THE WORLD BANK22192

March 2000

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THE WORLD BANK July 2000Country Office Manila23rd Floor, The Taipan PlaceEmerald Avenue, Ortigas CenterPasig City, Philippines

World Bank Group1818 H Street N. W.Washington, D.C.

Contents

Preface .................................. 1

Abbreviations and Acronyms . .................................. 2

Acknowledgments .................................. 3

Environmental Scorecard - Trends and Indicators ........................ ..... 4

Environmental Sensitive areas and Hotspots .................................. 6

The Environment- A Wake-Up Call . ................................. 7

Brown Agenda .................................. 8Air Pollution .................................. 8Water Pollution .................................. 11Solid and Hazardous Waste .......... ........................ 14Policy Responses ................................... 16

Green Agenda .................................. 18Land. .................................. 18Forests .................................. 20Protected Areas/Biodiversity .................................. 23Policy Responses ................................... 25

Blue Agenda .................................. 27Water Resources Management ....... ........................... 27Coastal and Marine Resources ............ ...................... 29Policy Responses .................................. 31

Global Issues and Policy Responses. .................................. 32

Donor Assistance .................................. 33

Environmental Institutions .................................. 34

Key Environmental Legislation. .................................. 35

Environmental Glossary .................................. 36

Philippines At A Glance .................................. 37

The Monitor was prepared by Messrs./Mmes. Anjali Acharya (Environmental Specialist), Bebet Gozun (Consultant), Patchamuthu Illangovan(Team Leader), Stefano Pagiola (Environmental Economist) and Maya Villaluz (Environmental Operations Officer). Agatha Ancheta and PepitoSanchez did background research, and Katherin G. Golitzen provided editorial assistance. Fidelis Herrera-Lim coordinated production of thisdocument. Jeffrey Lecksell was responsible for map design. TonyM. Maghirang and Horace Crowe were responsible for the layout and designof this document.

Messrs./Mmes. John Dixon, Kirk Hamilton, Stefano Pagiola, and Claudia Sadoff of the Environmental Indicators Unit of the World Bank providedthe initial framework for the Monitor. The team also acknowledges inputs and comments from Joven Balbosa, Dirk De Bruin, John Dixon, BemardFunck, Leonora Gonzales, Ernesto Guiang, Kirk Hamilton, Heidi Hennrich-Hanson, David Howarth, Vijay Jagannathan, Aloysius Ordu, Luiz Tavares,and David Wheeler of the World Bank.

The views expressed in the Philippines Environment Monitor are entirely those of the authors and should not be cited without priorpermission. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank Group, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. Thematerial contained herein has been obtained from sources believed reliable but it is not necessarily complete and cannot be guaranteed.

D eforestation and land degradation in the The information contained in the Monitor has beencountryside, v ehicular air pollution and obtained from a variety of sources including publishedinadequate sanitation in urban areas stand out reports of government agencies, universities and

as the most pressing environmental problems in the nongovernmental organizations, unpublished data fromPhilippines. Successive governments have recognized individuals and documents of the World Bank, Asianthe economic, social and ecological importance of man- Development Bank and bilateral donor agencies. Anaging the country's water, air and natural resources. But attempt has been made to create an Enironniental Score-first, a long legacv of poor environmental decisions must card for the Philippinies, which benchmarks some keybe overcome. The nation has embarked on a number of indicators of production, consumption, pollution andambitious initiatives and has aggressively developed ambient quality From the quality of data available, it isnational legislation to back up its policy goals. Environ- clear that the Philippines must substantially build itsmental priorities are most clearly articulated in the 1992 capacity to collect and maintain timely information ofPhilippine Strategy for Sustainable Development and the key environmental trends. This is important for thelandmark 1997 publication Philippines Agenda 21, which government to translate the Philippines Agenda 21describes the main thematic and spatial priorities. recommendations into credible and effective actions.

To effectively implement these initiatives in For decision makers the Monitor is a useful toolaccordance with environmental priorities, also that provides information in a single place and signalsrequires the analysis of environmental trends and the the importance of information in formulating policies

setting of key indicators. The Environment Monitor and plans. For academicians and researchers, it gives apresents a snapshot of key environmental trends in the broad overview of problem areas. For civil society, itPhilippines and is an outcome of a joint exercise presents an opportunity to engage in dialogue withinvolving national agencies, academia, civil society and other stakeholders; for donor agencies, it can indicateresearchers in the Philippines and Bank staff in Manila the extent of environmental problems, and for students,and Washington. The Monitor was prepared in a par- it raises awareness of environmental issues. Overall, theticipatory manner and a draft version was discussed at Monitor can serve to engage and inform stakeholdersa well-attended stakeholders meeting on March 6, 2000. concerning environmental changes and challenges.

Vinay Bhargava Zafer EcevitCountry Director, Philippines Director, Environment and Social DevelopmentThe World Bank The World Bank

1

ADB Asian Development Bank

BAS Bureau of Agricultural StatisticsBFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic ResourcesBOD Biological Oxygen Demand

BSWM Bureau of Soils and Water Management

CFCs Chlorofluorohvdrocarbons

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

DA Department of AgricultureDAO Departmental Administrative Order

DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DO Dissolved OxygenDOH Department of Health

DOTC Department of Transport and Communication

DPWH Department of Public Works and HighwaysEEZ Exclusive Economic ZoneEMB Environmental Management Bureau

FMB Forestry Management BureauISO International Standards OrganizationJICA Japanese International Cooperation AgencyLLDA Laguna Lake Development Authority

LMB Land Management BureauLGU Local Government Unit

MCM million cubic metersMLD million liters per dayMMDA Metro Manila Development Authority

MPN Most Probable Number

MWSS Manila Water Sewerage SystemNAMRIA National Mapping Resources Information AuthorityNIPAS National Integrated Protected Areas SystemNWRB National Water Resources BoardODS Ozone Depleting SubstancesPAMB Protected Area Management BoardPD Presidential DecreeSALT Sloping Agricultural Land TechnologiesTHW Toxic and Hazardous Waste

TLA Timber Licensing AgreementsTSP Total Suspended ParticulatesWHO World Health Organization

2

This Monitor is a joint effort of several government agencies, private sector and civil society organizations at boththe national and local levels. We acknowledge the valuable contributions of the following:

Government Agencies:Department oJ Environment & Natural Resources (DENR)-Mario Rono, Maria Lourdes S. Sioson, Eriberto C. Argete,

Romy Acosta, Juliet Texon, Monina M. Cunanan*, Amelia D.Supetran, Agnes L. Goze*, Claire Tena,Elvira Caparas

DENR, EMPAS Region 7-Allan Arangue, Jun Villapan, Marivic Ricana;DENR Regioni 11-Clarence L. Baguilat, Flor Bongalo;DENR, NCR-Arnold Villados;Environmental Managemenit Bui-eau -Peter Anthony Abaya, Angelita T. Brabante, Cesar Siador, Jr., Geri Geronimo R.

Safiez, Nicanor Mendoza, Eli Malano*, Leza A. Acorda*, Renato T. Cruz, Nolan B. Francisco, MargieTumanlad;

Protected Ar-eas & Wildlife Bur-eau-Reynaldo Bayabos, Carlo Custodio*, Angelita P Meniado^, Tess Blastique;Mines & Gcosciences Bureau-Edwin Domingo, Conrado Miranda, Michael Gabalga;National Mapping Resources Informationi Authority (NAMRIA)-Ricardo Bina*, Virgilio F Basa, Olivia R. Molina;Burcau of Soils & Water Management-Rogelio N. Concepcion, Salvacion C. Cas;Forest Maniagement Bureau- Ishmael H. Al Rashid, Mayumi Ma. Quintos, Dionisio Tolentino, Myla Vasquez,

Nerie Laureano, Jesus A. Javier, Domingo Bacalla, Venia Rayola, Marieta Bal;Laguna Lake Development Authotity-Atty Joaquin Mendoza, Dolora N. Nepomuceno, Ceazar H. Natividad;National Water Resources Board-Dr. Lope R. Villenas;Philippine National Oil Corporation-Agnes C. De Jesus, Jo Rowena Garcia*, Norin Herona;Department of Energy-Zenaida Y. Monsada, Clarissa C. Cabacang, Elma T. Karunungan*;Fer-tilizer & Pesticide Authoritv-Cesar M. Drilon, Jr.;Bureau of AgricultuLal Statistics-Romeo S. Recide;Bureau of Fisheries & Aquatic Resour-ces-Malcolm Sarmiento, Marco F Carreon*;National Economic Development Authority-Liberty Guinto, Evan D. Emeranciana*, Susan Ortega*;Department of Science and Technologyl ITDI-Rey Esguerra, Aida Anzano;Department of Trade and Industiy-Domingo Bagaporo;Land Transportation Office (LTO)-Anggie Fadriguela, Susie Angeles;Land Bank of the Philippines-Moreno Panalba;Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP)-Marieto Enecio, Aurora C. Maghirang;Hlouse of Representatives-Nerius Acosta, Vibeth A. Amorinm;Senate of the Philippines-Cristina V Alvarez*

Nongovernmental Organizations:RP DEV-Victor 0. Ramos* (formerly Secretary, DENR)Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement (PRRM)-Isagani R. Serrano*Philippine Businessfor Social Progress (PBSP)-Vic Dugan*;College of Science, University of the Philippines-Dr. Miguel D. Fortes*;Philippine Businessfor the Environment (PBE)-Lisa C. Antonio*;Bantay Kalikasan ABS-CBN Foundation-Marlo D. Mendoza*;Miriam PE.A.C.E, Environmental Education Center-Dr. Angelina Galang*;Philippine Councilfor Peace & Global Education (PCPGE), Assumption College-Sr. Luz Emmanuel Soriano*;Environmenltal Sciencefor Social Change, Inc.-Fr. Peter Walpole S J., Resi Marinas*, Marielle de Jesus*;Concerned Citizens Against Pollution-Jun Ellis

Private sector:Gaia South, Inc.-Fulgencio S. Factoran Jr. (formerly Secretary, DENR)Industrial Initiativesfot- Sustainable Environment (IISE), EMB/DTI/USAID- Dr. Ramon Abracosa*Resources, Environment & Economics Centerfor Studies, Inc.-Dr. Marian de los AngelesPasig River Rehabilitation Council-Jorgen Schwartz*, Andy Santiago*Aquagem Consultants Inc.-Grace Favila*Maynilad Water Services, Inc.-Francisco A. Arellano*

* Attended the Stakeholders Consultative Meeting, March 6, 2000.

- - - ,, - ,' - -

~~~~~~~~~~~~~I V

Declining forest cover *Average annual deforestation rate slowed from 300,000 | Population pressureha per year in 1970s to 1 00,000 ha per year in 1990s a Incorrect policies• Rate of reforestation slowed from 1994 to 1998 o Lack of equity in access to natural• Survival rate improe from 26% between 1960 and |resources

|1985 to 76% between 1988 and 1992l

Loss of critical habitats/ | 284 species considered endangered o Land use changesbiodiversity | One of highest biodiversity loss rates in world - Encroachment and exploitation

~ c * Destructive fishing practices

Land degradation - * Inc-rea-sing-soi 7erosio n and fl-oo:dplains- -Vlan-d onverT-on7ora agncuTtlire,-|*Static yield/hectare despite increasing inputs settlements and other uses

I \ I *~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Inappropriate agricultural practices

especially in uplandsG Land tenure issues

Wdter supply unable to | * National water demand expected to double in 25 years * Fragmented and inefficient saterkeep up with demand |* 200% increaseurivlm d mpoed in Metro Manila in 16 years resources

I I ~~~~~~~~~~~managementbiodiversit *One of highest biodiversity loss rates inworld * Lack of monitoting & enforcement

I* IDsproper pricing of water

Watershed degradation * Increase in soil erosion and downstream sedimentation - Lack of clear overall strategy* Snctati iedheareadspe i i ins s e - Fragmented and oranaeemert| * 90%: of watershie d r eservatioris cons idered degraded Inappropr Limited aresources

ep Icireasing upland popUsatio

t ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~ Lan teur issues

Declining coastal and |*7696o of mangroves lost from 1918 to 1993 (over 75 : Coniversion to other usesmarine resources | yearst; d aecrline of 57%m in 23 years (19751993n |a Domestic and industrial wasvewater

keepln * .20 % i corals renmand in excellent conitaino 6 Dr rsores uraerurlffs| * 30-50% loss of seagr:asses:; 0 3 X * Lcofructioishtoing precticesm

This scorecdrd represents the first attempt at benchmarking key environmentdl indicdtors. The selection of inpricicgs waspredicated on the availability of credible data. The indicators selected here represent both production/consumt eon anddeterioration/quality factors, and are classified under "Brown", Green" and "Blue' agendas. The "Brown" agenda is a termcommonly used to describe the pollution caused by industrial, urban, transport and energy sources and their sincje or

4

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Annua raeo efrsain 3,0 ecae/er%9919

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ranGementsesoy

- ------- ----- ----- - - --- - - - -4- 4---- -- -

Expenditures for protected areas P 119.7 million 1999 expenditure for 1 0 prioritymanagement sites only

Extent of land conversion 3,659 hectares/year Average land conversion for past 5years

Intensity of fertilizer consumption (kg/ha 135 1995-1997of arable land)

Total population: 83%% of population with access to safe Urban: 91% 1998drinking water Rural: 81%

Ratio of priority watersheds to total 154/418 1999watersheds

Rate of increase in fisheries production 0.72% 1997-1998

collective impacts and protection measures; the Green" agenda is used to describe environmental impacts caused byagriculture, deforestation, land conversion and destruction of protected species and related protection measures; andthe "Blue" agenda refers to all forms of water resources management.The scorecard will be the basis to record future improvements or declines in environmental quality.

5

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IBRD 3093.118; 120° 1220 ,

Batan >. CHINAIslands -

PHILIPPINES K

20 ENVIRONMENTALLY )T20 H TALA PYNAMSENSITIVE AREAS AND 2 (0.rxP PHILIPPIN- SPOLLUTION HOT SPOTS

P ARDILCTEDAREAS Babuyan MALA SIA -FETRESTS Islands MALAYSIA

* NATIONAL TAPTAI

ENWaiRNMEND\LTREND_

5 WATER POLLATION

* SLIDANDAIARCOUS I N D O N E S I A 'rI

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A I APPOIUTIAN INTFNSITY 1 AUSTRALIA

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12 S ara Masbate S - -,Culion Islands

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0 60 100 150 200 250 300

KILOMETERS

m-fi _s.er 180 120 1220 124' 126 4AUGUST 2001

6

4 A bM -

he Philippines was one of the first countries to give intent to the Agenda 21 process initiated during theT Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, by formulating its own national agenda 21 in a highly participa-tory manner. This document, endorsed by the Cabinet in 1996, received wide support. As the Philippines

advances gradually toward sustainable development, it faces three broad environmental challenges: urban air andwater pollution, natural resource degradation, and the declining quality of coastal and marine resources.

Pollution problems are widespread in the coun- Although the number of protected areas hastry In Metro Manila, particulate matter smaller than increased,so have the rates of destruction and habitat10 microns or PM1,( levels often exceed national air conversion. Adequate functioning of protected areaquality standards. The quality of nearly half of the coun- management boards is constrained by shortages oftry's classified rivers fall below normal water quality funds and staff.norms. Coastal waters around Manila Bay are also de- A third set of environmental problems involvesteriorating. While the country probably has progressed poor management of water resources. While watermost in terms of finding solutions to the ever-increas- demand is increasing rapidly, fragmented water man-ing problem of household garbage collection, environ- agement, weak law enforcement and poor planning hasmentally sound disposal remains a distant dream, with affected supply, leading to the declaration of a nationalmany cities are still using open dumping. In recent water crisis in 1995. Access to water supply variesyears, community and civil society-led recycling pro- widely across the country Increasing groundwater usegrams have become popular. However, hazardous and and declining aquifer recharge rates have led to pollu-toxic waste disposal has emerged as a major environ- tion and saline intrusion. Many of the country's rivermental challenge. basins are degraded and mismanaged.

The second set of environmental problems relates Coastal areas in the Philippines are deterioratingto natural resource degradation, which threatens from marine and land-based pollution sources. Theagricultural production, forests and biodiversity Land country's coral reefs are under threat from siltation,continues to be degraded, with massive conversion of pollution, overfishing, and destructive fishing tech-forestlands and grasslands to urban use. Forty-five per- niques. Mangrove forests are also disappearing rapidlycent of the country's land area, suffers moderate to due to conversion to aquaculture and indiscriminatesevere soil erosion. Agricultural yields in lowland cutting for firewood and construction. There has beenareas are stagnating, increasingly beset by salinization increased pressure on marine fisheries over the lastand waterlogging. Population pressure is stimulating twenty years from a rapidly growing population and acultivation of fragile upland areas, causing further soil rise in exports. Declining fish yields have resulted fromerosion. Expanding fertilizer and pesticide use fosters overfishing in open-access fisheries, siltation of inshorenutrient imbalances and groundwater contamination. reefs, and poor fishing techniques.

While estimates of deforestation differ, forest Despite the existence of long-standing policy,cover in the Philippines has been substantially reduced legal and institutional frameworks for environmentalover the last forty years under the onslaught of protection and natural resource conservation, environ-shifting cultivation, increasing urbanization, illegal mental degradation continues unabated. Successivelogging and forest fires. The number of timber licens- governments have launched a variety of environmen-ing agreements is lower, but illegal logging continues tal initiatives in the past decade, which seem to havenearly unchallenged. Reforestation efforts by the stalled due to weak political commitment, lack of fundsgovernment have been erratic, with low tree survival and inadequate institutional capacity Several NGOs,rates. More recently, encouraging efforts have been community groups and private sector entities have beenmade in community-led forest management efforts. successful in implementing innovative ideas on a pilot

The loss of forest cover and habitat is also threat- scale, but such efforts alone will not be sufficient. Ifening the Philippines' rich biodiversity Current environment does not remain a high priority, thegrowth in infrastructure is estimated to threaten up to Philippines is unlikely to achieve sustainable growth1.6 million hectares of biodiversity-rich ecosystems. in the near term.

7

AR POLLUTION

National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines it is widely acknowledged that air pollution is afor Criteria Pollutants lserious problem in Metro Manila.' Parti Lulate mat-

ter smaller than 10 microns (PM m) is now consideredthe priority air pollutant. Sulfur dioxidt and total

TSP 24 hour avg. 230 jg/m 3 oxidants still occasionally exceed the stancards, while1 year 90 jig/m3 nitrogen oxides, ozone, and carbon monoxide levels

PMl, 24 hour avg. 150 ,ug/m3 all remain within the standard. Ambient levels of lead

1 year 60 E g/mn have dropped significantlySulfur dioxide 24 hours 180 jig/m3

1 year 80 jig/m3

Nitrogen dioxide 24 hour avg. 150 jg/mr3

Photochemical 1 hour 140 igg/m3 Lead levels dropping... Recognizing the problem ofOxidants (e.g. ozone) 8 hours 60 jig/m3 lead pollution, petroleum companies voluntarily signedCarbon Monoxide 1 hour 35 igg/m3 a Clean Air Pact with government. Lead content in

8 hours 10 jg/m3 gasoline was lowered from 0.6 g/l to 0.15 -/I in AprilLead 3 rnonths 1.5 jg/m3 1993, and low-lead gasoline (0.013 g/ lead) was

1 year 1.0 igg/m3 introduced in February 1994. With unleacled gasolineSource DAO No. 14, series of 1993, DENR-EMB achieving 15.8 percent of the market sha-e by 1994,

ambient lead levels at the Ermita monito-ing stationLead in Gasoline (Manila) recorded a decrease from 1.07 p1g/m3 in 1992,

3-E ~to 0.66 .g/m3 in 1993 and to 0.30 ,ug/n-3 by 1994.Monitoring at other stations in 1994 al-d in 1997showed that ambient lead levels have stayed within the

1992_ __ _ 0.6 0 1.00 -2.30 WHO Air Quality Guidelines. This is expected to im-1993| 3 0.15 0 0.23- 1.28 prove further when leaded gasoline is completely

1995 6Low lead 0 15 15.8% 0.14 - 0.87 phased out in December 2000.1996 Ko -0V%ii;0jjj::l-;1997 ULG 0.013 27.2% 0.46 - 0.903119I 31 .9%;0;7;90 ;: :: :

1999 33.8% - Particulates remain a major concern ... TheSource: EMB-DENR annual mean total suspended particulata-s (TSP) in

Monitoring of TSP in Metro Manila (1994-99) 1999 was 174.4 gg/m3 , a little lower than the previous350 ___________________________________ year's 188.6 ig/m3. However, this still remains almost

3501 | double the national annual ambient air qu.ality stand-<, 300 - ard of 90 Jgg/m3. The highest 24-hour average TSPE 250 L _ _ _ X _ _ A measured in 1999 was triple the standardl, although

this was an improvement over 1992, when themaximum was five times the standard.

u 1 150 - -E

100

50 --------------

1995 101996 1997 1998 1999

*Valenzuea w_Makati *pag-7sai * * vlenzuela

Source: DENR/NCR

'Urban Air Pollution in Megacities in the World from GEMS/air-program, WHO/UNEP, 1992; Model for Air PolLutionPlanning by Dr. P. Manins, 1991; Vehicular Emission ControlPlanning in Metro Manila, ADB/EMB, 1992; Air Pollution

8 Emission Inventory for Metro Manila by P.M. Ayala, 1993.

AR POLLUTION

Total Motor Vehicle EmissionsLimited monitoring of PMIO at two stations in (Exhaust & Evaporative)

Metro Manila near the Sucat Power Plant showed j 1990 M 1998values exceeding the standards during the dry months 160,000 -- -

of May, June, and November. (This power plant is to 140.000 - -- ---be closed by mid-2000). Six automatic monitoring 120,000 - - -

stations are now providing monitoring data in areasnear power plants around the country. , 100,000 _

t 80,000

The largest contributors to TSP and PMIO are ° 60,000 --- -__

fossil fuel combustion in small and medium industrial 40,000 - - - -

and commercial installations, re-suspension, andconstruction activities. Vehicle exhaust contributes 20,000 -

about 12 percent of total TSP emissions. Of this TOG CO NOx sox PM,,

category, the largest contributors are diesel trucks,buses and .jeepneys. ~~~~~Source. Update on Air Quality Monitoring, 1999 (EMB)buses aTnd jeepneys.

Total emissions from vehicles (exhaust andevaporatiYe) are e5timated to have increased sub5tan- Health Impact of PM,, in Metro Manila (1992)tially from 1990 to 1998 because of the growth inregistered vehicles in the metropolis from 675,310 in T pe 1990 to 1.2 million in 1998. It is estimated that a Chronic Bronchitis 12,000further 200,000 vehicles enter Metro Manila daily Restricted Activity Days 11,006,000from elsewhere. Emergency Room Visits 45,000

Bronchitis in Children 112,000Air pollution rising in other urban areas... Asthma 436,000Reports show that air pollution is becoming a problem Respiratory Symptoms Days 35,028,000in other highly urbanized areas. For example, ambient Respiratory Hospital Admission 2,000monitoring from 1997 to 1999 at the main road in

Note: Figures are presented in detail for reasons of consistency, notthecentral business district in Baguio City, showed TSP to suggest large reliability

levels that ranged from fair to poor. In 1999, TSP lev- Source: DOH, 1999

els were above the standard, ranging from 246 JIg/i'3

to 341 Wnm3 .

In the Visayas, monitoring from 1995 to 1999showed that in some stations, especially those alongthe main roads, TSP levels are much higher than thestandard. Limited monitoring in Cebu City andMandaue City in 1999 indicated excessive levels in i"several locations-238 gig/M

3 in Banilad, Mandaue City, -

276 Jig/M3 in Talisay, Cebu, 262 jgg/i'3 in Pardo, Cebu,municipalities and 239 jig/im3 in Minglanilla, Cebu, andmunicipalities within 20 kms. from Cebu City.3

2 EMPAS. DENR - Cordillera Administrative Region, BaguioCity.

EMPAS, DENR Region IV, Cebu City. 9

AR POLLUTION

Health is adversely affected.. .A 1Ci92 report'

Health Impacts: Drivers and Commuters estimated that 80 percent of all residenis in MetroManila are exposed to TSP levels that excee.l the sLand-

The deterioration of air quality in Metro Manila has had ards. The cost of the health impacts frorr high PM1adverse impacts on public health. An epidemiological levels is estimated at P4,600 million and those fromstudy conducted by the UP College of Public Healthshowed that the prevalence of chronic obstructive lead pollution at about P2,300 million (1H @2).pulmonary disease (COPD) is 32.5 percent among jeepneydrivers, 16.4 percent among air-conditioned bus driversand 13.8 percent among commuters.All four of the characteristic symptoms (chronic cough,chronic phlegm, wheezing and shortness of breath) were Another study estimated that 31 pei cent of thesignificantly higher among jeepney drivers. With regard to population was exposed to PM1, levels albove allow-duration of employment/commuting, the findings show able limits in Metro Cebu in 1992, and thal 20 percentthat the jeepney drivers sampled worked for an average of14.5 years, air-conditioned bus drivers for 10 years, and were exposed to lead levels above allow-tble limits.'commuters 8.6 years. Of the jeepney drivers, 98 percent These figures rise to 66.7 percent for PTM1o and 37have held no other employment in their lives. Statistically percent for lead if the stncter WHO standarc s are used."this is significant and validates other studies showing thatthose who live in or are exposed to a higher degree ofpollution have a higher prevalence of different respiratoryindices. It should be noted though that exposure of thesubjects to other environmental pollutants in prior years The burden of days of healthy life ]ast nation-was not considered in the study. wide attributable to air pollution was fcund to be

significant in another study-294 million days forbronchitis and 47 million days for heart disease, bothdue to dust.7 Up to 55 percent of the total burdenof bronchitis from all causes was also fo und to beattributable to pollution in urban and rura areas.

Source: Epidermiology of Chronic Respiratory Symptoms andIllnesses Among Jeepney Drivers, Air-~conditioned Buis Driversand Commuters Exposed to Vehicular Emissions in Metro Manila,1990 -91, LIP College of Public Health in collaboration with WHO.

The Urban Air Quality (UTRBAIR) Report for Metrn \ianila wasprepared bv the DENR wxith the assistance of the M,,tropolitanEnvironmrental Improvement Programme (MEIP) o the WorldBank. It aimed to develop a comprehensive and min . rated airquality management strategy to address air pollutio iprohlemsin the metropolis.

~,Main Report, Phase 111, the Philippine Environme ital andNatural Resources Accounting Project, DENRAJSAI D), Decem-her 1996.

The following Philippine and WHO standards we,e.e used: PM,,-60 and 40, lead -1.0 and 0.5.

7Philippines Health and the Environment, Departnment ofHealth. Environmental Health Service. June 1996.

10

WATER POLLUTION

Organic pollution problematic in surface waterbodies.. .Water pollution is most severe in Metro ___Manila where all surface waters, except for upperportions of the Marikina River, can be consideredbiologically dead during the dry months.8 This is dueto heavy concentration of population and industrialactivity and an inadequate sewage treatment system,which services only about 8 percent of over 9 millionresidents.' Wastewater is not used further in recharg-ing aquifers or for irrigation, but is instead dischargeddirectly into Manila Bay and other rivers.

Efforts to rehabilitate the Pasig River system . -resulted in a 30 percent reduction in biological oxygendemand (BOD) loading by 1996 (from 327 tons/dayin 1990 to 230 tons/day in 1996). Monitoring in 1997-1999 showed no substantial change in BOD (the year Pasig River System: BOD Monitoringof the El Nifio), as five stations were close to the 1996 * solid waste *industrial sewageBOD levels. Six out of nine stations in the Pasig River 350were in compliance with the Class C BOD levels until1997, and then with an additional two stations added 300 - - - ------- -in 1999 compliance was raised to eight stations. How- 250 - - -- - - - - - - -ever, while BOD loadings decreased, the mean dis- - -solved oxygen (DO) did not improve. Eight stationshad DO concentrations between 1 and 4 mg/l in 1998. _150

While DO levels in 1999 have improved, they are still 100 - - _below desirable Class C DO levels.'0 50 _- - - - - -

The decrease in BOD from 1990 to 1996 isattributed to reduction in the load from industrial 0 1990 1996sources and solid waste. In 1996, domestic sources Source. PasiS River Rehabilitation Secretariat

increased to 60 percent of the total BOD load (from 45percent in 1990). Total coliform counts can reachseveral million counts per 100 ml, far exceeding thelimit of 5,000 MPN/100 ml. For 1999, the improve- DO levels (mg/I) of Other Rivers in Metro Manilament in BOD and DO levels can be partly attributed to R^nr 197 a high water level in Laguna de Bay San Juan 1.55 - 6.5 0 -3.8 0 - 3 0.3 - 4.7

Water quality in four other rivers in the Metro Marikina 1.5 -10 1.0 - 8.4 0 - 5.3 0.3 - 6.8

Manila region has also deteriorated over time, with Navotas Malabonincreasing BOD and decreasing DO levels. Indiscrimi- Tullahan Tenejeros 6.0 4.5 0 -6.7 0.1 - 4.7nate dumping of raw sewage has been identified as the Para'iaque Zapote 0.3 - 8.5 0 -5.8 0-16.4 0.2 -16.3main cause of the degradation." Source: Philippine Environmental Quality Report, EMB

Source for 1997 and 1998: DENR NCR Water Quality MonitoringSystem, Annual Reports/DENR, 1995

EMS/IEPC Report DENR - MEIP, 1992.Philippines Water Districts Development Project.

"'Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission, 1999 Report (a workin progress)."DENR-NCR Water Quality Management System, 1 998Annual

11

WATER POLLUTION

Categories of Rivers Surveyed According Other regions ... Downstream river qualitv monitor-to Pollution Level (1989-92) ing of Region 7 between 1993 and 1998 showed that

out of twenty six rivers, nine passed Class A freshwa-

Regions None Slight High Dead Total ter standards, eleven rivers passed Class 3, and six1 5 1 0 5 11 rivers were Class C.'2 Limited data gatherec from 19901~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 1 1 , , 1

2 8 2 - 10 to 1995 indicate that some rivers in the e:ountry are

3 23 11 1 5 40 still relatively pristine, particularly in Mindanao. Seven4 6 1 9 - 1 26 rivers in Region 10 and eleven in Region 11 still have

5 1 - - - 1 BOD and DO levels within the guidelines lor Class AAto Class C waters. The state of other rivers in Luzon

TOTAL 43 33 1 11 88 surveyed in 1989-1992 ranged from unaDolluted toSource Philippine Environmental Quality Report, EMB/DENR, 1995 dead. 3

Laguna de Bay under threat.. The biggest fresh-water body in the country-90,000 hectares-and a

Economic Valuation of Environmental source of drinking water for parts of Me tro Manila,Degradation in Laguna Lake Laguna de Bay currently falls into Class C. with water

Fisheries. A 1995 DENR/LLDA study estimated that without still suitable for growth and propagation of aquatic life.additional pollution control measures, losses from declining However, some areas are beginning to face larger BODfishery productivity could total P7.5-11.0 billion. Capture and nutrient loads and increasing siltation ,.estimatedfishery and mollusk productivity was most sensitive; cage at 4M m3/year)." The culture period fo- some fishand pen cultures were less so.

and pen cutures wer less so,species (bangus and tilapia) has been observed toHealth. 1990 data showed a higher prevalence of diarrhealdiseases, typhoid and salmonella infections, and derTmato- lengthen. Fish kills have occurred seasonailly in thelogical problems in lakeshore areas of Rizal and Laguna than western portion of the lake where ind.tstries andelsewhere in the country, although the presence of con- settlements are concentrated.founding factors makes attribution of this morbidity solelyto lakewater degradation difficult. Annual medication costs(without hospitalization) for reported diarrheal and skin The Laguna de Bay basin is subject to expandingproblem cases was estimated at P10.7 million. Water agro-industrial activities and urbanization. Thissupply and sanitation improvements to reduce morbidity contributes to discharge of toxic and hazartdous wastesby 50 percent would result in savings of P6.1 million.Intensifying pollution control to avoid further deterioration ptic.ie Pr lly heav metal an d aulturaof Laguna Lake would be economically beneficial. Addi- pesticides. Pollution from toxic and hazard 3US wastes,tional costs of P131.2-229.6 million annuallywould reap however, is not yet at a critical level. Iake waterabout P944-1,154 million in annual benefits- mainly from samples collected in 1984 showed that zinc, lead,avoiding damnage to fisheres, copper, cadmium, chromium and arsenic ]net Class C

Source. Economic Valuation of Impacts of Enrironmental standards. Monitoring in 1999 showed improvements;Degradaion in Layuna Lake, PDIREE MEIP, 1998 only copper failed to meet the clay standal-c.i5

2 DENR-EMB Region 7.

"Philippine Environmental Quality Report, DENE -EMB, 1995.

'LLDA, Sedimentation patterns, Sediment quality andBathymetry of Laguna de Bay: establishing Envir, r.mentalBaselines for Lake Management Using the Geological Records,April 1999.5LLDA Report, 1988 cited in Master Plan for Lagutna de Bay,1995.

12

5 J ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

WATER POLLUTION

Manila Bay's coastal waters deteriorate.. .Thecoastal waters of Manila Bay are also deteriorating. The Red Tide Threatens Public Health, thetotal load of organic matter to the Bay is about 250,000tons BOD/year-with more than 90 percent coming Re

from Mtro Maila, icludin the Psig Rier andd tide, which is a worldwide problem, has beenfrom Metro Manila, including the Pasig River and occuning more frequently in the Philippines. MonitoringBulacan River systems. Areas near the mouth of the by the government shows that red tide tends to occur atPasig River have been observed to exhibit oxygen de- the onset of the rainy season, after a warm dry period.pletion (with DO levels as low as 1.9 mg/I) and high High organic loading from rivers draining into bays has

been contributing to Pyrodinium blooms. From 1983 tolevels of ammonia nitrogen. Studies conducted in 1998, a total of 2,042 cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning1996-1998 revealed a significant decline in benthic due to red tide was reported, with 116 deaths recorded.organisms, and an increase in algal blooms, especiallyin the eastern part of Manila Bay-which receives or- Source EMB-DENR

ganic loads from Metro Manila-and the Pasig andBulacan Rivers."6

Tourism Industry and PollutionHeavy metals in Manila Bay sediments have also

been increasing. Between 1982 and 1992, copper The tourism boom has placed additional pressure onconcentrations increased by 50 percent (from 67ppm the country's coastal and marine resources. The rapidto 101ppm); mercury concentrations more than expansion of hotels and resort facilities with inadequate

wastewater treatment systems along the coastline hasdoubled (from 0. 18ppm to 0.37ppm); and zinc levels further degraded water quality. This problem wastripled (from 77ppm to 233ppm) in Manila Bay.17 highlighted on the island of Boracay, a major tourist

destination, where monitoring in 1996 showed totalcoliform counts well above the standard during thepeak tourist season. Since then, the Government has

Groundwater affected... .The quantity and quality initiated several measures to reduce pollution in Boracay.of groundwater have been adversely affected. Since1955, the groundwater table in Metro Manila has beenreceding at an accelerating rate. The rate of decline isestimated to be 5-12 meters per year, and has led tosalt water intrusion in a 2-kilometer coastal stripextending from Cavite City to Navotas-Malabon.'5 Health Impacts of Water Pollution

In 1996, the Environment and Natural Resources Account-In the sixteen-year period up to 1997, the daily ing Project (ENRAP ll) estimrated damages from air and

extraction rates increased five times to 135 million water pollution. The health impacts arising from increasedliters/day in the Talomo-Lipadas-Sibulan aquifer incidence of waterbome diseases are estimated to havesystem."9 Consequently, in 15 of the 35 operating wells, reached P615 million (expressed at constant 1988 pricesin 1992).lowering of the piezometric water levels was observed.With almost all wells in the Davao City Well District Health Damages from Increased Incidencelocated below sea level, the aquifer will be particularly of Waterbome Diseases

. ' . .. . . ~~~~~~~~~~~(in miIIion Pesos)susceptible to saline intrusion if the decline in piezo- Emetric levels continues. .__ 198t 1992

Foregone earnings from morbidity 43 131

Foregone earnings frompremature death 462 346

Medication Costs 91 138River Rehabilitation Secretariat, 2000.

7Industrial Efficiency & Pollution Control, DENR-MEIP, 1992. TOTAL 596 615

Environmental Management Strategy, DENR-MEIP, 1992. Source: Main Repoit, Phase /I1, The Philippine Environment andCharacterization of the Aquifers in Davao City, Asia Geodvne Natural Resource Accounting Project, Dec 1996

Corporation for the DENR-MEIP, 1998.

13

SOLID AND HAZARDOus WASTE

Waste Composition by Component \ Jaste generation-household solid waste andV Vindustrial hazardous waste-has risen signifi-

cantly and its widening dispersion to the ellVironmentpaper 19% plastic 17% is a growing threat to the quality of water, o ir and land.

This is compounded by the lack of environmentally

Metal 6% sound waste disposal and treatment facilit es.

The national average waste generati( ii rates perother 16% capita are estimated to be 0.3 kg/capita/c; .y, or about

22,500 tons/day (8.2 million tons/year) t3tal. Metrokitchen waste Manila alone generates about 5,400 tors/day The

42__________________ . provinces of Laguna and Rizal generate 4)0 and 500

Source: The Study of SWM for Metro Mani/a, Final Report, JICAIMMDA, tons/day, respectively20 In urban areas, t ie range isMdrch /999 from 0.50 to 0.70 kg/capita/day2 '

In Metro Manila, only 6 percent is rt cycled and

Comparison of Characteristics another 6 percent is disposed of by the residentsof Household Waste (%) themselves. Seventy three percent is colk cted while

the rest is illegally dumped. 2 Organic waste'/ predominates in household wastes. There i; no special

collection system for industrial waste whilt industrialMetro Manila 45 16 15 5 waste disposal is inadequately regulated.Baguio 53 14 6 4

Batangas 54 10 13 3 Household collection efficiency improves...Olongapo 45 13 12 6 Collection in the metropolis has improvecd from 60

percent in 1994 to 73 percent in 1998. The nationalSources: Urban Environment & Solid Waste Management GHK/IMRM!nternational Ltd., 1994 (for Baguio, Batangas & Olongapo) and The collection efficiency is estimated at 40 percent,Study for Solid Waste Management of Metro Manila, JICA/MMDA, 1999 although major towns and cities showi.!d average

collection rates of 70 percent.2 1 Uncollected waste isindiscriminately disposed of in water bodie- and stormdrains (aggravating the flooding problem), o)r left piled

I. i.- ^ up in vacant lots. These inefficient disposd practicescontribute to organic water pollution, acounting for10 percent24 of the organic pollution in the Pasig Riversystem and 30 percent2 5 in Laguna de Bay.

The Study of SWM for Metro Manila, Final Repoi. JICAV

MMDA, March 1999.UJrban Environmnental & Solitd Waste Manragenme it Studv,

G(HK/MRNI International Ltd., October 1994.' The Study of SWM For Metro Manila, Final Repoi , J1CA/MMDA, March 1999. Note 1.' Pasig River Rehabilitation Program DENR/DANIt"A, 1990-1991.'i Pasig River Rehabilitation Program DENPJDANlE'A, 1990-1991.' The Laguna de Bay Master Plan Final Report, LLF)A, June1995.

14

SOUD AND HAzARDOUS WASTE

Budgets remain low. . .Funds allocated for solid LGU Budget Allocated for SWMwaste management are very low, with little effort to (as % total budget)either collect garbage fees from households or to in- o %crease fees for commercial and industrial establish- 18.0ments. Caloocan 6.0

Disposal facilities inadequate ... Open dumping is Parahaque 6.0the main form of disposal. There are only three sani- Baguio 2.3tary landfills in the country-in Cebu City, in Carmona, Batangas 3.2Cavite and in San Mateo, Rizal. Problems of social Olongapo 1.7acceptability have led to closure of a sanitary landfill Sources: The Study for Solid Waste Management for Metro Manila,

in Carmona, Cavite, while another in San Mateo will Final Report JICAIMM DA, Urban Environment and Solid Wasteclose by December 2000. Even the few sanitary landfills Management GKIURM International Ltd., 1994in operation have inadequate leachate treatmentfacilities. Some local governments are improving theirdisposal system by shifting from open dumping tocontrolled dum in .Environmental and Human Disasters:

controlled dumping. Smokey Mountain and Payatas Waste Dump

Waste reduction efforts growing... .About 142 lo- Improper waste management at the Smokey Mountaincal government units (LGUs) in the country are imple- dumpsite affected the air and water quality in the area.menting integrated waste management, which includes Available data showed that Smokey Mountain was awaste reduction, composting, recycling and re-use.26 major source of pollutants, such as chemical oxygen

demand, chloride ions and lead. Ninety percent ofAccording to estimates, the Metro Manila Federation drinking water samples in Smokey Mountain revealedof Environment Multi-purpose Cooperatives bought bacterial contamination. The dumpsite was closed and69,400 tons of waste materials, which it sold to leveled in the mid-1990s, after public protests.factories for P95.2M in 1998. In 1999, this volume In July, 2000, an enormous wall of garbage collapsedwent up by 38 percent to 95,600 tons worth inManila'smaindump inPayatas,crushingarowofshacks

21 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~and killing over a hundred people. The victims wereP124.6M.27 impoverished squatters, including many children, who

lived in the area and picked through the dump to collectAlarming rise in hazardous waste... The manu- items they can sell. The Payatas dump site was

to be closed permanently last December, but plansfacturing sector in Metro Manila and adjacent prov- were postponed.inces (from Bataan in the north to Batangas in the These examples illustrate the tragic human and environ-south) generated nearly 168,000 metric tons of seri- mnental consequences of improper wasteous THW The four main producing sectors of THWs maragement.are chemicals, food and drink, textiles and engineer-ing.28

Data showed that materials imported for recyclingpurposes have gone up. THW exported for recovery Summary of Recyclable Materialsand treatment rose from 650 metric tons in 1997 to Imported for Recycling Purposes2,062 metric tons in 1998. On the other hand, _ .

hazardous waste locally transported, recycled and/or _________________________treated increased from 3,499 metric tons in 1998 to 1994 16,22017,229 metric tons in 1999. 1995 201,866

1996 63,61620 PPSO Report of DENR Performance.

27 Report of the Metro Manila Federation of Environmental 1997 64,090Multi-Purpose Cooperative, Bong Teves, March 1, 2000. 1 560428 Final Report on Toxic and Hazardous Waste Management,Entec, 1997. Source: EMB/DENR, 2000

15

POLICY RESPONSES

Air Quality ManagementThe Industrial Ecowatch Program * The Clean Air Act was passed into law ir I une 1999.

The Industrial Ecowatch Program was launched by thegovernment to foster compliance by polluters and iprovide recognition to those who met the standards. o Identification and characterization oi all airshedsA computer-based performance rating system to evaluate in the country and establishment of m iAlti-sectoralmanagement commitment towards environmental compli- Air Quality Management Boards for (ach airshedance was developed with the active participation of 23industry associations, who signed an Industrial Ecowatch P-Development of a national air quality manage-Pact with the govemment. The system used color coding: ment framework which will guide tle LGlls in* Black: For those making no effort to comp'y and causing developing their local plans

serious damage* Red: For those unable to meet the effluent standards .Establishment of an air quality management fund

but who are making an effort to do so; to be earmarked for air quality rnianagement* Blue: For those consistently in compliance for a year; activities*. Green: For those in compliance for 2 years and who make P Imposition of emission charges

further efforts (adopting energy conservationmeasures, recycling, cleaner technologies, etc.) -Improvement in quality of gasoline and diesel,

b* Gold: For those who are consistently green for 2 years. and promotion of alternative (cleane: ) fuels.

Under assessment: showing continuous improvements but * A comprehensive program to address a r pollutionnot yet in compliance for 1 year in Metro Manila was approved wil h fundingCompanies were rated based on all data available and support from the Asian Development B lnk (ADB).were confidentially informed of their rating. They weregiven 6 months to improve their performance and invited v Leaded gasoline has been phased ouit in Metroto technical consultations with the DENR technical staff. Manila, and phaseout is scheduled to be nationwideAfter 6 months, monitoring was undertaken and a final by December 31 2000.rating made. The difference in the initial and final ratingsindicated that companies took the disclosures seriously: * Sulfur content in diesel will be lowered from 0.50

percent in mid-1999 to 0.20 percent b. DecemberInitial Rating Final Rating 31, 2000 and to 0.05 percent by 2004.

Blue 5% 32%

Red 48% 11% Water Quality ManagementBlack 11% 12% * Water quality standards for surface a-ld coastal/

Under marine waters were revised in 1992.Assessment 29% 33%AssessmentL290/o 33o * The classification of surface water, ranging from very

The govemment has adopted this coding system as the new clean (Class AA) to polluted surface wal ars suitablecompliance monitoring system. It is now being integrated only for navigation (Cass E), was also updated.with other existing industrial databases to make it tore user * Multi-sectoral efforts to rehabilitate som r key waterfriendly.

friendly. bodies in the country (the Pasig River system, the

Source: DENR-NCR, MEIP Biftan River and the Sta. Rosa River in Laguna, andthe Butuanon River in Cebu) have beer, launched.River Councils of major river tributaries ofthe Laguna de Bay have been formed andoperationalized.

1 6

POLICY RESPONSES

Solid/Hazardous Waste Management Community-based Waste Management* The Integrated Waste Management Strategy was in Zero Kalat sa Kaunlaran (ZKK)

updated and adopted, and a comprehensive solid In Dagat-Dagatan, Navotas, a resettlement site for formersquatters of Manila, the community has been mobilized to

waste management act is now pending in Congress. clean up its surroundings through massive information,

education and communication campaigns.

* Guidelines on the assessment of possible sites for Waste is segregated at the household level and collectedby eco-aides. Recyclables are bought from each house-

sanitary landfills as well as Technical Guidelines for hold, taken to the Redemption Center, where wastes arethe shift from open dumping to more environmen- further sorted and cleaned. The local govemrnment allowedtally sound waste disposal have been issued. the use of a vacant lot in the community for this purpose.

Biodegradable waste is shredded and made into com-post-which is then used for a community vegetable

More cities are shifting to a more environmentally garden and for seedling production. The recyclablesare sold to junk dealers. A livelihood project making

sound disposal system. Funding for investments to useful products out of waste materials provides additionalimprove waste management is available through income to the residents. The community volunteers haveprojects of the ADB and the World Bank. now formed a cooperative, which supervises the entire

operation.ZKK is one of the many successful community-based

* A central treatment and storage facility for electro- efforts on waste management-and is serving as a modelplating waste is now operational in Cebu City for others communities.

Source: MEIP-DENR, 1998

* The Department of Education, Culture and Sportshas partnered with the DENR and environmental The Environmental User FeeNGOs to promote ecological waste management. To complement the existing regulatory system, a pollutionTrained DECS coordinators all over the country are charge system was established in the Philippines in 1997.

The Environmental User Fee (EUF) aimed to serve as anincorporating solid waste management In their economic incentive to protect the environment, specifi-curriculum and are also implementing school-based caliy water quality. Revenue generation was a secondaryprojects. objective.

The fee, set at a level higher than the cost of abatement,Industrial Pollution Ma*nage thas tvwo components: a fixed fee to cover the administra-Industrial Pollution Management tive cost of permitting, and a variable fee based on

* Government strategy has shifted from full reliance pollution load. The basic fee was set at P5/kg BOD if theon command and control to a mix of approaches concentration level was within the standards. However,

this increased six-fold (to P30/kg BOD) when standardsthat includes promoting pollution prevention, waste were exceeded. This is in addition to pertinent fines andminimization and cleaner production. The use of penalties that are imposed based on PD 984.public disclosure and economic incentives (such as The first phase of implementation has shown that eco-ECOWATCH and Environmental User Fee) are nomic incentives do encourage firms to go beyondbeing implemented in phases countrywide. compliance, to generate less and recycle their wastewater,

and to employ more cost-effective treatments.

* Thus far, 77 industry associations have signed up 1997 1998 19g9and developed their own Business Agenda 21. Firms Covered 109 293 520

Fees Collected P 6.2 M P16M Pi 11.8 M

BOD Reduction 5.4M k_g 4.7M kg TBD* There are 42 companies now certified ISO 14001; . k k

of these, 31 are from the semi-conductor/elect-ronihese, 31 are from the semi-conductor/elect- With this initial success, the govemment is now set toroncs industry. implement the EUF nationwide, expanding its coverage

to cover all polluters-from manufacturing firms tocommercial establishments and institutions, andeventually, to households.

Source: Laguna Lake Development Authority, 2000

17

[AND

Land Classification, 1994 The Philippines has a total land area of about 30T million hectares-of which 47 percent is certified

Unclassified alienable and disposable land, and 50 percent is3% Alienable & forestland.

Disposable 47%

Land is also categorized into lo, lands anduplands according to the slope. Lowlands, which are

lands with slopes below 18 percent, are the primary

Classified agricultural lands.

50% Lowland agriculture yield is stagnating... Low-land agricultural areas are the most produ -tive in the

Source: FMB-DENR, 7998 country, although yields in these areas are relatively

low by Asian standards, and have been sta:nating. Av-erage rice yields, for example, remained a about 2.9metric tons per hectare per season throu.,ghout the

Land Distribution by Classification, Slope 1990s, while corn yields have remained a: about 1.5metric tons per hectare. Salinization and w Eterloggingpose problems in some irrigated areas, \vhile saline

Total Land Area 30.0 water intrusions affect coastal areas. Ins ifficient orBy Classifcation unbalanced fertilizer use is resulting in nut: ient deple-

- A&D (47%) 14.1 tion in some places.

- Forest and unclassified (53%) 15.9 Upland agriculture is fragile... .Population pressureBy loPe _ in the postwar period has led to a substant al increase

- Lowlands.-.w.slope<1H(46) 13.7 of cultivation in upland areas. Of the 1e-).3 million- Uplands - w/ slope >18% (54%) 16.3 hectares of uplands, about 2 million are used for- of that, slope 18-30% - 5.2 mha intensive agriculture.29

The 18-30 percent slope class is gen Brally con-sidered submarginal for most agricultural crops. Ap-

Cultivated Upland Areas, 1987 proximately 1.28 million hectares in this slope class(slope 18-30 %) are cultivated. Increasing cultivation on sloping lands

using standard lowland farming technique-, is leadingPlantation to severe erosion.crops 46%

Land use changes...Between 1950 and 1990, forestUpland rice cover and grasslands declined by 60 and 67 percent

respectively Over the same period, farm area almostdoubled, as agricultural populations expaniled. Urbansprawl increased by 16 percent between 1980 and1990.

Upland fieldcrops 29%

Source: DENOg 1992

DENR, 1990.

18

w 1 E , %,, , . m . s .S,- ., .2,,, ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. .. .. ... .... .. .. ..

LAND

Soil erosion is a major problem... Soils in irrigated Erosion Classes in Philippines, 1993areas are particularly likelv to have limitations and tobe easily damaged by inappropriate use. As a result of erosion 28%increased cultivation in upland areas, erosion has . ......

become a major problem. A 1993 study of the Bureau Unclassified 1% ' S

of Soil s and Water Management found that 45 percent s i - / sionof the country's land area suffers from moderate to 17% 30%severe erosion, while only 24 percent exhibits no

apparent erosion. No erosio

24%Twenty-one percent of agricultural lands and

thirty-six percent of non-agricultural lands in the Source: Bureau of Soils and WaterMandgement, 1993

country are moderately to severely eroded. Within theregions, more than a third (38 percent) of Mindanao's oOnagricultural lands are moderately or severely eroded. TotalIn non-agricultural lands in all regions, soil erosion is Agricultural 12.77

high: 40 percent of non-agricultural lands in Mindanao Moderate-severe erosion 5.81

are moderately or severely eroded- in Visayas, 38 per- SI-ih-n terasion 6.496cent and in Luzon, 32 percent. Noclrat esn.04

Mroderate-severe erosion 10.01

Agrochemical inputs increasing... .The use of both Slight-no erosionTSource: Bureau of Soils and Water Management, 1993

chemical fertilizers and pesticides has been increasing.Total fertilizer use grew from 2.1 million metric tons Comparison of Fertilizer Use inin 1993 to 3.1 million metric tons in 1997, although Selected Asian Countries (kg/ha of arable land)this remains below the level of use in many other Asian 19"7q.j ! !

countries. Total use provides little information on Thailand 17.7 87.3environmental impact, however. Used appropriately, Philippines 76.5 119.3fertilizers can increase yields and help maintain soil Bangladesh 45.9 137.4fertility Used inappropriately, they can lead to nutri- Indonesia 64.5 146.8

ent imbalances and groundwater contamination. Vietnam 30.2 259.3Malaysia 427.3 637.5

Total pesticide use has been increasing, particu- Source: World Development indicators, 1999

larly since 1991. As in the case of fertilizer, pesticides Farmer Health and Pesticide Use on Ricecan protect crops from pests but can also contaminate About half of the insecticides and over three quarters of thewater, affect farmers' health, and induce resistance in herbicides used in the Philippines are used on rice. Thepests unless they are used properly average application rate of about 1 kg of active ingredients

per hectare is relatively low by worldwide standards,however (Japan, for example, uses 14.3 kg al/ha and South

Adoption of conservation technologies is Korea uses 10.7 kg ai/ha). But even at these low levels,spreading... .Appropriate land use practices can help serious repercussions on farmers' health have been docu-reduce or halt land degradation. Sloping Agricultural mented. A study of rice farmers in Nueva Ecija, for example,

showed significantly higher rates of cardiopulmonaryLand Technologies (SALT), originally developed in disorders, neurological and hematological symptoms, andMindanao, have been adopted widely both in the skin disease than in a control group of farrmers who did notPhilippines and elsewhere in Asia. Tenure security has use pesticides in Quezon. The resulting costs for treatmentbeen recognized as an important contributing factor to and reduced productivity increased the cost of rice

production in Nueva Ecija by about 5-6 percent. If pesti-adoption of conservation measures, and efforts are cide use were to rise to recommended levels to achieveunderway to regularize land tenure. comptete protection, the associated health costs would

increase the cost of production by as much as 50-60percent.Source: A.C Rola and PL. Pingali, 1993. Pestrcides, Rice Productivity,and Farmers Health. Los Banos. International Rice Research Institute

19

FORESTS

Composition of Philippine Forest Cover Extensive deforestation 3 0 ... Forest -overed 57percent (or 17.1 million hectares) of the total land area

Mossy 19% of the country in 1934. By 1990, this has been sub-= > Mangrove 2% stantially reduced to 6. 1 million hectares, covering 20

Dipterocarp- percent of the land area. Recent estimates put the for-C osed 15% est cover at around 5.4 million hectares. B tween 1950

and 1990, about 3.8 million hectares of old growthE Pine4% dipterocarp forests are estimated to hav. been lost.

Dipterocarp Sub marginal Residual/secondary growth forests grew during theOpen 51% <>._ > i 9% period by about 200,000 hectares, whilt' grasslands

decreased by about 3.3 million hectares.

Source: Forest Management Bureau, DENR

Deforestation is particularly severe ill the Luzon

Forest Cover Changes, 1950-90 and Visayas island groupings and is curreitly acute inthe Mindanao grouping. Palawan has I he highest

00 l: tt0 tremaining proportion of forest cover am( ng the ma-Ec;*ystem D0000000000X41 3j a5 _r 5x ( jor islands. The principal causes of defclcestation in

the Philippines are illegal logging, shifting cultivation,(allotypest Cover 20 -8800 220 and forest fires, as well as conversion to agricultural

Old growth forest 800 3 -3800 127 lands and human settlements.

Secondary growthforest 3500 12 +200* 5

Grassland 1812 6 -3388 85

Source: Swedish Space Corporation 1988, Marq oez 1990, NEDA 1992 Rate of deforestation is stabilizing... From 1989Note: 1970 90 ooly to 1995, the average annual rate of defor( station has

been estimated at 130,000 hectares.>2 Only about800,000 hectares of Lhe remaining area is 1' iimary for-est.T3 Since 1992, all primary forests ha. e been de-clared part of the National Integrated ProtIScted Areas

System (NIPAS) for biodiversitv conservatDon and en-vironmental protection.

S,everal stuidics hav e been conducted c013 LIC rCIM11u1ing f0orCStcPilir in the Phitippines Sagencies inc.uding the 99Sest20ianeneni Bureau tFM) B108, 199) ForeSt N nagen3entBurcau-C,ernsan Techniu.cal Assistanice. 1988; Nauiio M.lNappn3gand Resource Inlorniation Authorty i NAMNRi.A), I )88 Sw\ edisitSpace Corporation, 1 088. F here arc, hon vevr, soni e variationsin the estin3iates of lhcse dlifterenin groups.

Philippine Biodiiversity. DENWLUNEP. g_ 197, P1I

Philippine Env ironmenital Qtiality Report. 1999.

PhilipDpine Forestrv -ntatistics, 1998.

20

FopEsTs

Annual Reforestation, 1984-98 Reforestation efforts erratic ... There has been noGove t Sector consistency in the number of hectares reforested

250 annually. The centrally administered reforestationefforts were imposed on local communities without an

200 - - -adequate planning, monitoring and implementationframework. As a result, reforestation has a very low

150 … _ _ _ _ _ _ … - - - - survival rate of 26 percent.

100 - - ---- --------

The government adopted a shift in policy towards50 _ _ _ _ _. - contract reforestation, which was started in 1998 with

an ADB/OECF loan. Massive reforestation efforts wereo undertaken between 1989 and 1991, reaching a high

'N a a ~ ' '- a of 191,663 hectares reforested in 1991. An assessment

Source: ForestManagement Buredu, DENR of the survival rate from 1988 to 1993 revealed asignificant improvement, up to 76 percent. Private sec-tor reforestation (comprising timber licensees andnongovernmental organizations) has been increasing.

Contract Reforestation, by type

Community-based forest management.. .Morerecently, there has been a shift from government-

Families Activity Specific implemented to community-led forest management19% / f t -) efforts. Communities only managed 32,000 hectares

,Corporate in 1982. This increased sharply to about 4.9 millionLGU 4% 7% hectares in 1998. This people-oriented forestry initia-

tive allows for longer tenure, and provides the neces-sary incentive towards conservation and sustainablemanagement.

Communities 56%

22

F)RESTS

Logging remains a threat ... .Logging, both legal and Area under Existingillegal, continues to pose a threat to the Philippines' Timber License Agreements, 1990-98forests. During the height of commercial logging 3000(1960-1976), more than 400 timber licensees were incontrol of extraction of 11 million hectares (more than 2500 - - ----- -----

1/3 of the country's land area). The short duration ofpermits and licenses, low forest charges and failure to X 2000

enforce management standards encouraged unsustain- i -5-0 --able logging practices.

In 1992, a logging ban on virgin/old growth for- 500 - - - - - - - - - - - _ests was imposed. In addition, the area under timber 0__licensing agreements (TLAs) as well as the annual '? , I'IC"allowable cut has been declining steadily In 1998, Source. Philippine Forestry Statistics, 1998, FMB-DENR

only 20 TLAs remained, for a total of about a millionhectares and an annual allowable cut of only 506,000cubic meters.

Current demand for industrial roundwood is Annual Allowable Cut for TLAs, 1990-98estimated at 5 million cubic meters (MCM), of which 5000

only 12 percent comes from the annual allowable cutsin natural forests. <r4000

E.- 3000 - _

Conversion in uplands on the rise. . .Commercial D-0logging and extraction activities have opened up new 2000 - -

areas for land conversion, upland migration, agricul- otural expansion, and slash and burn farming. The 1000 _ -.

drastic reduction in TLAs over the last decade has mademore than 5 million hectares of forestland into "open 0 ,access" areas. These are highly vulnerable to inappro- N apriate land use, encroachment and illegal extraction of Source: Philippine Forestry Statistics, 1998, FMB-DENR

products by increasing upland migration.

About 20 million people currently reside inupland areas. Widespread poverty and the slow SourcesofSupplyforlndustrialRoundwood, 1998implementation of agrarian reform have pushed thegrowing population to migrate to forestlands andurban areas. 1. Annual Allowable Cut from

Ntural1 Forest 588 1132. Harvest from Plantation Forests 45 0 93. Impor9:ts :tSS::X>: : 00 :: :::; 796 15.94. Coconut Lumber 721 14.45. O (illegaland substitutes) 2,850 57.0Totali 5,000 100.0Source: FMB/DENR, 1998, PCA, 2000; Cadiz, 1999

21

§ -A --T,g .

PROTECTED AREAs/BIODVERSY

T he Philippines is among the world's seventeen Species Diversity and Endemism"megadiversity" countries, which together account in the Philippines

for some 60-70 percent of total global biodiversity, and Specis Numbe Erdemsm )is included in the list of biodiversity "hotspots"- Mammals 174 64threatened areas with very high levels of biodiversity. Birds 395 44The country is divided into fifteen bio-geographic Reptiles 244 68zones, with eighteen sites identified as centers of Amphibians 85 78plant diversity and six major island centers of animal lrnblt

Source: Heaney et al, 1998diversity.

Habitat Loss Estimates

Habat -s-matesA recent comprehensive assessment of the

country's biodiversity reveals high species diversity and Forest Cover Reduced from 50% in 1948endemism. There are about 13,500 plant species to 24% in 1987(representing about 5 percent of the world's flora) Coral Reefs Only 5% in excellent conditionand 1770000 animal species. Forty-four percent of flow- Seagrass beds 30-50% loss in last 50 yearsering plants are endemic, found primarily in the few Mangrove areas 80% loss in last 75 yearsremaining primary forests. High species endemism has Source: Philippine Biodiversity, DENRIUNEP, 1997

also been observed among mammals (64 percent), rep-tiles (68 percent), amphibians (78 percent), and birds(44 percent).

Biodiversity losses continue ... Widespreaddestruction and conversion of natural habitats,overexploitation, and pollution have led to rapidbiodiversity loss. The Philippines has been identifiedby the IUCN as one of the most endangered of theworld's biodiversity hotspots.

The number of endangered species increasedfrom 212 in 1990 to 284 in 1998. Trade in 30 speciesis prohibited under Appendix I of the Convention onInternational Trade in Endangered Species (CITES),and trade in another 109 species is strictly regulatedunder Appendix II. Biodiversity-rich Ecosystem Threats

from Existing Infrastructure

Ecosystm Type TOW ea (ha) Hkgh Tha C)Results of a recent biodiversity assessment show i F 2 14

that existing infrastructure (roads, power and energy, '- ports and harbors, and growth areas) seriously threat- Mossy Forest 230,428 17ens an estimated total area of about 1.6 million Mangrove Forest 143,307 56hectares of biodiversity-rich ecosystems. Coral Reef 345,762 39

Source: Phi/ippine Biodiversity, DENR/UNEP, 1997Note Infrastructure includes (roads, power and energy, ports andharbors, and growth areas)

23

- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1PROTECTED AREAs/BIOD[VERSITY

Protected Areas Protected areas system strengthened but weakOther results on the ground ... Since 1992, tle NIPAS law(mangrove has provided a framework for conservatron activities.swamp, tourist Protected areas are formally mandated )y Congress,

and NMRs . zoe 25% but have vet to receive legislative proclan ation. As the30%a \ Ri number of national parks has increased, so have rates

*Game of destruction and habitat conversion, lespite areas

Protected by D andiRefuges being brought under DENR management. Of the sixty-Administrative - Sanctuaries three national parks in 1992, it was estimated thatOrder 5% '. 3% about half of them were no longer biologically impor-

tant.Watershed Foresd WildernessReserves 31 % Areas 6%

Source PAWB, 1998 The NIPAS system currently includes 281 pro-tected areas covering 2.7 million hectares. or 9 percent

Visitors to National Parks, 1994-1998 of the country's total land area-simil;.tr to the 11percent protected in Indonesia and hiigher than

800 Malaysia (5 percent), but lower than 1hailand (14700 - I I I I -I I - Ipercent). Additional areas are being co isidered for600 - inclusion in the system.

-6 500400

400 Protected Area Management Boards (PAMBs)300 are being established with participation of local200 stakeholders and these boards are responsible for100 developing and implementing area-spec fic manage-

0L l I I I ! I I I I _ _ I ment plans.1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Source Startstics of Philippine Protected Areas and Wildlife Resources,

PAWB-DENR, 1998 Tourist visits drop.. .Unlike many oth.r countries,

local residents far outnumber foreigners among

Income Generated at National Parks, 1994-1998 visitors to protected areas, the latter repre.-enting onlyabout one percent of total visitors. The number of

6.01 visitors declined slightly in recent years due to the

5.0! 1-1[- _ _ |effects of the East Asian financial crisis. A fee increasemeant that revenue generated has not

-0 4.0 declined correspondingly

03.

2.0 - -

1.0 - -

0.01994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Source: Statistics of Philippine Protected Areas and Wildlife Resources,PAWB-OENR, 1998

24

POLICY RESPONSES

Land Management and management. It aims to increase forest cover* The National Land Use Act of the Philippines, pend- from 19 percent in 1990 to 26 percent by 2015.

ing in Congress, aims to guide the allocation, * Several people-oriented programs and legal instru-utilization, management and development of the ments (such as Community Forestry Managementcountry's land and water resources. Agreements and the Forest Land Management

* Bills promoting sustainable farming technology, Agreements) have been developed. The Master Plansuch as SALT and bio-organic farming, are also set the target of extending community forest areaspending in Congress. from 290,000 hectares in 1990 to 6.2 million hec-

* The passage of the Philippine Agriculture and tares by 2015, and an increase in community in-Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997 (RA 8435) has volvement from 97,000 people to 1,235,000 over

led to the identification of the Network of Protected the same period.Areas for Agriculture and the delineation of * The government has also accelerated the recogni-Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries Development tion of the rights of indigenous peoples to theirZones (SAFDZ) in the country. This aims to put a ancestral lands by issuing 181 Certificates ofstop to the current loss of prime agricultural lands Ancestral Domain Claims (CADC) covering 2.5Mdue to indiscriminate land conversion and to hectares, and 147 Certificates of Ancestral Landensure that all watershed areas and major aquifers Claims (CALC) covering 10,000 hectares, benefit-are preserved. ing about 74,500 families.

- Presidential Proclamation 1071 on the BalancedFertilization Strategy places equal emphasis on man-agement of crop residues and recycling of farmwastes, with balanced application of organic andinorganic fertilizers.

* The Water Impounding/Harvesting Technique was Physical Targets of the Forestry Master Planadopted as a watershed/soil conservation structure, ('000 hectares)as well as a minor irrigation system to serve poor 2ra-. 199 0 .015community farming in the fragile uplands.

* The Land Administration Management Program People-onented Forestry 290 6,138(with World Bank support) aims to alleviate pov- Soil Conservation anderty by improving security of land tenure and to Watershed Management 0 215sustain economic growth by fostering an effectiveland market and land administration system. Key IPAS and Biodiversityinterventions include reforms in the national land Conservation 0 1,575valuation policy, changes in the fee structure for Dipterocarp Forest Management 780 3,809initial and subsequent registration, and establish-

ment of a sound property valuation framework. Pine and MangroveForest Management - 558

Forest Management Forest Plantation Development 478 2,994

* The government adopted the Master Plan for Forest Non-wood based IndustriesManagement in 1990 to ensure a systematic and Development 59 105coordinated effort at forest resources development

Source: Master Plan for Forestry Management, DENR, 1990

25

POLICY RESPONSES

Protected Areas Management Boards Management of Protected Areas*1 The government passed the NtPAS intc, law in 1992.

p0il3j30;i tf tii ; DDSince then, technical guidelines havc neen devel-

National Parks, National oped, and maps and technical de% riptions ofMarine Parks and Reserves 71 51 33 protected areas prepared.

Game Refuges/Bird * So far, ninety-one Multisectoral Pro' ected AreasSanctuaries 8 4 and Wildlife Management Boards (JA.MBs) have

Wilderness Areas 16 6 13 been approved. Protected Area Plans hitve also beenWatershed Forest Reserves 87 21 54 developed with the active particip ltion of theProtected by Admn. Order 14 communities. The proper function ng of theseOther (mangrove, tourist zone) 85 9 20Other (mangrove, tourist zone) 85 9 20 PAMBs, however, is constrained by shor Lage of fundsSource: PAWB-DENR, and staff.

* An IPAS Trust Fund has been established.

Conservation of Priority Protected AreasAs part of its commitment to fully implement the NIPASprogram, the govemment has partnered with an NGO Community-based Forestconsortium (the NGOs for Integrated Protected Areas Management (CBFM) in Actiorlor NIPA) to protect and develop ten priority areas forbiodiversity conservation. These areas, covering 1 .5M In 1992, several local communities joined togelt er to formhectares, are among the large and relatively pristine sites the VIBANARA (acronym for barangays Villa Imel:da,in the country that represent different biogeographic Batong Labang, Nanagauan and Rangayan) Mult -purposezones and include examples of different habitats. Cooperative to stop the illegal logging that was rampant in

. . ~~their area. Deputized by the DENR, the members regularlyFunded by a grant from the Global Environmental Facility, ptrol hea 4ectares of foestENd e theeCCPAP is the first project entered into directly by the patrol the 4,485 hectares of forestlands awardeig to therWorld Bank with an NGO. At the local level, host NGOs to manage and confiscate ilegal logs.have been able to provide leadership and have assisted In 1993, illegal loggers assassinated the VIBANA/RAin the establishment of PAMBs. Under their leadership, Chairman. Rather than intimidating the members thismanagement plans have been developed. Still in an early inspired others to join and continue the effort. Aside fromstage, the livelihood program that will help establish a setting up checkpoints, VIBANARA members conductlong-term positive economic and cultural presence in the regular meetings with local residents to inform t:hem aboutarea and an active mechanism for its protection is in the importance of protecting the forest. This has been soplace. successful that inhabitants now report illegal activities to

the Cooperative.

Source: Conservation of Prority Protected Areas Project, World In Barangay Landingan in Nagtipunan, Quezon, tne liongotBank, 1994. Livelihood Association Inc. is also actively protecting its

forests. The members continuously patrol the 1,-752hectares awarded to them. They have also set u) check-points to inspect for chain saws and illegal logs or lumber.Traditional laws are applied to discourage outsiders fromentering and settling inside the CBFM area. They iavedeveloped a nursery for Gmelina seedlings to reforest 50hectares of the forestlands. For their immediate ivelihoodneeds, the Association members plant corn. They havebeen given timber-harvesting rights also, which they use tosupply the lumber needs of local furniture makers.

Source: Faces of Community Forestry, CBFM project o fice-DENR,1998

26

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

he estimated national water resource potential is1226,430 MCM. Of this, 91 percent comes from

surface water and 9 percent from groundwater. De-mand for water is less than one third of the renewablewater available nationally Yet in 1995, a national wa-ter crisis was declared to address the increasing waterresources management challenge. Problems include thelack of a comprehensive and cross-sectoral strategy fordevelopment and protection of water resources;fragmented water management; weak law enforcementand inadequate water resources data on which to baserational planning and development."

Water demand growing rapidly.. .Water demandnationwide is expected to grow from 43,400 MCM/ Water Demand in Metro Manilayear in 2000 to 88,400 M'ICM/year by 2025. In Metro (in million liters per day)Manila, water demand for all users increased by over 1981 1985 1993 1997 201200 percent between 1981 and 1997, from 2,000 to Domestic 1,155 1,932 1,658 2003 2,3794,100 million liters/day (MLD)."5 This is projected to Commercial 456 554 952 1,272 1,698grow by 23 percent to 5,000 MLD by 2001. Based on Industrial 414 493 688 806 9431996 data,36 Metro Manila water supply in 1996 was2,500 MLD compared to a demand of 3,400 MLD. In Source: Study on Water Supply and Sewerage Master Plan of Metro

1995, the Metro Cebu Water District was only able toserve 36 percent of total demand. In Baguio City, about Service Levels80 percent of service connections are provided with Deswater on a four-hour thrice a week schedule only. The Level I Point tap systemswater "supply-demand" mismatch is often due to lack Level II Communal faucet systemsof infrastructure. Level Hil Individual house connections

Projected per capita water consumptionAgriculture use dominates ... .Agriculture accounts (liters per day)for 86 percent of water use, while industrial and do- 1995 2025mestic usage are limited to 7 percent each.37 In the ag- LEVEL 193 258riculture sector, irrigation is the biggest water user, ac- Water districts 169 269counting for 72.6 percent of total water (25,500 MCM Level I & II 30 40in 1996). The fishery sub-sector accounts for 27 per- Source: Stody on Water Supply and Sewerage Master Plan of Metrocent while livestock/poultry accounts for under 0.5 per- Manila, 1996 & Master Plan & Master Plan Study on Water Resource

Management NWRB 1998cent. Irrigation systems serve about 15M hectares, or48 percent of the irrigable areas that produce about 70 Water Usepercent of all rice in the country. Only 1.2 percent of Industry 7.3%this comes from groundwater. Domestic 7.1%

"Water Resources Development Project, World Bank, 1996.

"Master Plan Studv on Water Resource Management in the AgriculturePhilippines, Final Report, August 1998. 85.6%

`WDDP.

"Master Plan Study on Water Resource Management in thePhilippines, Final Report, August 1998. Source: Master Plan Study for Water Resource Management, August 1998

27

WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT

Access to Water Supply, 1995 Access to water supply varies ... One study3, re-_ ,yjc.Vgvet U _a0Azt. lArea Total ported that as of 1995, 72 percent of all F i]ipinos were

Level III 39% 5%O 22% served by a public water system, with ('8 percent inLevel I & II 29% 70% 49% urban areas and 75 percent in rural areais. However,Total 68% 75% 72% service levels vary greatly It is estimated fhat non-rev-

Source Master Plan Stutcy on Water Resources Managementin the enue water ranges from 30 percent for some of thePhilppnes NWRB, 1998 Water Districts to 55 percent for areas s rrved by the

Metropolitan Water Sewerage System (M NSS). 9

Health Impacts Groundwater extraction rising... fhe presentA study on environmental health rsk and exposure path- production of groundwater in the PI-ilippines isways showed that diarrhea due to less than Level IlIl watersupply and lack of a toilet accounted for 54 million days of estimated at about 2,518 MCMi/year. As inuch as 65healthy life lost. A review of drinking water and sanitation in percent of groundwater abstraction may be carried outthe Philippines showed that the risk of diarrheal and skin without the required permit. Furtherminre, with nodiseases increased with the use of a public water supply orthat of a neighbor. Similarly, living in a household without a metermg system in placc and no effective inonitoring,toilet also increased risk of both diseases those with permits generally withdraw 21 -60 percent

more than their allowable levels. Only 6 percent ofthose monitored are found to be in comr iance with

tlm|;'00W02:4 Nbm ontawlinationSttiil; %their permit restrictions.4" In addition, abstraction forDiarrhea Skin Conditions domestic use is uncontrolled and requir. s no permit

Level H Water 25 71 from the government.Level I Water 12 54 Increasing groundwater use and decliningNo Sanitary Toilet 42 28 aquifer recharge rates have led to saline intrusion (inSource: Health, Safety and Environmental Consultancy, Inc.M1993, Department ofHealth Metro Manila and Metro Cebu) and pollution of

groundwater from domestic sewage, factoi v wastes andagricultural chemicals.

Watershed management ... .Watershedis comprise

Present Production of Groundwater about 70 percent of the country's total Land area-covering 421 river basins, of which 18 are considered

Municipal 47% major. The drainage areas of these watei sheds rangefrom 5,000 to 2.5 million hectares. Many )f the majorbasins are now considered in critical co idition dueto over-exploitation and mismanagement. Theirdegradation has resulted in accelerated soil erosion,

Others 5% surface run-off, siltation of dams and resc rvoirs, poorwater quality, flash flooding, prolonged ( rought andother imbalances in the ecosystem.' Th- re are 119

Industrial watersheds covering 1.36 M hectares tha have been

28% rrI atn20 proclaimed as watershed reservations. Ho. ever, mostof these watersheds are subject to various forms ofcultivation and settlement and are actually considered

Source: Master Plan Study on Water Resources Management, NWRB,August 1998 degraded.42

*s Master Plan Study on Water Resource Imanagenicnit in thePhilippines, Final Report, August 1998

Study on Water Supply and Sewerage Master PlIn of MetiroManila, Final Report, Feb. 1996.

Water Resouirces Development Project, October 1996.Watershed Management, jess Javsiei, FMB.

8- Water Resources Development Project, 1996.28

- _CS'D'_ w,~ ,,R >~ '- ,'''. w ~4, ,. . ¢. ' 4a _

COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES

he Philippine marine territorial waters cover aboutT 2.2 million square kilometers-including theExclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 1.9 million squarekilometers (88 percent) of ocean waters and 267,000square kilometers (12 percent) of coastal waters. About55 percent of the population resides in some 10,000coastal barangays and larger urban centers. The coralreefs, seagrass beds and mangroves support 80 4percent of all commercial species of fish and shellfish.

Coral reefs in poor condition .. .The Philippineshas one of the largest coral reef areas in the world-covering about 27,000 square kilometers. Nearly onethird of all fish species live on the reefs, while othersare dependent on them and on seagrass beds atvarious stages in their life cycles. Almost 55 percent offish consumed in the country depends on coral reefs.It is estimated that 10-15 percent of total marine fish-eries production is contributed by coral reefs. Despite Ctheir importance, the latest inventory shows that only -o% CorlAe%4.3 percent of the reefs are in excellent condition.43 Excellent 75-100 4.3

Good 50-74.9 25Mangrove forest loss continues ... ln 1918, the Fair 25-49.9 39country's mangrove forests were estimated to be 5,000 Poor 0-24.9 30.5square kilometers. The Philippines lost most of its Source: UPMarire Science lnstitute, 1996

mangroves in the 1970s and 1980s mainly due to landconversion (for fishponds and settlements) and toindiscriminate cutting for firewood and construction.In the last 23 years, they have declined by as much as57 percent.

Valuable seagrass beds declining... The countryhas the second highest seagrass diversity in the world. Estimates of Mangrove Loss, over timeThe economic usefulness of a seagrass bed resides pri- _._.______._I- _________ -.__marily in the fisheries it supports. Coral reefs with their 1918 5,000*associated seagrasses potentially could supply more 1970 2,880*than 20 percent of the fish catch. In the Philippines, 1980 2,429*seagrass loss amounted to about 30-50 percent over 193 1,234**the last 50 years. With the exception of seven sites, thetotal seagrass cover is currently unknown. r Philippine Forestry Statistics, 1998

43 Licuanan and Gomez, 2000 unpublished report.

29

u~~S

COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES

Fish Production, by Sector, 1989-98 Fisheries production significant... Ihe countryis thirteenth in the top fish producin-Y countries,

1.4 contributing 1.8 million metric tons ol fish or 1.91.2i-- -------- ------------ percent of the total world catch in 1996. It is also the

F 1 - - - - second biggest producer of seaweed and other aquaticplants, and ninth largest aquaculture producer of fish

0 0.88-- and shellfish.44

0.6- -- -- -- -- - -- --

E 0 .4 -- - - - - - - - - - - -:3 S EIn 1998, total fisheries production .:.mounted to

02 r--------_ - - - - 2.8 million metric tons. At current prices, i isheries con-

0 tributed 2.8 percent to the country's gross domestic1989 1992 1995 1998 product. Between 1989 and 1998, the Philippine

OMunicipal _Commercial *Aquaculture fisheries industry registered an average ar rual growthrate of 1.6 percent in terns of production. During thesame period, aquaculture and commeri ial fisheries

Value of Fisheries Production, 1998 posted an average annual growth rate of 4.3 and 4percent, respectively Municipal fisheries, )n the otherhand, declined at an average annual rate of 2.1

Fnsheies 34% percent, and average annual fish catch pC r fishermandeclined drastically from 1990 to 1996.

Aquaculture

/ ;0000000 531%

While volume of production from commercialfisheries has grown, its rate of increase has ;]owed con-siderably Pressure from commercial fish:ries has in-

Commercial creased-with the number of fishing boats growing at

4 percent per year from 1994 to 1998 an d their ton-Value P87.7 (billion pesos) nage growing by 7 percent per year for thie same pe-

riod.Source: 1998 Philippine Fisheries Profile, DA BFAR

Estimated Average Annual Catch Per For the entire country, the total fish available perMunicipal Fisherman for 1987-1996 person per year has actually declined by -19 percent

2000 from 36 kg/person in 1990 to 29 kg/pers.)n in 1996.This decline is largely due to population growth, in-

g 1600 --- - - …-_ -creasing fishing pressure, destructiv e fishingpractices and unsustainable fisheries and .tquaculture

E 1200 : development.

E 80

- 0 0- -E0 ono LO _ -- - -- -

CO I0c lo l ~ o l

0' a' ' &' ol a' a' a' o o'

Source: Municipal production data are from BEARI 1997. The data onincrease in population of mnunicipal fishers are adapted using data fromBEAR, 1993 and Bernascek, 1994. 1998 Philippine Fisheries profile, Bureau of Fisheries arid

Aquatic Resources, Department of Agriculture.

30

i~~~~ PoucY RESPONSES

Water Resources Management ment and decentralization. Several CRM projects

* Water quality standards for freshwater and coastal funded by the government and donors are beingand marine waters were revised in 1992. implemented around the country.

* Water usage and classification of coastal and marinewaters and freshwater bodies were updated. Four Watershed Managementclasses of coastal/ marine waters and five classes * A more comprehensive national watershedof freshwater bodies were identified based on management strategy has been adopted, guided bybeneficial use. the following principles: holistic, integrated

* To strengthen water resources management, Con- approach; multiple use management; multi-sectoralgress is deliberating on the following: an Act pro- and inter-disciplinary planning; sustainable man-viding for comprehensive water quality manage- agement and development; participatory andment, and an Act providing for a Comprehensive equitable watershed management; efficientWater Resource Policy and Water Sector Develop- resource use.ment, and creating the Water Resources Manage- * Guidelines for Watershed Management have beenment Commission. published and disseminated. Training is being

* A Presidential Task Force on Water Resource Devel- provided as part of the institutional strengtheningopment and Management was created to ensure program for watershed management in thesustainable, safe and affordable water supply country

* The National Water Resources Board (NWRB) is * Management plans for selected critical watershedspushing to revise provisions of the Implementing and a long-term investment program to supportRules and Regulations of the Water Code to implementation of these plans are being prepared.address pricing of raw water and groundwaterutilization.

Fisheries and Aquaculture Management* With the devolution of functions under the 1991 Success Story in Coastal Resources

Local Government Code, LGUs are mandated to Managementshare responsibility with the national government The province of Negros Oriental in the Visayas is recog-for managing and maintaining ecological balance nized as a pioneer in coastal resource mnanagement in the

country, mostly thanks to Silliman University and its Marinewithin their territorial jurisdiction. Laboratory. There are more than 20 marine sanctuaries

* A Republic Act enacted in 1997 established the along its coasts, including the Apo island Marine Sanctu-Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act ary, regarded as a model of community-based coastal(AFMA). A new Fisheries Code was established in resource management. Strong local govemment support

and multi-sectoral cooperation were crucial to theprovince's success in sustaining coastal management

* Licenses are required by DA-BFAR for commercial programs initiated by the World Bank-assisted Centralfishing and by several LGUs for municipal fishing. Visayas Regional Project (1984-1992). This project has now

expanded to become the Community-based ResourceHowever, limits on total allowable fishing effort have Management Project (CBRM) and includes a lending facilityyet to be established. for local govemment investments in resource management.

* Coastal resource management (CRM) is being Source: Our Seas, Our Life, The Coastal Resource Managementenhanced through integration, community involve- Project, DENWUSAID

31

The Philippines is signatory to many international Basel ConventionT conventions for protection of the global environ- Republic Act No. 6969, the Toxic Su ostances andment and sustainable development. Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control A :t, was passed

by Congress in 1990. It bans importation, storage orMontreal Protocol/ ODS Phaseout transport of toxic or nuclear waste into or through theProgram Philippines. Violators can be subject to fines andIn order to shift to non-ozone depleting substances confiscation of the banned substances. k core inven-technologies, the institutional and regulatory frame- tory of 38,000 chemical substances, linown as theworks were set in place with Republic Act. No. 6969 Philippine Inventory of Chemicals aiid Chemicaland incentives were provided by the Board of Invest- Substances (PICCS) has been prepared and wasment. The Multilateral Fund provided technical assist- published in August 1999.ance to some industry sectors using ODS. Total ODSconsumption in 1992 was 4,295 metric tons. Based on Intemational Conventionsdata available, imports decreased by 50 percent from __ _ _ _4,300 metric tons in 1992 to 2,200 metric tons in 1998. Montreal Protocol 1988 Mar 1991The Philippine Country Program on the Phaseout of Convention onODS was drafted in 1993, approved by the Montreal Convention on 1 :Protocol and is now being updated. Biological Diversity June 1992 Jj lly 1991

Basel Convention Mar 1989 Oct 1993Climate Change Source: Philippine Environmental Quality Report, EME -DENR, 1995

(Greenhouse Gas Reduction) ODS Phaseout ScheduleA national greenhouse gas inventory conducted in1990 was updated and incorporated in the Philippines CFC 11 v)*19Initial National Communication on Climate Change. CFC 11 (service ) ** 2910Based on 1994 data, the country released a total of CFC 12 (new)* 198100,738 ktons of CO2 into the atmosphere. The CFC 12(service)** 2010energy sector accounts for 49 percent of national CO2 I CFC 113 1998agriculture 33 percent, industry 10.5 percent, and CFC 114 1 (?,98wastes 7 percent. Using only those sub-sectors that had CFC 115 1998significant contributions, calculated GHG emissions Halon 1301 1998by 2008 are projected to increase to 195,091 ktons CTC 1C196equivalent CO2, a 94 percent increase from the 1994 Source ODSDesk, DENR

levels. I New=new household appliances built to run on nc n-ODS;

In response to the Kyoto Protocol, the Philippines Service=existin, householdappliances

is preparing a National Action Plan on Climate Changeto integrate climate change into government develop- The Philippine OD one Project

andprgras,desgnmiigain mesues The Philirpprne ODS Phaseout Investment Projec:t (Ozonement plans and programs, design mitgatig measures, Project) refers to the reduction, phaseout, and recycling ofdevelop adaptation responses and catalyze consensus ODS consumption in the country, using grant funds fromfor implementation of the action plan. the Multilateral Fund through the World Bank. Grant funds

were provided to eligible subprojects-solvent cleaning,refrigeration, foam blowing and tobacco expansion-that

Biodiversity Conservation were heavy users of ODS. DENR-EMB was the lead imple-In response to its commitment to the Convention on menting agency with Land Bank of the Philippines serving asBiodiversity, a Philippine Strategy for Biodiversity Con- the co-Implementing Agency and Financial Intermediary.

servation was develpedytheSTwelve eligible subprojects received a total granit ofservation wias developed by the Subcommittee on US$9.02M. Achieving almost 100 percent of its -arget, thisBiodiversity of the Philippine Council for Sustainable project was recognized and awarded by UNEP as the mostDevelopment. outstanding country program for the implement3tion of the

Montreal Protocol in 1996. It also received the Award forLeadership in the Phaseout of ODS in the Solverts Sectorfrom USEPA.

32

""- '.9< w i Se ,

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is the main recipient of official developmentassistance for environmental initiatives in the Philippines. The main donors are the ADB, CIDA, DANIDA,

German Technical Cooperation (GTZ and KFW), GovernmenL of Japan through JICA and OECF (now known asJapan Bank for International Cooperation), US Agency for International Development, United Nations system,and the World Bank. Bilateral assistance for environmental initiatives comes in the form of grants for a varietyof activities, while ADB, JBIC and the World Bank extend loans to finance investments in environmentalimprovement and capacity building.

The cumulative donor assistance to DENR in projects and the Metropolitan Environmental Improve-1998 stood at US$570 million-of which US$330 inent Program.million were in loans and US$240 million in grants. The World Bank Country Assistance Strategy forThough the forestry sector has historically received the Philippines 1999-2002 recognizes the environmentmuch of the assistance. In recent times, donors have as a central theme, and will promote sustainable urbanincreased efforts to reduce urban environmental and rural development.problems, priniarily sanitation and pollution clean-up. The Bank's environmental strategy for theSimply examining the projects implemented by DENR Philippines focuses on:probably under-estimates the total amount being * Establishing a more effective system of environmen-allocated for environmental purposes. Many agencies tal governance that results in tangible outcomes.receive support for environmental planning or Particular attention will be given to strengtheningcapacity building within a larger sectoral operation. the capacity of LGUs, improving the monitoring and

The World Bank has been providing assistance enforcement mechanism by mainstreaming the usefor environmental protection and natural resources of economic instruments and public disclosure toolsmanagement since 1989. This includes lending opera- (ECOWATCH), and scaling-up successful commu-tions, free-standing technical assistance, and policy and nity-based pilot initiatives;analytical advice. Substantial work has been carried outunder the rural development lending program, which obupotivn efforit tofl omintegte rofocuses primanrily on issues related to natural forest deg-radation, upland agricultural areas, biodiversity con- Planning and implementing multiple objectiveservation and coastal zone management. Water watershed management strategies;

and air pollution issues have been addressed * Assisting the Philippines to implement initiativesthrough the urban water supply and sanitation that have global environmental benefits.

World Bank Assisted Initiatives with Significant Environmental Objectives

Project Environmental ObjectiveEnvironment and Natural Resource Sector Adjustment Forest policy, sustainable forest management, upland protec-Loan tion, sustainable resource management, watershed manage-

ment, reduction of illegal logging

Conservation of Priority Protected Areas Biodiversity conservation in 10 priority protected areas.Community participation in protected area management

Water Resources Development Project Sustainable water resource management, watershed protection

Community-Based Resource Management Project Community-based sustainable agriculture, natural resourcemanagement, conservation

Water Districts Development Project Financing of sewerage schemes in 6 metropolitan LGUs

LGU Urban Water and Sanitation Project Sustainable water and sanitation services. Investments inmunicipal run water and sanitation systems

Philippine ODS Phase-out Investment Project (Ozone Reduction, phase out, recycling of ODS in the countryProject)

Manila Second Sewerage Project Reduction of pollution load in Metro Manila through safedisposal of septage from septic tanks

33

I Offic~~~~~~~~e of the President[ St 4-tl I ;g;= f-*

DTI DENR DA DOE DOTCHNWRB ~~BOI EB LMB BSWN NPCLTEH

LWA _ B LS FMB = AMRIA BFAR BAS1 ---DB PNOC LTFRB X FA

DOF I DND DILG DOST DECS

' 8x7't' E BLGF t E BLGD PCIERDPCARRD

Key BAS - Bureau of Agricultural Statistics BFAD - Bureau of Food and Drugs; BFAR - Bureau Fisheries and Aquatic Resources; BIS - Bireau of ImportServices; BLGD - Bureau of Local Government Development; BLGF -Bureau of Local Government Finance; BLGS - Bureau of Lr:.cal GovernmentSupervision; BOC - Bureau of Customs; BOI - Board of Investments; BPS - Bureau of Product Standards; BSWM - Bureau of Soils and Weter Management;DA- Department of Agriculture; DECS - Department of Education, Culture and Sports; DENR - Department of Environment and N itural Resources;DILG - Department Interior and Local Government; DND - Department of National Defense; DOE - Department of Energy; DOF - Depar ment of Finance;DOH - Department of Health; DOST - Department of Science and Technology; DOT- Department of Tourism; DOTC - Department nf Transport andCommunicat on; DPWH - Department of Public Works and Highways; DTI- Department of Trade and Industry; EHS - Environmenta -iealth Services;EIAB - Energy Industry Adminstration Bureau; EMB - Environment Management Bureau; ERDB - Ecosystems Research and Developm nt Bureau; FMB -Forestry Management Bureau; FPA - Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority; ITDI - Industrial Technology and Development Institute; LILDA- Laguna LakeDevelopment Authority; LMB - Land Management Bureau; LTFRB- Land Transportation and Franchising Regulatory Board; LTO - Lar J TransportationOffice; LWUA - Local Water Utilites Authority; MARINA - Maritime Industry Authority; MGSB - Mines and Geosciences Bureau; MWSS - Manila WaterSewerage System; NAMRIA - National Mapping Resources Information Authority; NEA - Nationa E ectrification Authority; NEDA - Nc,iDnal EconomicDevelopment Authority; NIA - National Irrigation Authority; NPC - National Power Corporation; NWRB - National Water Resources Board; PAWB -Protected Area and Wildlife Bureau; PCARRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research an:l Deve opment;PCG - Philippine Coast Guard; PCIERD - Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Development; PCSD - Philippine Counci for SustainableDevelopment; PNOC - Philippine National Oil Companies; PPA - Philippine Port Authority; PTA - Philippine Tourism Authority

Department of Environment and Natural Resources Department of Public Works and Highw; ys (DPWH)(DENR) is the primary government agency responsi- is responsible for the planning, design, .onstructionble for the conservation, management, development and maintenance of infrastructure facilitics, especiallyand proper use of the country's environment and national highways, flood control and wvacr resourcenatural resources. development systems and other public works.

In addition, numerous other departments are Department of Energy (DOE) is responsib e for imple-responsible for environmental functions: menting the energy development plan for the country,

Department of Agriculture (DA) is the principal regulates all petroleum companies and is r ow promot-government agency in charge of promoting sustainable ing the shift to cleaner fuels.

agriculture to meet the food needs of the country. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) is in charge

Department of Transportation and Communication of promoting industrial development of [be country,(DOTC) is responsible for the planning, development provides incentives to encourage industries to adoptand regulation of the transportation and communica- cleaner technologies and sets standards of productstion systems in the country. It regulates the registra- manufactured, imported and sold in the country.

tion of all vehicles in the country and promotes mass Department of Health (DOH) has the overiall mandatetransit systems. The I & M program for vehicles is for the health sector in the country, including environ-within its jurisdiction. mental health.

34

* Creation of the Laguna Lake Development * NationallntegratedProtectedAreasSystem(NIPAS)Authority Republic Act 4850 (1969) Republic Act 7586 (1992)

* Forestry Code Presidential Decree 705 (1975) * Creation of the Department of Environment and

* Fisheries Code Presidential Decree 704 (1975) Natural Resources Executive Order 192 (1987)Revised and consolidated all laws and decrees * Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law Republic Actaffecting fishing and fisheries in the country 6657 (1987) - Exempts lands devoted to reforesta-

* Water Code Presidential Decree 1067 (1976) tion, wildlife, etc. from land conversion.

* Marine Pollution Presidential Decree 600 (1976 - * People's Small Scale Mining Program Republic Actas amended by PD 1698 (1980) 7076 (1991)

* Pollution Control Law Presidential Decree 984 * Local Government Code Republic Act 7160 -(1976) - Provides guidelines for the prevention, certain sections (1991) - Strengthens the role of

abatement and control of pollution of water, air and LGUs in the countryland * Mineral Exploration, Development and Conserva-

* Coral Reefs Conservation - Presidential Decrec 1219 tion Republic Act 7942 (1995)(1977) * Indigenous People's Rights Act

* Vehicular Emissions Control Law Presidential * Republic Act 8371 (1997)Decree 1181 (1977) - Prevention, control and * Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Republicabatement of air pollution from motor vehicles. Act 8435 (1997)

* Philippine Environmental Policy Presidential * Fisheries Code Republic Act 8550 (1998)Decree 1151 (1977) - First mention of concept of . Comprehensive Air Pollution Control Policv (oth-environmental impact system erwise known as the Clean Air Act) Republic Act

* Philippine Environmental Code Presidential Decree 8749 (1999)1152 (1977) - Provides guidelines on land use, airquality, water quality, waste management, andnatural resources management Legal Terms

* Improper Waste Disposal Executive Order: Presidential Acts providing for rulesof a general or permanent character in the implemen-

* Presidential Decree 825 (1977) tation or execution of constitutional or statutorypowers

* Sanitation Code - Presidential Decr-ee 856 (1977) pwrRepublic Act: Initiated as bills by either or both of

* Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System the legislative chambers of Congress (house orPresidential Decree 1586 (1978) -Mandates EIS for senate) and approved by both Chambers and by thegovernment and private sector projects affecting the Executivequality of the environment Presidential Decrees: Mode of legislation during

Martial Law Regime of President Ferdinand E. Marcos* Environmentally critical projects and environmen- (1972- 1986)

tally critical areas Presidential Proclamation 2146 Administrative Orders: Acts of the President, which

(1979) relate to particular aspects of governmental operations* Philippine Constitution (1986) - This contains the in pursuance of duties as administrative head of

State's obligation to protect and advance the right governmentof the people to a balanced and healthful ecology Proclamations: Acts of the President fixing a date or(Article 2, section 15 and 16) declaring a status or condition of public moment or

interest, upon the existence of vwich the operation of* Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste a specific law or regulation is made to depend.

Law Republic Act 6969 (1992)

35

~~~~~~~~~~~1. -~ - - -

Most Probable Number (MPN): An estii lnate of micro-Brown Agenda: This is a term commonly used to bial density per unit volume of water san p1c, hased ondescribe the pollution caused by industrial, urban, probability theory.transport and energy sources and their single or Organic Pollution: Carbonaceous wast( .ontaincd incollective impacts and protection measures. plant or animal matter and originating fIroir domyiestic or

Green Agenda: This is a term commonly used to industrial sourees.describe environmental impacts caused by Ozone Depletion: Destruction ol the strat( spheric ozoneagriculture, deforestation, land conversion and layer that shields the earth from ultravi )let radiationdestruction of protected species and related harmlul to life. Chlorofluorocarbons hrea < down when

they reach the stratosphere and then cestroy ozoneprotection measures. mol 'csmolecules .

Blue Agenda: This term is commonly used to re- PMO: Particulates smaller than 10 m :rons. Small

fer to all forms of water resources management. particulates are of special concern because *f their ability

to penetrate deep into the lungs and cause major healthimpacts.

Air Quality Standards: The level of pollutants prescribed Pacts.Protected Areas: An area of land and/or ,lea especiallyby reg,ulations that arec not to be exceeded during a ggivenby reuations areng dedicated to the protection and maintenar ce of biologi-tme In a defined area.

cal diversity, and managed through Ir al or otherAquifer: An underground geological formation, or group effective means.of formations, that is a source of groundwater. Red Tide: Proliferation of a marine pi ikton toxic

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD): The amount of and often fatal to fish, perhaps stimu ated by theoxygen consumed in the biological processes that break addition of nutrients. A tide can be red, gre -n, or brown,down organic matter in water. The greater the BOD, the depending on the coloration of the plankt( ngreater the degree of organic pollution. Run-Off: That part of precipitation, siowmelt, orBiodiversity: The variety and variability among living irrigation water that runs off the land into str ams or otherorganisms and the ecological complexes in which they surface water. It can carry pollutants fror: the air andoccur. land into receiving waters.Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs): A family of chemicals Salinization/Saline Intrusion: The invasio i of fresh sur-used in refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, insu- face or groundwater by salt water.lation, or as solvents and aerosol propellants. Soil Erosion: The wearing away of land surface byDissolved Oxygen (DO): The oxygen freely available in water, intensified by land-clearing practi es related towater, vital to fish and other aquatic life and for the farming, residential or industrial develorament, roadprevention of odors. DO levels are considered a most building, or logging.important indicator of a water body's ability to support Total Coliform Bacteria (TCB): A collectio of relativelydesirable aquatic life. TtlClfr atra(C) olci~ frltvl

harmless microorganisms that live in large numbers inEndangered Species: Animals, birds, fish, plants, or the intestines of humans and warm- and c old-bloodedother living organisms threatened with extinction by animals. A specific subgroup of this collecti, in is the fecalanthropogenic (human origin) causes or other natural coliform bacteria, whose presence in aquatic environ-changes in their environment. ments indicates that the water has been (ontaminatedGreenhouse Gas: A gas, such as carbon dioxide or with the fecal material of humans or other tiimals.methane, which contributes to potential climate change. Total Suspended Particles (TSP): A :nethod ofHeavy Metals: Metallic elements with high atomic monitoring airborne particulate matter by total weight.weights (such as mercury, arsenic and lead) that can dam- Water Quality Standards: Standards that lprescribe theage living things at low concentrations and tend to accu- use of the water body and establish the water quality cri-mulate in the food chain. teria that must be met to protect designatecl uses.ISO 14000/14001: Refers to a standardization Watershed: The land area that drains into t stream; themethodology adapted by the International Standard watershed for a major river may encompas;s a numberOrganization (ISO) to describe the environmental of smaller watersheds that ultimately combine at aresponsiveness of enterprises. An ISO 14000/14001 common point.award is an indication of a firm's environmental Source: This glossary is based on the United States Env ronmental Pro-responsibility tection Agency's "Terms of the Environment", Revised I ltcember 1997.

36

t J > j - j e - : l ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 4 ... . ....... l.

ECONMY SCIEY-

GDP-real growth rate: 3.2% (1999) Population, mid-year; 75.1 millionGDP-composition by sector Population growth rate: 2.04% (1999 est.)

agriculture: 17% Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)Industry: 32% Death rate: 6.5 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)services: 51% Net migration rate: -1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population

(1999 est.)GNP per capita: $1,050 Sex ratio: total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (1999 est.)GNP: $80.3 billion (1999) Total fertility rate: 3.6 children bom/woman

(In percent, 1999) Poverty (% below national poverty line): 38Gross domestic investmenVGDP: 18.8 Urban population (% of total population): 57Exports of goods and services/GDP: 51.3 Infant mortality rate: 35 deaths/1,000 live birthsGross domestic savings/GDP: 14.6 Life expectancy at birth: 68 yearsGross national savings/GDP: 20.7 Child malnutrition (% of children below 5): 30

Access to safe water (% of population): 83Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.6 (1999) Illiteracy (% of population age 15+): 5Labor force: 32.0 million (1999)

Employment-By sector (In % to total employment, GOGRAP1999): agriculture 40.1%, government and social Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between theservices 19.5%, services 44.2%, manufacturing 9.5%, Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, east of Vietnamconstruction 5.3%. Area: total: 300,000 sq km; land: 298,170 sq km

Unemployment rate: 9.70%o (1999) water: 1,830 sq kmLand boundaries: 0 km; Coastline: 36,289 km

Budget: revenues: $12.2 billion; expenditures: $15.1 billion Climate: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to(1999) April); southwest monsoon (May to October)

Elevation extremes: lowest point: Philippine Sea 0 mIndustries: textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood highest point: Mount Apo 2,954 mproducts, food processing, electronics assembly, petroleum Natural resources: timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver,refining, fishing gold, salt, copperIndustrial production growth rate: 0.5% (1999) Land use: arable land: 19%; permanent crops: 12%Agriculture-products: rice, coconuts, com, sugarcane, permanent pastures: 4%; forests & woodland: 46%bananas, pineapples, mangoes; pork, eggs, beef; fish other: 19% (1993 est.)

Natural hazards: astride typhoon belt, usually affected byExports of goods and services: $39.2 billion (1999) fifteen and struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year;Imports of goods and services: $38.9 billion (1999) landslides; active volcanoes; destructive earthquakes; tsunamis

Environment-current issues: uncontrolled deforestation in

Debt-external: $51.2 billion (as of September 1999) watershed areas; soil erosion; air and water pollution in Manila;increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps which are

Currency: 1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos important fish breeding grounds

Sources: World Development Indicators 2000, SPECI-BSP (Selected Phli`ppine Economic Indicators -Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas), NSC (National Statistics Office), NSCB (National Statistics Coordinating Board)

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