public commercial building final - … commercial building - c… · cobiax ... stability medium...

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http://www.arnewde.com/architecture-design/architecture-building-of-surry-hills-library-and-community-centre-by-fjmt-architect/

Assignment 2: Public Commercial Building

Michael Dernee

C3089219

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(iii) Abstract The basement is designed around potential for rapid expansion, not of the site but of the company as a developer of shopping centres. The design incorporates an entrance from the Amazon highway and minimisation of noise pollution. Sustainable techniques have ensured that the least amount of energy will be needed to create the building and that the materials used will be long lasting to create not only an environmentally sustainable building but a physically sustainable building that will stand for many years. The building that will be built on top of the basement is going to be classy through its finishes, easy to customise and will allow for services throughout, whilst also being long lasting and environmentally friendly. The materials include: marble flooring that is not only inert but also very flat making it a great material for shoppers with trolleys; aluminium which is used throughout in the damp proof course, wall cladding, ceiling cladding and formwork, because it is inert to oxidisation and easy to clean and reuse; concrete horizontal slabs for heat gain co-efficient helping to keep the building cold in summer and warm in winter; green roof to allow for vegetation to remain on the site after the building has been erected. The systems like, Slim Flor system allows for services to go throughout the building horizontally whilst the steel framed structure (internal and external) allows for services to go throughout the building vertically. Access to these services can be through the internal walls or the open strip cell ceiling. The system also allows for easy connection, as all the framing is made out of steel (slab structure, wall structure, internal wall structure, cladding structure) making it easy to connect. The building that has been created not only allows for peace of mind for the tenants but also peace of mind for the ‘green thumbs’ and constructors due to its simple shape and re-use of the same technology for easier connection.

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(ii) Appendix: iv. Title page ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 iii. Abstract ..................................................................................................................................................... 2 ii. Appendix ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 i. Overview of The basement ................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Foundation (Ground) ................................................................................................................................... 5-10 1.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 5

1.2 Hardcore ..................................................................................................................... 5

1.3 Floor ..................................................................................................................... 7

1.4 Damp proof membrane ................................................................................................... 8

1.5 Insulation ..................................................................................................................... 9

1.6 Finish ..................................................................................................................... 10

1.7 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 10

2. Superstructure ..................................................................................................................................... 11- 16

2.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................... 11

2.2 Wall structure ................................................................................................... 12

2.3 Damp proof course ................................................................................. 13

2.4 External walls (Cladding system) .............................................................. 14

2.5 External walls external cladding (Materials) ............................................................. 15

2.6 Insulation .................................................................................................................... 15

2.7 Window frames .................................................................................................. 16

2.8 External walls internal cladding (Materials) ............................................................. 16

2.9 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 16

3. Formwork ..................................................................................................................................................... 17 - 20

3.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 17 3.2 Temporary formwork (Materials) ............................................................. 17 3.3 Temporary formwork (Structure) .............................................................. 18 3.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 20

4. Internal walls ..................................................................................................................................... 21 - 22 4.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 21 4.2 Internal structure ................................................................................................... 21 4.3 Cladding ..................................................................................................................... 22 4.4 Insulation ..................................................................................................................... 22 4.5 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 22

5. Ceiling ..................................................................................................................................................... 23- 25

5.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 24

5.2 Ceiling structure ................................................................................................... 25

5.3 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 26

6. Foundation (1

st Storey) ................................................................................................................................... 26

6.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 26

6.2 Hardcore ..................................................................................................................... 26

6.3 Floor ..................................................................................................................... 26

6.4 Insulation ..................................................................................................................... 26

6.5 Finish ..................................................................................................................... 26

6.6 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 26

7. Access system ..................................................................................................................................... 27-29

7.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 27 7.2 Types of External Access systems ................................................................................ 28 7.3 Material of External Access systems ................................................................................ 29 7.4 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 29

8. Roof ..................................................................................................................................................... 30-31 8.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 30 8.2 Roof structure ................................................................................................... 30 8.3 Concrete Roof Structure ................................................................................ 31 8.4 Insulation ..................................................................................................................... 31 8.5 Damp Proof Membrane ................................................................................ 31 8.6 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 31

9. Cost analysis ..................................................................................................................................... 32 10. Construction Explanation .................................................................................................................. 33 11. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 48 12. Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 49

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(i) Overview of the previous work (Basement) A diaphragm wall is the external and retaining wall. There is no need for ground water control due to

the low water table and the footings will be strip footings due to their strength and ability to work

around the site. The slab will be in situ concrete with additives like pozzolans and super plasticizers to

increase strength and workability. To waterproof the basement a polymer membrane will be below the

slab, with the retaining wall also being impermeable, yet if any water does come in, exterior fountain

drains will allow the water to go into the ground as the water table is quite low. In situ concrete

columns will hold up the precast concrete slabs that are suspended and will be the base of the ground

floor that is two metres below the highway to diffuse the sound.

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1. Foundation (Ground):

1.1. Overview In a foundation, where the slab is near the ground, there is a:

• Hardcore • Floor • Damp proof membrane • Insulation • Finish

1.2. Hardcore (Table 1): Hardcore type

Type Picture Description Advantage Disadvantage Suited Conditions

Price

Concrete (in situ)

undergroundconstruction.ie

150mm thick, poured concrete into a mould

Simple, cheap, monolithic

Weather conditions have to be optimal

Simple, cheap and a lack of structural presence needed

161 sqm

Precast

hollow floor

beam

www.megaprefab.com

150mm thick, concrete that is set off site and relocated to site.

Can be cast under suitable conditions

Has to be transported to site, and can sometimes be very large

Very cheap where the site conditions are very static

100-120 sqm

Precast

beam and

filler block

floor

http://parsbuildersinc.com/images/fillerblock.jpg

A three point weighted structure that acts as an impermeable membrane when concrete is poured on top of it. Beams hold up smaller top hat beams that allow lightweight concrete blocks to be placed in between the top hat beams.

Light, can be ‘manhandled’ into place.

A long time in laying all the beams and blocks then pouring the concrete.

Where labour is cheap and materials are expensive. Small scale buildings and lighter floor loads.

N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010)

Precast

concrete T

beams http://www.tpub.com/content/engineering/14069/img/14069_253_2.jpg

T shaped reinforced concrete beams spanning long lengths, transferring their weight to top hat beams.

Very light, can span long distances without needing a column.

Has to be transported to site, and can sometimes be very large

Great for spanning large areas.


Cold rolled

steel deck

and

concrete

floor http://product-image.tradeindia.com/00313840/s/0/Decking-Sheets.jpg

Steel formwork that acts as a permanent tensile base

Light and strong

Reduction of skill on site, increasing repetition and standardisation, faster erection, no formwork


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Slim Flor

system

http://www.arcelormittal.com/sections/fileadmin/redaction/pdf/Brochures/SlimFloor_EN.pdf

Steel beams with welded flange plates for the steel decking that acts as a membrane to allow concrete to be poured.

Light and very strong

Increasing repetition and standardisation, faster erection time, no need for formwork. Areas for services in between the steel beams (both vertical and horizontal). Minimum construction depth. Allocation of space for insulation.

N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian construction handbook 2010) although the cost of steel is $1720 per tonne (beam) $1680/T (column) and concrete is $161 sqm

Cobiax

http://jiano.typepad.com/photos/uncategorized/recycled_concrete_improvements.jpg

In situ concrete floor with hollow recycled polyethylene spheres in between the rebar

35% lighter.

Reduced number and size of vertical bearing elements. Weight reduction, large spans, earthquake safe, cost effective, sustainable.


Waffle slab

http://nisee.berkeley.edu/thumbnail/6257_3021_0647/IMG0077.jpg

A cross pattern of ridges brought upon by using polystyrene as a mould underneath.

Very light Less material, presentable finish

Expensive formwork, long time to make, imperfections easily noticed,

$269m2

Summary: Due to its great properties, its usefulness with service areas imbedded and its light weight structure the Slim Flor system will be used. It is very useful as the spanning of the Slim Flor system is generally 6000 X 9000mm, quite a large floor span between the columns.

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1.3. Floor (Table 2): Floor type

Floor Type Floating Floor In Situ Concrete Slab Picture

http://www.soundservice.co.uk/images/3ds/05_SBM5_R2.jpg

http://www.futurebuild.ie/images/Hollowcore_Floor_Slabs.jpg

Stability Medium Extremely high Resistance to Moisture Medium Extremely high Fire safety Medium Extremely high Resistance of heat Medium High Resistance of sound Extremely high Medium Advantage A soft flooring that can be changed A simple monolithic structure that is easily clad Disadvantage More complex Not very customisable between floors. Cost N/A (was not in the Rawlinsons Australian

construction handbook 2010) $100-120 sqm

Summary: The concrete slab will be used due to its easily clad service after it is finished.

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1.4. Damp proof Membrane (Table 3): Damp proof membrane material

Type Picture Description Advantage Disadvantage Price Liquid membrane

img.alibaba.com

A polymer liquid that is painted on to form an impermeable barrier

Good for complex structures

Cannot be used under the slab

38m2

Bituminous paint

www.larsenbuildingproducts.com

A liquid that is painted on to form an impermeable barrier

Good for complex structures

Cannot be used under the slab

12.4m2

Styrofoam

www.tru-guardwaterproofing.com

A polymer that is solid and rigid and forms an impermeable barrier

Can be used under the slab

Not as useful as the other waterproof membranes in complex situations

22.4m2

Polymer membrane

imghost1.indiamart.com

A polymer that is solid but not rigid that forms an impermeable barrier

Can be used for complex structures. Can be used under the slab.

Set up can take some time.

28.2m2

Summary: As the slab is in situ the use of a polymer membrane or a Styrofoam membrane are the most useful as they can cover under the concrete. The polymer membrane will be used as it is better in difficult situations. It also doesn’t have to be replaced unlike the bituminous paint so it will last a long time making it more sustainable.

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1.5. Insulation (Table 4): Insulation material

Insulating types Sarking Glasswool Polyester Extruded Polystyrene

Wool

Picture

http://www.civistruct.com/

http://therminsindia.com/products.

html

http://buybuildingsupplies.com.au/r

eviews.php

http://www.lowenergyhouse.com/e

xtruded-polystyrene.html http://www.blue-

bird.com/product.aspx?category=gl

obal&item=All%20American%20For

ward%20Engine

Size 5mm 100mm 150mm 50mm 50mm

Type Reflector Bulk fill Bulk fill Bulk fill Bulk full

Description A thin metal layer

that reflects the

heat

A fusion of natural

sand and recycled

glass heated to 200

degrees.

Melting recycled

pvc bottles then

spun rapidly and

extruded out of

small holes to form

fibres. These fibres

are bound together

and shaped into

batts.

Foam structure that

contains 98% of air

closed in tiny cells

of the foamed

material

Natural wool

R-value R 1.70 R 2.00 R 3.50 R 2.20 R 2.00

Advantages Very thin, water

resistant acting as a

vapour barrier too.

Low material cost,

short work cycles

and fine

appearance

Does not release

fibre, dust or irritate

the skin; fire

resistant. Relatively

easy to install.

Made from recycled

plastic - reducing

landfill. Both

Heating and

Cooling properties.

Excellent noise -

Acoustic properties.

Resistant to Fire &

Insects. Does Not

Shrink or effected

by moisture. No

allergy or irritant for

asthma suffers.

Long life span

High strength rigid

board with superior

long term thermal

performance and

excellent water

resistant properties.

Very light weight.

Reacts well to moisture. Natural fire resistance. Naturally renewable resource. Supports Australian farmers. Maintains its shape. Reduced mould on timber. Good acoustic properties

Disadvantages Sharp, harder to cut

than other

insulators.

Hazardous (small

glass particles can

be inhaled

More expensive compared to other insulation materials.

Not resistant to

organic solvents.

Cost $6.75m2

$10.25m2

$15.75m2

$35.80m2

$13.65m2

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Summary: Due to the rigid structure and high thermal resistance extruded polystyrene will be used for the floor insulation. There are no organic solvents being used so there is no need to worry about the corrosion of the material.

1.6. Finish (Table 5): Floor Finish

Floor Type Timber Concrete Carpet Marble Slate Picture

http://hidc.com.au/facts/timber-flooring/

http://www.kitchenideas.com.au/splashback_flooring.html

http://www.flooringserviceswales.co.uk/gallery.html

http://www.diytrade.com/china/4/products/274946/Marble_Floor.html

http://www.housetohome.co.uk/products/type/furnishings/flooring/Cadiz_Riven_Slate_Floor_Tiles_5743.html?subslug=/products/room/bathroom

Advantage Easy to clean, flat floor

Easy to clean, hard to scratch, cheap, very flat floor.

Soft Easy to clean, hard to scratch, inert, very flat floor.

Easy to clean, hard to scratch

Disadvantage Easy to scratch Unpleasant finish for a shopping centre.

Hard to clean Expensive Not a smooth floor

Cost Hardboard: $22.95m

2

Particle board: $42.30m

2

Plywood: $48.80m2

Tongued and Grooved: $106.00m

2

Broomed finish: $5.45m

2

Power float: $5.65m

2

Steel trowel: $5.80m

2

Wood float: $5.65m

2

Water wash: $26.50m

2

Nylon: $37.00m2

Wool: $125.50m2

$250.00m2 $115.00m

2

Summary: The properties I would like in the shopping centre finish would be an easy to clean surface that was either monolithic or extremely flat. The class of the building is generally evaluated by its finish; due to this the use of marble as a finish will occur. It is classy, very smooth and extremely easy to clean due to its inert properties. Slate will also be used on the exterior due to its less slippery surface.

1.7. Summary The use of the precast concrete slab in the ground floor will now be changed to the Slim Flor system. This is due to post evaluation of new information. It will comprise a concrete slab on top of its hardcore finish, with a polymer membrane and Extruded Polystyrene in-between the two layers, to waterproof it and insulate it. The floor finish will be white marble on the interior and slate on the exterior.

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2. Superstructure:

2.1. Overview

The superstructure consists of a:

� Wall structure

� Damp proof course

� External walls (external and internal cladding)

� Insulation

� Windows

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2.2. Wall Structure

(Table 6): Wall structure type

Wall Type Steel framed Brick Timber framed Concrete Concrete blocks

Picture

http://metaltechbuildingsystems.c

om/about_us

http://metaltechbuildingsystems.c

om/about_us http://www.just-

insulation.com/celotex_xr3000_ra

nge_xtra-

r_rigid_insulation_boards.html

http://www.monsterconstructors.

com/dfw-icf-concrete-walls.htm

http://construction-

material.concretesupplieshelp.info

/articles/concrete-block-wall/2.jpg

Dimensions 100mm 270mm (2 X

110mm bricks +

cavity)

75mm 300mm 250mm (2 X

100mm bricks +

cavity)

Strength High Very high Medium Extremely high Very high

Stability High Very high Medium Extremely high Very high

Resistance to weather

Low Very high Low Extremely high Extremely high

Resistance to the passage of heat


Durability and freedom from maintenance

Extremely high Low Very high Very low Low

Fire safety Low Very high Low Extremely high Very high

Resistance to the passage of sound


Security Low Very high Low Extremely high Extremely high

Advantages High strength to

weight ratio, won’t

burn, warp or

shrink. Termite,

borer, dry rot proof.

High thermal

mass, heat

resistant,

Keeps strength

under high

temperatures

(burning), common

material.

High thermal

mass, heat

resistant,

High thermal

mass, heat

resistant,

Disadvantages Could corrode,

brittle, fatigue, ping

Frost damage,

strong foundation

needed to hold up

and therefore

needing solid soil

or deep

foundations.

Slanting, creep,

rotting, termites,

fungi

Strong foundation

needed to hold up

and therefore

needing solid soil

or deep

foundations.

Frost damage,

strong foundation

needed to hold up

and therefore

needing solid soil

or deep

foundations.

Suited Conditions Customisable,

lightweight

structure. Services

can be thread

through it, where

price is an issue.

Strong, sturdy,

weather orientated,

where structure is

simple.

Customisable,

lightweight

structure, where

price is an issue. In

areas that are

termite free.

Strong, sturdy,

weather orientated.

Structure could be

complex.

Strong, sturdy,

weather orientated.

Where structure is

simple.

Cost $1720 per tonne

(beam) $1680/T

(column)

$174m2 $51.40m

2 $383m

2 $186m

2

13

Summary: Due to its easily customisable structure where services can be threaded through it and its

freedom from maintenance, the steel frame will be used.

2.3. Damp proof course

(Table 7): Damp proof course type

DPC type Mortar Bituminous Aluminium Zinc

Advantage Liquid till set Liquid till set Inert, conditions can be

variable

Malleable, conditions

can be variable

Disadvantage Conditions to be stable Conditions to be stable Expensive

Suited conditions When price is an issue

and conditions are

stable

When conditions are

stable

When price is an issue

and conditions are

variable.

When price is not an

issue, zinc is the

preferred material

Cost $0.50m2

$1.95m2

$3.20m2

$20.50m2

Summary: Due to its great inert properties and its cost, aluminium will be the method/material for the

damp proof course.

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2.4. External walls (Cladding system)

(Table 8): External wall cladding system

Cladding

system

Curtain wall Buchtal system Quadroclad facade system

Fireclad system

Picture

http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2004/0079038.html

http://www.madeinetem.com/en/product/en-vario

http://www.archdaily.com/category/building-techn ology-and-materials/

http://www.boral.com.au/Brochures/orders/PDF/02665_FireCLAD_Aug06.pdf?company=Plasterboard

Advantage Most common method. Hidden system High R-value, simple

design, is not supported

by the ground, totally

hidden system.

Simple, cheap

Disadvantage Complex design Complex design Expensive Doesn’t allow for large

variations or complex

shapes, is supported by

the ground.

Suited

conditions

Easy to install due to

common use when there

is a cheap price needed

and the ground cannot

support.

For the most expensive

but well hidden system

Cladding over old

buildings, in cold

temperatures, where the

system cannot be seen.

For the cheapest and

simplest method

available

Cost $318.00m2

$290.00 – $460.00m2

$330.00m2

$83.50m2

Summary: The system that will be most useful in this situation would be the Quadroclad facade

system. This is due to the hidden system that allows for insulation where the structure cannot hold it.

Due to its honeycomb shape the insulation can also be translucent, allowing for another dimension to

the building.

15

2.5. External walls external cladding (materials)

(Table 9): External walls external cladding material

Cladding

material

Precast Concrete Wall Aluminium Fibreglass Glass

Picture

h

ttp://www.archiexpo.com/prod/chapsol/reinfor

ced-concrete-retaining-wall-br-precast-units-

59361-141524.html

http://structuralglazings.tradeindia.com/Export

ers_Suppliers/Exporter20589.349766/Aluminiu

m-Wall-Cladding.html

http://www.directindustry.com/prod/butzbach/f

acade-system-made-of-fiberglass-4935-

34468.html

http://www.brittexusa.com/Architecture

Advantage Superior protection against storms, criminal activity, high level of fire resistance and decreases unwanted noise

Modern and impressive aspect, ability to curve and bend, reduced weight, inert to oxidation and therefore resistance to environmental factors (rain, ultraviolet radiation, pollution), easy maintenance

Fire resistant, impact

resistant, translucent

Clear anodised aluminium shop fronts glazed with 6mm toughened safety glass, transparent

Disadvantage Heavy, aesthetically

unpleasant finish

High embodied energy Expensive

Cost $144.00m2 $60.60m

2 $42.20m

2 $585.00m

2

Summary: There will be a combination of cladding materials, consisting of aluminium due to its

amazing advantages and modern look and the use of glass as well, mainly for the shop fronts, due to

its transparent nature allowing customers to see into the shop. The aluminium also has a classy look

that seems expensive (yet is not) and therefore matching the shop’s character.

2.6. Insulation

Refer to page 9 Floor: 1.5. Insulation (Table 4): Insulation material

Summary: Due to the amazing advantages and small budget, the insulating material will be polyester. It is eco friendly, easy insulation with no irritation, but with an extremely high R-value.

16

2.7. Window frame

(Table 10) Window frame material:

Glass block Aluminium Timber

Picture

http://www.arou

ndireland.net/2006/08/post_33.html http://www.archiexpo.com/pro

d/aluprof-sa/aluminium-sliding-window-58024-

153622.html

http://www.timberwindows.c

om/content/More_Information/Technical/

Cost $650.00m2

Single glazed: $465m2

Double glazed: $565m2

Single glazed: $305.00m2

Double glazed: $415.00m2

Summary: The choice between a thick translucent material and a thin one depends on the weather.

Newcastle is not a frozen hostile environment and because of that the thinner translucent system will

be used. As the structure will be made out of steel, the best material for the job would be a metal;

therefore the chosen material for the framing is aluminium.

2.8. External walls internal cladding

Refer to page 16 Superstructure: External walls external cladding (Table 9): External walls external cladding material Summary: As said above in ‘16 Superstructure: External walls external cladding summary’ a combination of cladding materials consisting of aluminium and glass will be used. This is to match with the building’s character.

2.9. Summary The structure of the wall will be steel framed, with an aluminium damp proof course. The cladding

system for the facade will be the ‘Quadroclad facade system’, with internal and external cladding

being a combination of aluminium and glass. The insulation of the building will be made up of

polyester with the window frame being made out of aluminium to allow for easy installation due to the

structure also being metal.

17

3. Formwork

3.1. Overview

There are many different types of formwork consisting of differing materials and methods.

The different materials consist of:

• Timber

• Steel

• Aluminium

• Polymers (plastic)

• Glass re-inforced

The different methods consist of:

• Wall: Jump form

• Slab: Table form • Slip form

• Climb form

3.2. Temporary formwork (materials)

(Table 11): Temporary formwork type (material)

Material type Timber (AS 1720) and Plywood (AS/NZS 2269 and AS 2271),

Steel (AS 4100) Aluminium (AS 1664) (mainly as proprietary systems or special purpose made forms)

Plastic Glass re-enforced

Picture

http://www.chhwoodproducts.com.au/index.cfm/pageD/367/ViewSharedCaseStudy/65/tablink/casestudies

http://www.diytrade.com/china/4/leads/4574547/sell_composed_steel_formwork.html

http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/gilbertjiang/product-detailkqemuhroOJUl/China-Aluminium-Formwork.html

http://www.speedcrete.co.uk/roller-screeding-guide-i873.html

http://www.findtheneedle.co.uk/products/2634584-glass-reinforced-plastic-dormer-windows.asp

Physical Quality Low High Very high Medium Very high

Safety High Medium Medium Very high High

Economical Yes Yes Yes No No

Advantage Simple, commonly

used

Strong Very reusable,

strong

Availability to make

complex moulds,

creating complex

shapes

Availability to make

complex moulds,

creating complex

shapes, whilst

having more

strength than

plastic.

Disadvantage Not the strongest

material.

Heavy Not very strong Expensive

18

Suited conditions Simple, cheap

buildings that are

not very tall

Simple buildings that are tall

Simple/slightly

complex buildings

that are tall.

Economical and

green in its reuse

whilst still being

strong and

affordable.

Complex small

buildings

Complex taller

buildings

cost $76.00m2 $81.50m

2 $83.00m

2 $95.50m

2 $138.00m

2

Summary: The material I chose is affordable, green, well suited to structurally hold the mould together

and is reusable. Aluminium has many positive properties and if more of these shopping centres do get

built, the formwork can be re-used.

3.3. Temporary formwork (structure)

(Table 12): Temporary formwork type (structure)

Innovative

formwork

Wall: Jump form

Slab: Table form

Slip form Climb form

Picture

htt

p://www.p3planningengineer.com/productivi

ty/system%20fw/system%20fw.htm

htt

p://www.p3planningengineer.com/productivi

ty/system%20fw/system%20fw.htm

ht

tp://www.gpdinvestments.com/construction-

status/2010_empireheights_jan.php

htt

p://www.futureformwork.com/product.php

Description The formwork is held up

by the wall, where the

current wall section is

held up by the previous.

(only for walls and

columns)

Table or deck panels

with adjustable legs and

rollers, which after each

level get lifted up to the

next. (only for slab)

Continuous vertical

extrusion of the

formwork in the same

speed as the setting

concrete. (only for

columns)

The formwork is held up

by the wall, where the

current wall section is

held up by the previous.

Yet it uses jacks to rise.

(only for walls and

columns)

Mechanism Crane is used to lift the forms; crane is not used for forms stripping

Stacks of formwork,

shaped like a table, with

wheels are put into

place.

Locomotion is provided by electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic jacks climbing on smooth steel rods

System is lifted by hydraulic, electric or pneumatic lifters

Building shape Can handle moderate variation of columns / wall size and location

Can handle major

variations in horizontal

projection not vertical

projection.

Wall should be of same location; wall size variation can be accommodated

Can handle moderate variation of column / wall size and location

Openings/

Projections

Openings/projections should be regularly

Maximum projection and

openings.

Minimize openings; projection is impractical

Can handle moderate variation in openings

19

occurring from floor to floor

size and location

Cycle time Can achieve 1 floor every 2-3 days

Unknown (was not in

lecture 8 – temporary

formwork (table 8.2:

Comparison among

different innovative

forms))

Can achieve 1 floor every day. Continuous materials delivery is a must.

Can achieve 1 floor every 2-3 days

Construction

sequence

Walls are ahead of the floor

Floor is ahead of the

walls



Learning curve Easy to learn and adapt; short learning curve

Unknown (Was not in



Comparison among


forms))

System can be learned in 2-3 weeks

System requires high quality supervision

Concrete finish Smooth concrete finish; form liners can be used

Unknown (Was not in



Comparison among


forms))

System produces rough concrete finish; no ties

Smooth concrete finish; form liners can be used

Weather Wind can affect crane operation

Difficult to handle on

windy days.

Hot and cold weather affect the concrete setting time and thus the rising of form

Relatively none

Surroundings Minimum free area Need free space to be moved from floor to floor

Minimum free area Maximum free area

Safety No one on the form during crane handling

Unknown (Was not in



Comparison among


forms))

Precaution on fire prevention, several hundred feet above the ground

Precaution on fire prevention, several hundred feet above the ground

Advantage No floor needed.

Decreased crane time.

Cost is cheaper, higher

productivity, larger

amount of work space,

reduction of stripping

costs.

Monolithic structure and

most common method in

Australia.

No need for a crane.

Disadvantage Adequate clearance is

needed from adjacent

structures.

Unusable on windy days

Structure needs an open

facade.

Less openings and

decorative features,

ambient temperature can

affect the efficiency of

the form, requires

experienced

management and

minimum wall thickness

is 150mm

Adequate clearance is

needed from adjacent

structures.

Suited Conditions Used when no floor is available to support wall formwork. Shear walls, bridge abutment, breakwater walls and

Large area slab

construction, with

regularity in the plan.

Applicable to tall vertical structures like the central core of high rise buildings.

Used when no floor is available to support wall formwork and when a crane cannot be used. Shear walls, bridge

20

control towers. abutment, breakwater walls and

control towers.

Cost N/A (was not in the

Rawlinsons Australian

construction handbook

2010)

N/A (was not in the



2010)

N/A (was not in the



2010)

N/A (was not in the



2010)

3.4. Summary

Due to already using a steel frame, columns on the external wall are not needed. There will be steel columns in the middle and the slabs will use a Slim Flor system that will need little formwork whilst the concrete is curing. On the basement, formwork will be needed to cover the steel columns for strength, but no technical type of formwork will be needed.

21

4. Internal walls:

4.1. Overview The internal walling system consists of a(n):

• Internal structure type • Cladding • Insulation

4.2. Internal Structure (Table 13): Internal structure type

Structure type Brick Masonry Stud Picture

http://metaltechbuildingsyst

ems.com/about_us

http://www.barker.com/products/index.html?category=31&subcategory=31&product=310

http://19harvey.blogspot.com/

Advantage Higher soundproof High soundproof Light, customisable, Services can be thread through it, where price is an issue.

Disadvantage Heavy, not adjustable Heavy, not adjustable Low soundproof Suited conditions

Cold climates Cold climates A need for a customisable, lightweight structure.

Cost $86.40m2

$91.90m2

$50.80m2

Summary: Due to its easily customisable structure where services can be threaded through and no

maintenance needed, the stud (steel framed) wall will be used.

22

4.3. Cladding (internal wall) (Table 14): Cladding type internal wall

Cladding type Plasterboard Timber Tiling Fibre cement Picture

http://ww

w.bpltd.co.nz/linings.php http://www.dydracons

ulting.com/2009/12/30/the-yarra-house-

interior-design-ideas-by-leeton-

pointon/timber-wall-and-natural-door-design/ http://homedesigninterior.com/2010/04/05/link

-tiles-a-modern-bathroom-tiles-from-novabell/

http://abdallahhou

se.blogspot.com/2009/04/deconstruction-not-

demolition.html

Description Gypsum plaster between two pieces of paper

Timber stacked/ laid/ joined together

Tiles laid Fibreglass sheets sandwiched between 2 pieces of paper

Advantage Easily customisable Pleasant finish Easy to clean Easily customisable Disadvantage Not easily customisable Not easily customisable Suited conditions

Shopping centres due to the easily customisable pieces which are cheap to buy.

Residential Residential Residential (bathrooms, utilities)

Cost 10mm: $27.60m2

13mm fire rated: $30.70m

2

$22.95m2

Particle board: $42.30m

2

Plywood: $48.80m2

Tongued and Grooved: $106.00m

2

$115.50m2

$35.50m2

Summary: Due to the ease of customising and price plasterboard is chosen for the job. It may be the cheapest but it can also be clad by the tenants of the shops. The reason for these walls is to provide a barrier between shops.

4.4. Insulation (Internal Wall) Refer to page 10 Foundation (Ground):1.5. Insulation (Table 4): Insulation material

Summary: Due to the amazing advantages and the lack of a budget, the insulating material will be polyester. It is eco-friendly, easy insulation with no irritation and with an extremely high R-value too.

4.5. Summary

The structure type will be a stud wall (steel) that has polyester insulation and is clad in plasterboard.

23

5. Ceiling:

5.1. Overview

There are two different structures of ceilings, fixed and suspended. Fixed ceilings consist of:

• Plaster direct

• Sprayed finishes

• Dry lining

• Ceiling tiles

Suspended ceilings consist of:

• Jointless systems

• Frame and panel systems

• Linear strip systems

• Open strip/cell systems

24

5.2. Ceiling structure

Fixed Ceilings: (Table 15) fixed ceiling type:

Fixed ceilings Plaster direct

Sprayed finishes

Dry lining

Ceiling tiles

Picture

http://www.gleesonprecast.com/finishings.htm http://www.boatus.com/boatgroups/foru

m/forum_posts.asp?TID=828&PN=1&TPN=46

http://www.homeworx.org.uk/Ceilings.php

http://www.insulite.com.au/

Appearance Flat Bumpy Flat Bumpy Accessibility None None None None Fire protection Low Low Very low Medium Sound control Low Low Very low Low Create a lower ceiling height

No No No No

Light reflectance No Refracted light No Yes Humidity resistance. Low Low Low None Anti-microbial performance

Low Low Low Medium

Air quality Medium Medium Medium Medium Durability High Medium Low High Advantages Most common Simple process Very flat surface Disadvantages If not done properly

could look distorted Can break off quite easily

Hard to cut into place Heavy, can create an echo

Suited Conditions Residential Residential, schools Residential More expensive residential

Cost Skim Coat: $24.70m2

Two Coats: $50.60m2

$60.10m2



25

(Table 16): Suspended Ceilings

Suspended ceilings Jointless systems Frame and panel systems

Linear strip systems Open strip/cell systems

Picture

http://www.buildsrilanka.com/IMAGES/Ceilings_4.gif

http://www.dynaflex.com.sg/clip%20in%20system.htm

http://www.dynaflex.com.sg/linear%20strip%20system.htm

http://www.aluminumceiling.net/Products/Aluminum-Ceiling-OULU-OA.htm

Appearance Cannot see the joints only the cladding

Can see the joints that hold the panels

Cannot see the joints Can see right through

Accessibility Hard Easiest Easy Easy Fire protection High Medium Medium Low Sound control High Medium High Low Create a lower ceiling height

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Light reflectance No Yes No Yes Humidity resistance. Yes Yes Yes No Anti-microbial performance

High High High Low

Air quality High High High High Durability Medium Medium Very high High Advantages Cannot see the joints Ease of access Classy style, ease of

fitting in non quadrilateral shapes

Very classy style, architecturally interesting, ease of fitting in non quadrilateral shapes

Disadvantages Hard to access Aesthetically unpleasant

Heavy Lack of resistance to humidity, sound, light and microbes

Suited Conditions Cheap and quick solution

Office spaces that do not have to be aesthetically pleasant

Higher class areas, train and metro stations. Irregular shaped buildings.

Artistic, a play with space, light and feel of a room. Interesting type of space

Cost $31.50m2


Pine: $200.50m2

Hardwood $294.00m2

Aluminium $147.00m2

Pine: $247.00m2

Hardwood $334.00m2

Aluminium $180.00m2

5.3. Summary i) The chosen system is suspended due to its horizontal space that can be used for services,

including ventilation, electricity, sewage and mains. ii) The chosen suspended system is the open/strip cell system as it is an artistic style that pursues

the experience of the building, with the material chosen being aluminium.

26

6. Foundation (1st Storey) 6.1. Overview

In a foundation, where the slab is above ground level, there is a: • Hardcore • Floor • Insulation • Finish

6.2. Hardcore

Refer to page 6 Foundation (Ground): 1.2. Hardcore (Table 1): Hardcore type

Summary: The allocation of a slimfloor hardcore is due to the positive aspects of the structure. With embedded service areas and light weight it will be very useful in a shopping centre.

6.3. Floor

Refer to page 8 Foundation (Ground): 1.3. Floor (Table 2): Floor type

Summary: The concrete slab will be used as it can be easily clad after it is finished. Because the

process is already being used, it will be repeated and therefore it will be simpler than creating a

floating floor.

6.4. Insulation

Refer to page 10 Foundation (Ground):1.5. Insulation (Table 4): Insulation material

Summary: As said before on page 7 because of the rigid structure and high thermal restante extruded

polystyrene will be used for the floor insulation. This can be laid down before the concrete to minimise

heat and sound penetration.

6.5. Finish

Refer to page 11 Foundation (Ground): 1.6. Finish (Table 5): Floor finish Summary: on page 7 the described required characteristic of the shopping centre was an easy to clean surface that was either monolithic or extremely flat. The class of the building is generally evaluated by its finish. As used on the ground floor marble will be used on the interior and slate will be used on the exterior due to its less slippery surface.

6.6. Summary

The first floor will be similar to the ground floor, retaining qualities like service space, lightweight

structure and quality finish. This is done by using a slimfloor hardcore, with a concrete slab, that has

imbedded polystyrene insulation board and is finished with marble.

27

7. Internal Access system:

7.1. Overview There are many different types of internal access systems consisting of differing material finishes and

systems:

These differing systems include:

• Stairs

• Escalators

• Elevators

The materials that may be used include:

• Concrete (stairs)

• Steel (stairs)

• Timber (stairs, elevator, escalator)

• Granolithic (elevator, stairs)

• Vinyl tiles (elevator, stairs)

• Carpet (elevator, stairs)

• Terrazzo (elevator, stairs)

• Marble (elevator, stairs)

• Aluminium safety nose (stairs)

28

7.2. Types of Internal Access systems (Table 17): Internal access system

Internal access system

Stairs Escalator Elevator

Picture

http://www.sacbee.com/2009/04/06/1760033/pluck-storey-setup.html

http://misslissa.wordpress.com/2009/01/28/escalators/

http://www.jdsblog.com/2008/02/23/mastering-your-elevator-pitch-meetings-101/

Advantage No electricity needed No waiting, or need to walk No need to walk Disadvantage Effort needed Electricity needed Electricity needed, need to walk Suited conditions Small shops Larger shops (3+ floors) Vertically large shops (3+ floors) Concrete:

Granolithic: $372 m/rise Vinyl tiles: $146 m/rise Carpet: $260 m/rise Terrazzo: $2300 m/rise Marble: $2165 m/rise Aluminium safety nose: $725 m/rise Steel: $3410 m/rise Timber: $1455 m/rise Carpet: $1814 m/rise

$155,000 $95,000

Summary: The internal access system will be stairs as the building itself is not very big; this saves on installation costs, electricity and maintenance.

29

7.3. Material of Internal access system (Table 18): Material of Internal access system

Stair material Concrete Steel Timber Picture

http://www.hpc.ie/precast%20co

ncrete%20stairs.htm http://www.amezz.com/lad

ders-stairs.html

http://www.stairsuk.co.uk/

Advantage Strong, sturdy Play on physics Light Disadvantage Cold, industrial Fragile compared to the other two Suited conditions

Shopping centres Industrial areas Residential

Cost Granolithic: $372 m/rise Vinyl tiles: $146 m/rise Carpet: $260 m/rise Terrazzo: $2300 m/rise Marble: $2165 m/rise Aluminium safety nose: $725m/rise

$3410 m/rise Timber: $1455 m/rise Carpet: $1814 m/rise

Summary: The chosen material will be concrete with a marble finish; this is to keep with the aesthetics of the building.

7.4. Summary The access system will be stairs due to how small the site is. The material of the stairs will be marble, keeping with the class of the structure.

30

8. Roof:

8.1. Overview The roof system consists of a:

• Roof structure • Insulation • Damp proof membrane

8.2. Roof structure (Table 19): Roof Structure

Roof system Mass Concrete roof system

Insulated Roof On Metal Decks

Green roof system Steel roof (steel structure)

Tiled roof (steel structure)

Picture

http://www.hjbuilding.ie/flat_roof_systems/view/mass-concrete-roof http://www.hjbuilding.ie/flat_ro

of_systems/view/insulated-roof-on-metal-decks http://energytwod

otzero.org/2009/01/21/up-on-a-roof/

http://www.detrayscustomhousingllc.com/customize/customizeandpersonalize.htm

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tiled_roof_in_Dubrovnik.jpg

Strength Very high High Very high Medium Medium Stability Very high High High Medium Medium Resistance to weather

Very high High Very high High High

Resistance to the passage of heat

Very high Very high Very high Low Medium

Durability and freedom from maintenance

Very low Medium Low High Very high

Fire safety High Medium Very high Low Medium Resistance to the passage of sound

High High Very high Very low Low

Security Very high High Very high Low Very low Advantages Strength, sound

proof, leak proof Combination of strength and light weight

Units are made from 100% recycled plastic, stable, practical, and quick to assemble (an unskilled worker can lay more 80 m²/hour). High waterproofing protection, due to the staggered layout of the feet, which have large, circular, support surfaces. Pipes can pass through the empty cavity between the waterproofing and the ground. High resistance to compression more than 10,000 kg/m² (such as small rubber-tyred loaders, mini-excavators etc). Will not deteriorate, even if attacked by mould and bacteria, or by chemical agents, such as fertilizer.

Common therefore easy and inexpensive to construct

Common therefore easy and inexpensive to construct, easy to fix a leak

Disadvantages Hard to fix a leak Complex Hard to find a leak Hard to fix leaks Aesthetically

31

cheap, mould Suited Conditions

Simple large spanning roofs

Large spanning roofs needed to be lightweight due to soil reactivity.

Suitable for use with any type of watertight facing, without damaging it, thanks to its completely smooth, large, circular feet.

Residential Residential

Cost $291/m2



$170/m2

$206/m2

Summary: The favoured type of roof is the green roof, due to its amazing advantages and great properties.

8.3. Concrete Roof Structure Refer to page 6 Foundation (Ground): 1.2. Hardcore (Table 1): Hardcore type

Summary: As stated on page 23 ‘Foundation (1st storey): 5.2. Hardcore’: The allocation of a Slim Flor

hardcore is due to the positive aspects of the structure. With embedded service areas and light weight structure it will be very useful in a shopping centre.

8.4. Insulation Refer to page 8 Foundation (Ground):1.5. Insulation (Table 4): Insulation material

Summary: As stated on page 7 because of the rigid structure and high thermal restante, extruded

polystyrene will be used for the roof insulation. This can be laid down before the damp proof

membrane, hessian, circular plastic layer, soil and vegetation, to minimise heat and sound

penetration.

8.5. Damp proof Membrane Refer to page 9 Foundation (Ground): 1.4. Damp Proof Membrane (Table 3): Damp proof membrane material Summary: As the slab is in situ the use of a polymer membrane or a Styrofoam membrane is the most useful as it can cover under the concrete. The polymer membrane will be used as it is better in difficult situations. It also doesn’t have to be replaced unlike the bituminous paint so it will last a long time making it more sustainable.

8.6. Summary The roof system will be a green roof with a Slim Flor structure to hold it up. The insulation will be polystyrene and the damp proof membrane will be Styrofoam.

32

9. Cost analysis (Table 20): Cost analysis of all materials

Element Sub-element Product Unit Price per unit Amount of products

Price Cumulative price

Basement All of the basement construction

All of the basement construction

N/A N/A 1 $2,692,707 $2,692,707

Ground floor system Precast hollow core concrete

N/A N/A 1 $348,000 $2,344,707

Foundation (Ground)

1.2 Hardcore Slim Flor system N/A Concrete M2 $161.00 2,991.7 M2 $481,663.70 $2,826,370.70 Steel (beam) T $1720.00 69.025 $118,722.80 $2,945,093.50

1.4 Damp proof Membrane Styrofoam M2 $22.40 2,991.7 M2 $67,014.08 $3,012,107.58 1.5 Insulation Extruded Polystyrene M2 $35.80 2,752.36 M2 $98,534.48 $3,110,642.06 1.6 Finish Marble M2 $250.00 1,565.1 M2 $391,275.00 $3,501,917.06

Slate M2 $115.00 1,426.6 M2 $164,059.00 $3,665,976.06 1. Foundation (Ground) $1,321,268.06

Superstructure

2.2 Wall Structure Steel framed (column) T $1680 42.552688 $71,492.90 $3,737,468.96 2.3 Damp proof course Aluminium M2 $3.20 65,805.9 M2 $210,578.88 $3,948,047.84 2.6 External wall system Quadroclad system M2 $330.00 1316.7 M2 $434,511.00 $4,382,558.84 2.7, 2.10 External Wall cladding

Aluminium M2 $60.60 547.8 M2 $33,196.68 $4,415,755.52 Glass M2 $585.00 768.9 M2 $449,806.50 $4,865,562.02

2.8 Insulation Polyester M2 $15.75 1316.7 M2 $20,738.03 $4,886,300.05 2. Superstructure $1,220,323.99

Formwork 3.2 – 3.3 Temporary

formwork Aluminium M2 $83.00 607.5 M2 $50,422.50 $4,936,722.55

3. Formwork $50,422.50 Internal walls 4.2 Wall structure (ground &

1st storey) Stud (steel columns) T $1720 Already in

superstructure 2.2 wall structure

N/A

4.3 Cladding Plasterboard M2 $30.70 1018.71 M2 $31,274.40 $4,967,996.95 4.4 Insulation Polyester M2 $15.75 613.80 M2

$9,667.35 $4, 977,664.30 4. Internal Walls $40,941.75

Ceiling 5.2 Ceiling structure Aluminium open strip/cell M2 $180.00 3,559.4 M2 $640,692.00 $5,618,356.30

5. Ceiling $640,692.00 Foundation (1

st

Storey)

6.2 Hardcore Slim Flor system N/A Concrete M2 $161.00 1,779.7 M2 $286,531.70 $5,904,888.00 Steel (beam) T $1720 70.827393 $121,823.10 $6,026,711.10 6.3 Floor Concrete floor M2 $110.00 1,779.7 M2 $195,767.00 $6,222,478.10 6.4 Insulation Polystyrene M2 $35.80 1,637.3 M2 $58,615.34 $6,281,093.44 6.5 Finish Marble M2 $250.00 1,779.7 M2 $444,925.00 $6,726,018.44

6. Foundation (1st Storey) $1,107,662.14

Access system

7.2-7.3 External Access system

Concrete stairs with marble cladding.

M/rise $2165.00 317.29 M2 $686,929.63 $7,412,948.07

7. Access System $686,929.63 Roof 8.2 Roof structure Green roof system M2 N/A Unknown was

not in Rawlinson’s Australian Construction Handbook 2010)

8.3 Concrete roof system (Slim Flor system)

Concrete M2 $161.00 2,215.700 M2 $356,727.70 $7,769,675.77 Steel (beam) T $1720 94.051523 $161,768.60 $7,931,444.37

8.4 Insulation Polystyrene M2 $35.80 2,215.700 M2 $79,322.00 $8,010,766.37 8.5 Damp Proof Membrane Styrofoam M2 $22.40 2,215.700 M2 $49,631.70 $8,060,398.07

8. Roof $647,450.00

Public Commercial Building $8,060,398.07

33

10. Construction Explanation Process:

1. Evaluation of Basement 2. Steel Erection 3. Slab, wall (concrete) and stair construction 4. External wall construction 5. Internal wall construction 6. Finishes

1. Evaluation of Basement: The basement needed a few changes to allow for access and it also needed storage areas. These have been fixed. The access system will use aluminium formwork to allow the concrete to be poured and the storage area is next to the western retaining wall. (Table 21) Evaluation of Basement Images: Name Picture

Perspective

34

Plan

Section

Detail (Access

system

formwork)

http://www.sawformwork.com/form_steel/Formed-Stairs.jpg

35

2. Steel Erection:

Steel columns and beams bolted together as all of the joinery will be done on site. The major connections will be column beam connections and the only welding will be on the base of the column which will be UC welded onto a base plate. (Table 22)Steel Erection Images: Name Picture

Perspective

Ground

36

1st Storey

Roof

Section

37

Detail (Base

Joint)

Detail (Column

to beam

connection)

Acquired from Lecture 7 – Steel Application (slide 42)

38

3. Slab, wall (concrete) and stair construction The slab construction consists of steel decking sheets that lay on the flange plate. Rebar is then placed down and insulation is also placed in the mould. For the ground floor a damp proof membrane is placed below. An anti crack mesh is also placed on. The concrete is then poured. During the pouring process a poker vibrator will be used and also a ride on trowelling machine. It will also be membrane cured to prevent the environment from affecting the process. The concrete wall will use formwork and will have rebar within to structurally aid it in tensile stresses. The stairs will also use formwork during construction. The roof will be laid upon the Slim Flor system which will be waterproofed by a damp proof membrane. (Table 23) Slab, wall (concrete) and stair construction images: Name Picture

Perspective

Floor Plan

39

1st Storey

Roof

Section

40

Slab

construction

(Slim Floor

system)

http://webs.demasiado.com/forjados/tipologia/semiprefa/slimfloor/index.htm

Detail (Roof)

41

4. External wall construction The external wall structure is a Quadroclad facade system that connects to the steel structure. In the gap insulation and a damp proof course (ground floor) will be installed. The quadroclad system allows for the cladding to be ‘clipped’ on. (Table 24) External wall construction images: Name Picture

Perspective

Floor Plan

42

1st Storey

Section

(Detail)

Cladding system

Acquired from Lecture 10 wall and Access System

(note: the wall structure is steel not concrete; it will be welded on

and the cladding can still be clipped on.)

43

5. Internal wall construction The internal walls will be stud walls so there will be a steel frame that connects to the fire rated plaster board. There is insulation in the middle wrapping in between the studs. (Table 25) Internal wall construction images: Name Picture

Floor Plan

1st Storey

44

Section

Detail (Internal

wall)

http://www.lafargeplasterboard.com.au/images/systems/img/ExternalSteelWalls.gif

45

6. Finishes The ceiling will connect to the floor above using a sheer stud connection to the steel decking. Slate will be laid down then the marble will be laid on the ground floor access system then the 1

st floor. The

internal walls will be painted white, and then the building will be ready to be occupied. (Table 26) Finishes Images Name Picture

Perspective

Plan (Ground)

46

Plan (1st Storey)

Plan (Roof)

Section

47

Detail (ceiling)

http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/prometal/metal-strip-suspended-ceiling-3531-12654.html

Detail (floor)

48

11. Conclusion A Slim Flor system will be the base of the construction as it uses steel members that can fasten to the steel columns. It comprises an insulating area where extruded polystyrene can go. It will comprise a concrete slab on top of its hardcore finish, with a polymer membrane in between the two layers, for waterproofing. The floor finish will be white marble on the interior and slate on the exterior. The superstructure will be steel framed with an aluminium damp proof course. The temporary

formwork material will be aluminium; this will be used to cover the columns on the basement (car

park) level. The cladding system for the facade will be the ‘Quadroclad facade system’, with internal

and external cladding being a combination of aluminium and glass. The insulation of the building will

consist of polyester with the window frame being made out of aluminium to allow for easy installation

due to the structure also being metal.

No technical type of formwork will be needed, yet the material will be aluminium, to allow for reuse of the formwork. The internal wall will comprise a stud wall (steel) that has polyester insulation and is clad in plasterboard. For the ceiling, the chosen system is suspended due to its horizontal space that can be used for services, including ventilation, electricity, sewage and mains. The chosen suspended system is the open/strip cell system as it is an artistic style that pursues the experience of the building, with the material chosen being aluminium. The first floor will be the same as the ground floor as there are no open spaces; only a marble finish will be used. A damp proof membrane will not be needed as it is above ground water level. The access system will be stairs due to how small the site is. The material of the stairs will be marble, keeping with the class of the structure. Finally to waterproof it all the roof system will be a green roof with a Slim Flor structure to hold it up. The insulation will be polystyrene and the damp proof membrane will be Styrofoam.

49

12. Bibliography Books:

• McEvoy, M. (1994) External Components. Longman Scientific & Technical. • Blanc, A. (1994) Internal Components. Longman Scientific & Technical. • Barry, R. (2001) The Construction of Buildings (Vol 4), 5th Edition, Blackwell Scientific

Publications. • Chudley, R, Greeno, R. (2010) Building Construction Handbook (Vol 8)

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• http://www.flooringserviceswales.co.uk/gallery.html Accessed on the 15/510

• http://www.diytrade.com/china/4/products/274946/Marble_Floor.html Accessed on the 15/510

• http://www.housetohome.co.uk/products/type/furnishings/flooring/Cadiz_Riven_Slate_Floor_T

iles_5743.html?subslug=/products/room/bathroom Accessed on the 15/510

• http://metaltechbuildingsystems.com/about_us Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://www.just-insulation.com/celotex_xr3000_range_xtra-r_rigid_insulation_boards.html

Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://www.monsterconstructors.com/dfw-icf-concrete-walls.htm Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://construction-material.concretesupplieshelp.info/articles/concrete-block-wall/2.jpg


50

• http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2004/0079038.html Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://www.madeinetem.com/en/product/en-vario Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://www.archdaily.com/category/building-techn ology-and-materials/ Accessed on the

16/5/10

• http://www.boral.com.au/Brochures/orders/PDF/02665_FireCLAD_Aug06.pdf?company=Plast

erboard Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/chapsol/reinforced-concrete-retaining-wall-br-precast-units-

59361-141524.html Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://structuralglazings.tradeindia.com/Exporters_Suppliers/Exporter20589.349766/Aluminiu

m-Wall-Cladding.html Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://www.directindustry.com/prod/butzbach/facade-system-made-of-fiberglass-4935-

34468.html Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://www.brittexusa.com/Architecture Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://www.aroundireland.net/2006/08/post_33.html Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/aluprof-sa/aluminium-sliding-window-58024-153622.html


• http://www.timberwindows.com/content/More_Information/Technical/ Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://www.chhwoodproducts.com.au/index.cfm/pageD/367/ViewSharedCaseStudy/65/tablink/

casestudies Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://www.diytrade.com/china/4/leads/4574547/sell_composed_steel_formwork.html


• http://www.made-in-china.com/showroom/gilbertjiang/product-detailkqemuhroOJUl/China-

Aluminium-Formwork.html Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://www.speedcrete.co.uk/roller-screeding-guide-i873.html Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://www.findtheneedle.co.uk/products/2634584-glass-reinforced-plastic-dormer-

windows.asp Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://www.p3planningengineer.com/productivity/system%20fw/system%20fw.htm Accessed

on the 16/5/10

• http://www.gpdinvestments.com/construction-status/2010_empireheights_jan.php Accessed

on the 16/5/10

• http://www.futureformwork.com/product.php Accessed on the 16/5/10

• http://metaltechbuildingsystems.com/about_us Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://19harvey.blogspot.com/ Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://www.bpltd.co.nz/linings.php Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://www.dydraconsulting.com/2009/12/30/the-yarra-house-interior-design-ideas-by-leeton-

pointon/timber-wall-and-natural-door-design/ Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://homedesigninterior.com/2010/04/05/link-tiles-a-modern-bathroom-tiles-from-novabell/


• http://abdallahhouse.blogspot.com/2009/04/deconstruction-not-demolition.html Accessed on

the 17/5/10

• http://www.gleesonprecast.com/finishings.htm Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://www.boatus.com/boatgroups/forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=828&PN=1&TPN=46


• http://www.homeworx.org.uk/Ceilings.php Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://www.insulite.com.au/ Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://www.buildsrilanka.com/IMAGES/Ceilings_4.gif Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://www.dynaflex.com.sg/clip%20in%20system.htm Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://www.dynaflex.com.sg/linear%20strip%20system.htm Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://www.aluminumceiling.net/Products/Aluminum-Ceiling-OULU-OA.htm Accessed on the

17/5/10

51

• http://www.sacbee.com/2009/04/06/1760033/pluck-story-setup.html Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://misslissa.wordpress.com/2009/01/28/escalators/ Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://www.jdsblog.com/2008/02/23/mastering-your-elevator-pitch-meetings-101/ Accessed on

the 17/5/10

• http://www.hpc.ie/precast%20concrete%20stairs.htm Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://www.amezz.com/ladders-stairs.html Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://www.stairsuk.co.uk/ Accessed on the 17/5/10

• http://www.hjbuilding.ie/flat_roof_systems/view/mass-concrete-roof Accessed on the 18/5/10

• http://www.hjbuilding.ie/flat_roof_systems/view/insulated-roof-on-metal-decks Accessed on

the 18/5/10

• http://energytwodotzero.org/2009/01/21/up-on-a-roof/ Accessed on the 18/5/10

• http://www.detrayscustomhousingllc.com/customize/customizeandpersonalize.htm Accessed

on the 18/5/10

• http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tiled_roof_in_Dubrovnik.jpg Accessed on the 18/5/10

• http://www.sawformwork.com/form_steel/Formed-Stairs.jpg Accessed on the 18/5/10

• http://webs.demasiado.com/forjados/tipologia/semiprefa/slimfloor/index.htm Accessed on the

15/5/10

• http://www.lafargeplasterboard.com.au/images/systems/img/ExternalSteelWalls.gif Accessed

on the 18/5/10

• http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/prometal/metal-strip-suspended-ceiling-3531-12654.html


Lecture:

• Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 4: Specification and Cost Estimation 30/3/10 • Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 5: Concrete Technology 1 6/4/10 • Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 6: Concrete Mix Design 13/4/10 • Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 7: Steel Application 20/4/10 • Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 8: Temporary Work 27/4/10 • Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 9: Floor Ceiling and Roof 4/5/10 • Dr. Patrick Tang Lecture 10: Walls and Internal Access System 11/5/10

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