psychosocial theory of development (half part)
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Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
of Development
Erik Homburger Erikson
Born: June 15, 1902, Frankfurt, Germany
Died: May 12, 1994, Harwich, Massachusetts, United States
Education: University of Vienna
Spouse: Joan Erikson (m. 1930–1994)
Awards: Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction, Jefferson Lecture, National Book Award for Philosophy and Religion
Erik Homburger Erikson was a German-born
American developmental psychologist and
psychoanalyst known for his theory on
psychosocial development of human beings.
He maybe most famous for coining the
phrase identity crisis.
.He first published his
eight stage theory of
human development
in his 1950 book,
Childhood and
Society. The Stages
were included in the
chapter entitled “The
Eight Ages of Man”
He expanded and refined his theory in later
books and revisions, mainly:
- Identity and the Life Cycle (1959)
- Insight and Responsibility (1964)
- The Life Cycle Completed: A Review (1982), revised 1996
by Joan Erikson
- Vital Involvement in Old Age (1989)
Identity and the Life Cycle (1959)
Insight and
Responsibility(1964)
The Life Cycle
Completed:
A Review (1982),
revised 1996 by Joan
Erikson
Vital Involvement in Old Age (1989)
Similar to theory of Freud, Erikson believed
that personality develops in a series of stages.
But unlike the Freud’s theory of psychosexual
stages, Erikson’s theory describes the impact of
social experience across the whole life-span.
What differs to the work of Erikson to Freud
is the element of which gave emphasis on
the development of ego identity.
Ego identity is the conscious sense of self
that we develop through social interaction.
According to Erikson, our ego identity
constantly changes due to new experiences
and information that we acquire in our daily
interactions with other individuals in our
environment.
Furthermore, Erikson also established a
belief that a sense of competence also
motivates behaviors and actions.
Erikson’s theory implies that each stage
concerns with becoming competent in an
area of life.
If the stage is handled well, the person will
feel a sense of mastery.
If the stage is managed poorly , the person
will feel a sense of inadequacy.
Introduction to the Eight Stages of Human Development
Erikson’s psychosocial term is derived from
the two source words- namely psychological
(or the root, psycho relating to the mind,
brain, personality, etc.) and social (external
relationships and environment).
Erikson’s theory was largely influenced by
Sigmund Freud. But Erikson extended the
theory and incorporated cultural and social
aspects into Freud's biological and sexually-
oriented theory.
The theory is a basis for broad or complex
discussion and analysis of personality and
behavior and also for understanding and
facilitating personal development of self and
others.
It can help the teacher in becoming more
knowledgeable and at the same time
understanding of the various environmental
factors that affect his own and his students’
personality and behavior.
Erikson’s eight stages theory is a
tremendously powerful model because his
theory is useful for teaching, parenting,
self-awareness, managing and coaching,
dealing with conflict and generally for
understanding self and others.
The Epigenetic Principle. As Boeree, “this priciple
says that we develop through a predetermined
unfolding of our personalities in eight stages . Our
progress through each stage is in part determined
by our success, or lack of success, in all the previous
stages.
C. George Boeree
- American psychologist - Born: January 15, 1952 (age 61)
Epigenetic theory is an emergent theory of
development that includes both the genetic
origins of behavior and the direct influence
that environmental forces have, over time,
on the expression of those genes. The theory
focuses on the dynamic interaction between
these two influences during development.
Each stages involves a psychosocial crisis of
two opposing emotional forces. A helpful
term used by Erikson for these opposing
forces is contrary dispositions.
Each crises stages relates to a corresponding life
stage and its inherent challenges. Erikson used
the words syntonic for the first listed positive
disposition in each crises (e.g., Trust) and dystonic
for the second- listed negative disposition (e.g.,
Mistrust). He used the word versus to signify the
opposing relationship between each pair of
dispositions.
If a stage is managed well , we carry away a
certain virtue or psychosocial strength
which will help us through the rest of the
stages of our life.
Successfully passing through each crises
involves achieving a healthy ratio or balance
between the two opposing dispositions that
represent each crisis.
On the other hand, if we don’t do so well,
we may develop maladaptation and
malignancy , as well as endanger all our
future development.
A malignancy is the worse of the two. If
involves too little of the positive and too much
of the negative aspect of the task, such as a
person who can’t trust others.
A maladaptation is not quite as bad and
involves too much of the positive and too little
of the negative, such as a person who trusts
too much.
Erikson also emphasized the significance of
mutuality and generativity in his theory. The
terms are linked . Mutuality reflects the effect of
generations on each other, especially among
families, and particularly between parents and
children and grand children.
Generativity, actually a named disposition within
one of the stages (Generativity vs Stagnation),
reflects the significant relationship between
adults and the best interests of children.
The Eight Psychosocial Stages of
Development
Stage 1
Infancy
-birth to 18 months
Developments
Physical Development- roll over, crawl, walk, grasp object
Mental Development
-respond to cold, hunger and pain by crying
-begin to recognize surroundings and become aware of
surroundings and people
Emotional Development
-show anger, distrust, happiness, excitement, etc.
Social Development
-self-centeredness concept of the newborn to recognition of
others in their environment
Psychosocial Crisis-Trust
vsMistrust
Important Event(Feeding)
Outcome
Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers
provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of
this will lead to mistrust.
Maladaptation(Sensory Maladjustment)
Over trusting
Gullible
Cannot believe anyone would mean them harm.
Malignancy(Withdrawal)
Characterized by depression, paranoia and
possibly psychosis.
Virtue(Hope)
The strong belief that even things are not going
well, they will work out well in the end.
Stage 2
Toddler
-2 to 3 years old
Developments
Physical Development
-growth slower than in infancy
-muscle coordination allows the child to run, climb, move freely
-can write , draw, use a spoon and fork
Mental Development
-verbal growth progresses, short attention span, at end of stage
ask questions, recognize letters and some words
Emotional Development
-develop self-awareness and recognize the effect they have on
the other people and things
Social Development
-at the beginning of stage very self-centered one year old to
sociable six year old
-strong attachment to parents.
-needs are food , shelter, protection, love and security
Psychosocial Crisis-Autonomy
vs Shame and Doubt
Important Event(Toilet Training)
OutcomeChildren need to develop a sense of personal control
over physical skills and a sense of independence.
Success leads to feeling of autonomy, failure results
in feeling of shame and doubt.
Maladaptation(Impulsiveness)
A sort of shameless willfulness that leads you in
later childhood and even adulthood to jump into
things without proper consideration of your
abilities.
Malignancy(Compulsiveness)
Too much shame and doubt. The compulsive
person feels as if their entire being rides on
everything they do and so everything they do and
so everything must be done perfectly.
Virtue(Will power)
“Can do attitude”
Stage 3
Preschool
- 3 to 5 years old
Developments
Physical Development
-growth slower than in infancy
-muscle coordination allows the child to run, climb, move freely
-can write , draw, use a spoon and fork
Mental Development
-verbal growth progresses, short attention span, at end of stage
ask questions, recognize letters and some words
Emotional Development
-develop self-awareness and recognize the effect they have on
the other people and things
Social Development
-at the beginning of stage very self-centered one year old to
sociable six year old
-strong attachment to parents
-needs are food , shelter, protection, love and security
Psychosocial Crisis-Initiative
vsGuilt
Important Event(Exploration)
OutcomeChildren need to begin asserting control and
power over the environment. Success in this
stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who
try to exert too much power experience
disapproval resulting in a sense of guilt.
Maladaptation(Ruthless)
To be heartless or unfeeling or to be “without mercy”
Malignancy(Inhibition)
The inhibited person will not try things because
nothing ventured, nothing lost, and particularly
nothing to feel guilty about.
Virtue(Courage)
The capacity for action despite a clear
understanding of your limitations and past
failings.
EndThank You!