1 O+ RESEAC/

R7epA4ated std)es w)t(similiar %eslts

One Itstud- w)t( goodT %es s

Std w)t( weakco%%elat)ons

&la)n. !9m)n. ,)s)> sto&s

di"er sit-5?9m)n.,)s)t!K sto&s

48e


60/83

444N4444A

di!2la# leadin to 6ental fatiue)

So6e of the 6o!t conclu!i"e re!earch. !u22ortin the need tocreate e*hibit and aller# di"er!it#. ha! co6e fro6 !ue!tion! of the "i!itor! the6!el"e!Cohen =, :ue!tionin the de2artin "i!itor!. di!co"eredthat 6an# the6 lea"e feelinboth fru!trated and o"er!ti6ulated) @e' !to22ed to loo( ate*hibit! located to'ard the endof their "i!it) lelton =,e*2lained thi! lac( of intere!tin certain 2ortion! of the 6u!eu6 in ter6! of ob7ect !atiation. 'hich 'a! a function of 767';At74o"

4I4it:sto&

M 0K

;(Rho; 6 3A $ 3ACom53o%ta7le (ead mo,ements

(3


61/83

(&

I

Pro"ide 2eriodic out!ide"ie'! to contra!t 'ith artificiall# lit allerie!)

Des Mo)nes A%t Cente%.Iowa !">#


62/83

m

Create di"er!it# b# de!inin each aller# a22ro2riatein !t#le and character tothe artifact! 2re!ented 'ithin it =e)). a aller#hou!in a Gree( te62le 'illbe different fro6 one e*hib

itin Ro6an coin! or 6odern!cul2ture> )

DIVERSI'1 0I'/ *IN'ERIOR DESIGN

m+IOO%)ng

Colo%

L)g(t)ng

44Scale

!. Scl&t%e$. Pa)nt)ngs

KK


63/83

(6

.

4m#

9666*'

~~L~/i.:

GALLERIES '1PE O+ MUSEUM MOS'LIEL1 'O BE A++EC'ED

A%t

/)sto%

Sc)ence

GALLERIES % DOOR$AS5 THE NU&BERA8# POS30 3 =8 3 87

ISSUE5

THE NU&BER AND POSITIONS O@ THEENTRANCE AND EIT IN GALLERSPACES DETER&INE THE ROUTES O@THE &A;ORIT O@ FISITORS) THEDE@INE $HERE FISITORS GO AND$HAT IS &ORE LIEL TO BE LOOEDAT) IN GENERAL. UNDERSTANDING

doo%wa&os)t)on

nm7e% o3doo%was

TUALI'1 O+ RESEAC/

Re&eated std)es w)t(s)m)l)a% %eslts

One Itstud- w)t( good%es sStd w)t( weakco%%elat)ons

8 t0=*,4 ,n*,4I@ " @"77,4 n5S* 9ISI*54SWI77 *U4) *5 *:,I4 4I@:* 9I,I)II@

D45.54orITER.c+OC74A5AISE SEDUEtlCE

8 *:, +AC'ORS W:IC: %rl=7U,tlC, " 9ISI*54*5 *U4 4I@:* "=*,4 ,*4 I*5 " @"77,4

44444444444lm)N4444m/:"M/7,*S /"I*,D =55*/4I*S 5 *:,

==R S378S' 0C')' 0il #3S0A8C =0


64/83

"i!itor! 'ere u!in le!! area or'ere not enterin thi! aller#

)!2ace becau!e it had no a22arente*it =a dead end !2ace>) La'renceCole6an =,


65/83= 7

'0O DOORS NEEDED

......77774

MDESIGN RECO&&ENDATIONS5

In eneral. a !6all one roo6aller# !hould ha"e t'o o2enin!. one entr# and one e*it)A roo6 'ith one o2enin forboth entrance and e*it i62o!e! a circuit 'hich. the"i!itor !o6eti6e! 2erfor6!onl# 6entall# 'hile !tandinat the door'a# )

Galle% !*m)ssed

A4r@OA:85C777

Galle% $* ente%ed

mental%)

A%t Msem* Ca)%o Eg&t

DOOR0A1 PLACEMEN' ANDE++EC'S ON ROU'ING

a !


66/83

4co%)do% to %oom

('

To decrea!e the attraction

2o'er of an e*it di!ui!ethe e*it b# reducin it!"i!ibilit#. 2o!ition the e*it"er# near to the entr#. and2o!ition the e*it be#ond6a7or e*hibit!)


67/83

Longes

&o!t 6u!eu6! include facilitie!'hich cater to the 'ell%beinof the "i!itor) The 6o!t co66oninclude5 ift !ho2!. re!taurant!and "i!itor loune!) All of the6a!!i!t in reducin fatiue.brouht on b# 2h#!ical e*ertionand "i!ual o"erload)

Perha2! the 6o!t crucial andco62le* !et of a6enitie! i! the!#!te6 of tran!ition and !eatinarea!) The!e !er"e the "i!itor

in a nu6ber of 'a#!) The# encourae rela*ation. chane the2ace of acti"itie!. and 2ro"idethe "i!itor 'ith a !uitable2lace and ti6e for reflection)Re!t area! in 6u!eu6! are tran!itional !2ace! 'here 2eo2le can!ociall# interact. 6editate. or!i62l# re!t their feet)

Pro2erl# locatin the!e re!tarea! inter6ittentl# a6on thealler# !2ace! i! "ital for a!ucce!!ful 6u!eu6 "i!it) Fi!itor!'ho are both 2h#!icall# and 2!#choloicall# at ea!e 'ith theiren"iron6ent are 6ore li(el# tobe a rece2ti"e audience)

0=P- A P


68/83

MOST COMMON +ON'E TKPES

Entr- ,aitin# areas

ell (7 Sean# alon# circulation

in #alleries

R27 +oun#e roomseil5' CafeteriaseatinP

+ON'E C)SE ST&IES

EK +ON'E &ESI'NCONSI&ER)TIONS$ON&IN MSEMSRVEK

rl.E..te.r.io.r.".i.e,..s......4

Out o! circulationpaths

Com!ortable seatin#

I'roup seatin#

I0i#hl- "isible

The !:A7iationalPortrait 'al. Corcoran 'aller- o!)rt ler-7 Jash77 &7C71H% Jash77 &7C7 1H2

National 'aller- o! )rt7Jest7 Jash7&7C71*21

National 'aller- o! )rt7East7 Jash77 &7C71*H

)rt Institute o! Chica#o7Chica o5 III7 1H*


Ren,iclQ@@'iller-7 Jash77&7C7 1H%*

0irshhornMuseum7Jash77 &7C71*2

NOTE.In!ormation !rom authors obser"ations5)l)I RC intern proect7 1*H1


69/83

@!


70/83

5*

)rt ..

0I \

I I

7 5

I

i:

+ON'ES

.i In

1

terio

r

(''''' 5E 3'r'*

TKPE O$ MSEM MOST+IE+K TO /E )$$ECTE&

0istor-

Science

LOUNGES % INTERIOR DESIGN)

ISSUE5

&USEU& FISITORS BECO&E PHSICALL AND &ENTALL @ATIGUED DURINGTHE COURSE O@ THEIR FISIT) TOAID THE PACE O@ EHIBIT FIE$ING.LOUNGE INTERIORS &UST BE DESIGNED TO APPEAL TO A STATE O@ &INDSUITABLE TO RELAATION)

5 f----6I

I

)+ITK O$ RESE)C0

R7epA4atedstudies ,ith I ITI simi liar results

T Oneltstud- ,ith #ood ?resu s

Stud- ,ith ,ea8correlations

M 33 11l;iI=R AC0=R 1*1 *6USU6l A037U 3S7AR SA0iA03=ft 3rNSU3C3r< con-0RAS0 U0E;Iri A#IACri0 7AR3S' 0C.A::E+TO>I5 >A

M \E 31AI=R AC0=R I:?:iT:ITI9:i7 A@+h::.@

;O;30*N=U0 *1 USU SCI>:::E I* VIE>@I::A4i EAallIIT


71/83

63

cificall#'iththeroleofloune! andotherinteri

or de!infeature! inreducin fatiue)One!tud#b#Cohen=,2olled"i!itor!lea"in theNational&u!eu6of

Hi!tor# andTechnolo#in$a!hinton.D)C)The!tud#concludedthati"enthe!i8eof the"i!itor2o2ula tion

andthefre:uenc#'ith'hichit!ee(!theo22ortunit# to!itdo'n.it i!e"identthe6u!eu6

couldbe6orehel2ful in

2ro"idin"ariedarea!forrela*ation)The!tud#re"ealed

that "i!itor! 'ould li(e6ore 2lace! forrela*ation and !u e!tedthat loune! !hould include re!troo6!.drin(in foun tain!.!6o(in area! and 2lent#of co6fortable !eat!)Such

a6enitie! can enable

"i!itor! to lea"e loune!refre!hed to !ee 6oree*hibit!)


72/83

&anfred Leh6bruc( author or &u!eu6 Architecture =,. !tatedthat a! the e#e nor6all# lea2!fro6 one ob7ect to the other.the fact of concentratin on

!tatic for6! and color! re:uire!an effort 'hich 6a# be 6ea!uredb# the contraction of the 2u2il9to co62en!ate the e#e 6u!t bei"en the o22ortunit# of 6o"in.accordin to a certain rh#th6)@or e*a62le. fro6 near "i!ion.'hich i! fairl# tirin. to di!tant "i!ion. 'hich i! rela*in.fro6 briht color! to re!tfulneutralit#. fro6 liht to dar(.fro6 !6all to lare and "ice"er!a)

@urther re!earch could increa!e

the de!iner! (no'lede of theeffect! of interior de!in on"i!itor fatiue)

DESIGN RECOENDATIONS5 C/ARAC'ERIS'ICS O+ LOUNGEIN'ERIOR

Brin "i!itor! into natural!urroundin! for lounin=e)). !2ace! 'ith out!ide"ie'!. e*terior court#ard!and arden!. etc)> )

Pro"ide. in ae!theticall#2lea!in !ettin!. the a6enitie! "i!itor! 6o!t oftenre:ue!ted. includin co6fortable !eatin 'ith acce!

galle% longe

!or# furni!hin!. a !6o(inarea. re!troo6!. car2eted

floor! and drin(in fountain!) Al!o. a! 2art of thedecor in loune!. li"e reen2lant! !hould be u!ed) Recorded 6u!ic can al!o berela*in to "i!itor!)

!. B)gge% t(an galle%!' +%om l)g(t to da%k

:' B%)g(t colo%s to %est3lnet%al)t>. Nea% ,)s)on to d)stant ,)s)on

LOUNGE AMENI'IES

o Seat)ng# Smok)ng a%ea# Rest%oomso E


73/83

A%t .Sc)ence .

LOUNGES '1PE O+ MUSEUM MOS'LIEL1 'O BE A++EC'ED

/)sto% .TUALI'1 O+ RESEAC/

Re&eated std)es w)t(lUs)m)l)a% %eslts

444It4tud- w)t( good I IStd w)t( weak IIco%%elat)ons I. >

LOUNGES % LOCATION. SI?E AND@REUENC.

ISSUE5

BECAUSE FISITORS EAFE BEEN @OUNDTO GPO$ ,,1RE@lJTIGCEDAS THEFISIT PROGRESSES AD BECAUSETHE PRE@ER SPECI@IC PATHS ANDUADPANTS O@ THE ,,CSEU&OFEROTHEPS. SPECIAL ATTENTION &USTBE C55FEN TO LOO)TIO5. SI?EAND @PEUENC O@ REST9)RE);))S)

8 C e


74/83

66

9X,'

6:6686666I

=, at the National &u!eu6of Hi!tor# and Technolo#. $a!hinton. D)C). found that o"er

three%:uarter! of the "i!itor!2olled u!ed !o6e de"ice to re!t

benche!. !eat!. leanin aain!t 7B1C7475 1!3sec7stop

Secondar-M 0


75/83

6(

6,66r636R t1US2-1S MM

M AC0=RS E;3Ei3C< CAl' S3733l3CA330 ln U8C0


76/83

;'';6t66

M 0RA ic =2 R=$ R37


77/83

@

loune area !hould be hihl#"i!ible but 2re!ent a 6ini6u6 of "i!itor 6o"e6ent forin!tance. the# !hould not be2laced in the 6iddle of e*hibition hall! or in bu!#corridor!. !ince both area!are not conduci"e to rela*ation or 6editation and 'illcontinue to !ti6ulate the"i!itor! !en!e! )

Re!t area! 2ro"idin natural!urroundin! are 2articularl# rela*in =e)). out!ide"ie'!. court#ard!. etc)>)


78/83

* (*?;@&(;.;r))-;;;(?E( .;; * 9:>7774 4 A@ ? . ~'~~~~f~1:~~~~):f0~~~J- 0'~l~~.)~..,..~..~..\~~~..~. +.-.~~~~~,,,ra)..e;; ..;;;; ;; 6* ''L'~00000')~.:+OJ::4~i5~\06

? N Xt'3GF6..6 ''''6' '6 M''',0-M'' ''-'''+6 '''~.,..&'f.0'++O 7......... , .......7 2f#.... 2~.,) 77 ~...... ~)-..- ....+- 7 ...,7.... )0',)0')~ )-.) .......*.'''69'''6;*O*,

-


79/83

BIBLIOGRAP/1

)ABBE. DAFID S)

and Curio!it#)"ol) G/ no) 4

""' :?-::'

id!. CultureII/se%n Ne9s/=Iarch19/)

BENETT. GEORGE ) The &u!eu6Techni:ue A22lied to Nar(etRe!earch) ;ournal of Con!ultin P!#cholo#. vol. 5 (19G1)

""' 1:-1/'

SU&&AR O@ SO&E PRINCIPLES O@&USEU& BEHAFIOR @OR&ULATED BROBINSON. &ELTON AND OTHERS.

BOSE. A)B. The Pattern of Co66unication in an E*hibit)Indian ;ournal of Social Re!earch. vol) G (19/:) 22) !:-:?'

&USEUH FISITS O@ ILLITERATEAND LITERATE FISITORS TO AGOFERN&ENT EHIBIT $ERE CO&

REFIE$ O@ RESEARCH os EPLORATOR BEHAFIOR. NOFELT. ANDCURIOSIT APPLIED TO CHILDRENS &USEU& FISITS)

Note! on Audience Re!earch atthe Ro#al OntariO &u!eu6) The&u!eoloi!t. no) ? (19/1) 22)11 -1/ M

REPORT ON SURFES CONDUCTED TO

&EASURE REACTIONS TO ADNISSIONCHARGE AND FISITING HOURS) GENERAL ADFICE ON CARRING OUTAUDIENCE SURFES IS ALSO INCLUDED)

ABLER. THO&AS S) Traffic Pattern and E*hibit De!in5 AStud# of Learnin in the &u!eu6) Pae! 1?G-1G1 in The&u!eu6 Fi!itor. edited b#Ste2han @) de Borhe#i andIrene A) Han!on. &il'au(ee)

RESEARCH PRO;ECT &EASURING THEE@@ECTS O@ TRA@@IC PATTERN ANDEHIBIT%CASE DESIGN ON LEARNING AND USING CONFENTIONALTESTING PROCEDURES AND FARIATIONS IN EHIBIT LAOUT)

/

BECHTEL. ROBERT B) Hodo6eterRe!earch in &u!eu6!) &u!eu6Ne'!. vol. G5 no) 4 =&arch19/@) 22) !: - !/ '

Hu6an &o"e6ent and Architecture) Tran!%action. "ol) +.no) / =&a# 19/@) 22) 5:-5/'

CHANGES IN LOCOHOTOR EPLORATOR BEHAFIOR BECAUSE O@ ENFIRONHENTAL CUES SUCH AS DI@@ERENT DISPLAS OR PAINTINGS. AREIONITORED B &EANS O@ ANHODO &ETER =A @LOOR GRIDSENSITIFE TO PEDESTRIANNOFE&LiT> @ITTED 0= A S6lAR=%N =R 7AR CO&BINED $ITHAPPARATUS TOCOUNT ,1FE&ENTS)

AND HO$ SUCH TECHNIUES COULDBE APPLIED TO CO&NERICAL EHIBIT DESIGNS)

BORHEGI. STEPHAN @) #' Nu!eu6E*hibit!5 Ho' to Plan and E"aluate The6) &id'e!t &u!eu6!uarterl#. "ol) !: no) !(19/:) 22) G-5'

STATES THE NEED @OR EHIBIT

EFALUATION AND THE USE O@ SPECIAL TEST EHIBITS TO NEASUREFISITOR RETENTION AND PARTICIPATION)

S2ace Proble6! and Solution!)&u!eu6 Ne'!. "ol) G! no) :=NOF) 19/:) 22) 1-!!'

DISCUSSION O@ SPATIAL AREAS INTHE NUSEUN. HEAFIL IN@LUENCEDB ED$ARD HALLS THE SILENTLANGUAGE)

Te!tin an Audience Reactionto Scientific and Anthro2oloical &u!eu6 E*hibit!) Pae 4in The &u!eu6 Fi!itor) &il'au(ee Public &u!eu6 Publication!

in &u!eolo# -. 19/'PHILOSOPH O@ A &USEUN AD&INISTRATOR CO&&ITTED TO FISITORRESEARCH)

Te!tin of Audience Reaction!to &u!eu6 E*hibit!) Curator."o +5 no) 1 (19/5) 22) /-9:

PRINCIPLES @OR CRO$D%@LO$ CONTROL AND EHIBIT DESIGN BASEDUPON LI&ITED RESEARCH) EHIBITPROPERTIES ARE RELATED TO CONDITIONS O@ CRO$D &OFE5IE5%S;UTCH AS FARIABLE ANDCONSTANT @LO$)

Fi!ual CO66unication in the

Science &u!eu6) Curator. "ol./ no) 1 (19/:) 22) G5-5@'

ENTIONS $AS TO I&PROFE THECO&&UNICATION FALUE O@ EHIBITS. SUCH AS DRANATIC LABELSAND LIGHTING. AND REFEALS THElA55;E1R*1 $HICH THERESEARCHER6lA83PUA0# 0


80/83

tional &u!eu6 of Hi!tor# andTechnolo#. The S6ith!onianIn!titution. $a!hinton. D)C)Office of &u!eu6 Prora6!.S6ith!onian In!titution. o"e6ber ,


81/83

A!!ociation of &u!eu6! Ne'Serie!)> $a!hinton. D)C)5, $ERE CONSIDERED INTHE PLANNING O@ A NE$ &USEU&)

NIELSON) L)C) A Techni:ue forStud#in the Beha"ior of &u!eu6 Fi!itor!) The ;ournal ofEducational P!#cholo#. "ol)-4 =,. 22) ,1-%,,1)

DETAILED REPORT AND EFALUATIONO@ AN EARL PHOTOGRAPHIC TECHNIUE @OR OBSERFING FISITORS)

"

PARR) A)E) Re6ar(! on La#out.

Di!2la#. and Re!2on!e to De!in) Curator. "ol) 4. no) 0=,) 22) ,-,%,+0)

SUGGESTIONS @OR &USEU& EHIBITTECHNIUES DERIFED @RO& CO&&ERCIAL STORE DISPLAS GEAREDIO$ARDTHE FISITOR=i)e).EHI BIT PATTERNS TOELI&INATE &U SEU& @ATIGUE. ANDE@@ORTS TO CONCENTRATEATTENTION ON AN OB;ECT $ITHOUTDISTRACTIONS>)

PORTER. &ILDRED C)B) Beha"iorof the A"erae Fi!itor in thePeabod# &u!eu6 of Natural Hi!tor#. ale Uni"er!it#) =Nu6ber,K in Publication! of the A6er

ican A!!ociation of &u!eu6!Ne' Serie!)> $a!hinton. D)C)5

A6erican A!!ociation of &u!eu6!,


82/83

THE @IRST &A;OR PUBLICATION ON @ACILITATE LEARNING IN &USEU&S STUDIES O@ EHIBIT E@@ECTIFE

&USEU& FISITOR RESEARCH. THIS AND THEIR I&PLICATIONS @OR NESS CAN BE DESIGNED AND CO&

&ONOGRAPH PRESENTS BOTH THE FISITOR RESEARCH ARE PRESENTED) PLETED. BUT THE REUIRE E

UNOBTRUSIFE OBSERFATIONAL &ETH PERI&ENTATION AND USE O@ &EAS

ODS USED AND THEIR RESULTS.RAISES THE POSSIBILIT THAT&USEU& @ATIGUE IS &ORE A UESTION O@ PSCHOLOG THAN PHSICAL DISCO&@ORT. AND CONDUCTSEPERI&ENTS IN A NATURAL SETTING)

E*2eri6ental Education in the&u!eu6 %% A Per!2ecti"e) &u!eu6 Ne'!. "ol) ,1. no) ,K=@eb) ,. 22) K%3)

OUTLINES TECHNIUES TO HELP&USEU&S EPERI&ENT $ITH THEIR

EDUCATIONAL &ETHODS. INCLUDINGTHE SUGGESTION THAT &USEU&SSSTE&ATICALL ALTER INTERIORDI&ENSIONS TO ACHIEFE DI@@ERENT E@@ECTS ON FISITORS)

P!#choloical Studie! of thePublic &u!eu6) School andSociet#. "ol) --. no) 3-

public space design in museums - robbilard

Documents