psychometric assessment premnath 28 feb 2013

PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT

Presented by

Premnath R

Govt . CON, Kottayam


“ Psyche ” - mind

“ Metron ” - to measure

Chan dynasty - 1000 B C

East India Company - 1832 A D

British model of Chinese testing system -

1855 A D

American Civil Service Commission – 1883 A D


Two streams of thoughts

1. Measurement of individual differences

(Darwin, Galton, Cattell)

2. Psychophysical measurements

(Herbart, Weber, Fechner, Wundt)

Experimental psychology and

standardized testing

PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENTDefinition

Psychometrics is defined as the branch of

psychology dealing with measurable factors,

but also as the occult power of defining the

priorities of things by mere contact.

(Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary)

PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENTDefinition

‘A psychological test is any

procedure on the basis of which inferences

are made concerning a person's capacity,

propensity or liability to act, react,

experience, or to structure or order

thought or behavior in particular ways.’

(The British Psychological Society)


Definition Psychological tests are written, visual, or

verbal evaluations administered to assess the cognitive and emotional functioning of children and adults.

American Psychological Association (APA)

A psychological test is an objective and standardized measure of an individual's mental and/or behavioral characteristics. A psychological test is an instrument designed to measure unobserved constructs, also known as latent variables.

(Wikipedia)

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST

Reliability. Validity. Norms

UniformObjectiveInterpretable

Standardization Objectivity

DEVELOPMENT OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL TEST

1. Analysis of the situation2. Tentative selection of test

items3. Development of standardized

procedures4. Administration of test to a

representative group5. Final selection of the test

items 6. Evaluation of the final test-

TYPES OF TESTS

Depending upon time limit: Speed test and

power test.

e.g. Kaufman Assessment battery for children

Depending upon number of individuals: Group

test and Individual test

Depending upon language: Verbal and Non-

verbal test.

Depending upon method: Paper -pencil and

performance test .

Computed assisted tests:

Depending upon what is measured:

Intelligence tests, Aptitude tests,

Achievement tests, Personality tests.

Occupational tests:

Interest tests:

Aptitude tests:

General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB),

Differential Aptitude Tests(DAT)

ACHIEVEMENT & ABILITY TESTS

1. STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALES:-

Devised in 1916 by Stanford psychologist Lewis Terman.

STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALES

Consisting of questions and short tasks

arranged from easy to difficult, the Stanford-

Binet scale measures a wide variety of

verbal and nonverbal skills.

Its fifteen tests are divided into

verbal reasoning

quantitative reasoning

abstract/visual reasoning

short-term memory

BINET SCALE OF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE IQ

Over 140 Genius or Near-Genius/ Gifted

120 – 139 Very Superior

110 – 119 Superior

90 – 109 Average or Normal

80 – 89 Dull Normal

70 – 79 Borderline Deficiency/Mild

50 – 69 Moron /Moderate

20 – 49 Imbecile /Severe

Below 20 Idiot/ Profound

WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALES:-

David "Wex" Wechsler (January 12, 1896 – May 2, 1981)

WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALES

Include both verbal and nonverbal tests

Verbal tests include,

Vocabulary

Information

Comprehension

Arithmetic

Similarities

Digit span


Performance tests include,

Digit symbols

Picture completion

Block design

Picture arrangement

Object assembly(jigsaw)

VERBAL INTELLIGENCE TEST

Information : A persons level of general knowledge

Comprehension : How well you can understand questions and grasp concepts.

Arithmetic : A persons mathematical abilities.

Similarities : Measures abstract thought.

Digit Span : Measures attention span. Vocabulary : How many word meanings

you know.

PERFORMANCE INTELLIGENCE TEST Digit Symbol : Mental flexibility with

random symbols. Picture Completion : Ability to notice

differences between two similar pictures.

Block Design : Mentally construct printed designs in your head.

Picture Arrangement : Arrange pictures in a logical order.

Object Assembly : Place the correct part in relationship to a whole.


TYPES

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence (WPPSI)

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for

Children (WISC)

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

(WAIS)

WAIS-R TESTING KIT

Testing Booklet Story Cards Puzzle Pieces Block Design

WAIS-R BLOCK DESIGN

KAUFMAN ASSESSMENT BATTERY FOR CHILDREN

Incorporate ideas from cognitive

psychology and neuropsychology

It consists of 16 subtests ,some for

older and some for younger children

(tests that measure the school

experiences more directly such as

naming pictures of well-known places

and objects).

KAUFMAN ASSESSMENT BATTERY FOR CHILDREN

The test fall into several categories:

Sequential processing, such as

remembering a series of digits or

hand movements;

Simultaneous processing, such as

arranging a series of related pictures

in the correct order;

THE BINET KAMAT TEST OF INTELLIGENCE

The test consist of items at each age level vocabulary Language development compression sentence building similarities and differences analogies sentence repetition auditory perception social reasoning visual-motor co-ordination ability.

THE BINET KAMAT TEST OF INTELLIGENCE

It is useful to evaluate

Basal age - the ability to pass all the test

items at the particular age.

Terminal age - the inability to pass any of the

items on a particular age level.

The Binet Kamat Test of Intelligence - the

Hindi version can be used for children well

versed with the Hindi language

RAVENS PROGRESSIVE MATRICES

Developed by John C Raven in

1936.

The test consists of 50 designs

each of which has a cut out

segment . The subject is shown the

6-8 cut out alternative pieces and

is asked to indicate what to be put

in the matrix.

RAVENS PROGRESSIVE MATRICES

Matrices are available in three

different forms for

participants of different

ability.

Standard Progressive

Matrices:

Colored Progressive

Matrices:

Advanced Progressive

Matrices:

RAVEN’ S MATRICES

RAVEN’S MATRICES

PERSONALITY TESTS Personality tests and inventories evaluate

the thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and

behavioral traits that comprise personality.

The results of these tests determine an

individual's personality strengths and

weaknesses, and may identify certain

disturbances in personality, or

psychopathology

1. PERSONALITY INVENTORY

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality

Inventory

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI )

The California Psychological Inventory (CPI)

Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

(or 16PF)

The Eyesenck Personality Inventory

2. PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES

Rorschach test:-

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Sentence completion test

Create drawings (Draw a person

test) or complete a story.

3. NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL

ASSESSMENT

4. RATING SCALES

MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY

Developed in the late 1930’s by

psychologist Starke R. Hathaway and

psychiatrist J.C. McKinley at the University

of Minnesota.

The most widely researched and clinically

used of all personality tests

Developed to identify emotional disorders

This is one of the most frequently used

personality tests in mental health.


The test is used by trained professionals to assist in identifying personality structure and psychopathology.

consists of 567 statements that the test taker has to mark as “true,” “false,” or “cannot say.”

Answers are scored according to how they correspond with those given by persons with various psychological disorders, including depression, hysteria, paranoia, psychopathic deviancy, and schizophrenia.


The MMPI is copyrighted by the

University of Minnesota.

It is appropriate for use with adults 18

and over.

The current MMPI-2 has 567 items,

all true-or-false format, and usually

takes between 1 and 2 hours to

complete depending on reading

level.

MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC PERSONALITY INVENTORY The MMPI-2 is most commonly

used by mental health

professionals to assess and

diagnose mental illness.

The MMPI-2 has been utilized in

other fields outside of clinical

psychology. The test is often used

in legal cases, including criminal

defense and custody disputes.

MILLON CLINICAL MULTIAXIAL INVENTORY (MCMI )

It has been designed for adults (18

years and older) who have a minimum

of an eighth-grade reading level.

The MCMI is one of the few self-report

tests that focus on personality

disorders along with symptoms that

are associated with these disorders.

MILLON CLINICAL MULTIAXIAL INVENTORY (MCMI )

The current version, the MCMI-III, is

composed of 175 items that are scored to

produce 28 scales divided into following

categories

Modifying Indices,

Clinical Personality Patterns,

Severe Personality Pathology

Clinical Syndromes

Severe Syndromes

THE CALIFORNIA PSYCHOLOGICAL INVENTORY (CPI)

It assesses

Traits (including dominance,

responsibility, self-acceptance)

Socialization

Traits relevant to academic

achievement.

Personality Research Form (PRF)

The Neuroticism Extroversion Openness

Personality Inventory, Revised (NEO-PIR)

SIXTEEN PERSONALITY FACTOR QUESTIONNAIRE (OR 16PF)

Over several decades of research by

Raymond B. Cattell and his colleagues.

Big Five secondary traits, which have

become popularized by other authors in

recent years.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_B._Cattell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_B._Cattell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits

THE EYESENCK PERSONALITY INVENTORY

Short questionnaire which can be completed in 10

to 20 minutes.

It assesses two dimensions of personality:

Introversion versus Extroversion, and Neuroticism

versus Emotional stability.

The EPI includes a subset of questions that

comprises a Social Desirability Scale (Lie Scale):

PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES

Projective techniques involve asking

subjects to interpret or fill in visual stimuli,

complete sentences, or report what

associations particular words bring to mind.

Because of the leeway provided by the

tests, subjects project their own

personalities onto the stimulus, often

revealing personal conflicts, motivations,

coping styles, and other characteristics.

RORSCHACH TEST

Hermann Rorschach (8 November 1884 – 1 April 1922)

RORSCHACH TEST

Created in the 1920s by Swiss

psychologist Hermann Rorschach (1884-

1922).

It consists of a series of 10 cards, each

containing a complicated inkblot. Some

are in black and white, some in color.

Subjects are asked to describe what they

see in each card.

RORSCHACH TEST

Test scores are based on several

parameters:

1) what part of the blot a person focuses

on

2) what particular details determine the

response;

3) the content of the responses (what

objects, persons, or situations they

involve);

4) the frequency with which a particular

response has been given by previous test

takers

RORSCHACH TEST

THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT)

Introduced at Harvard University in 1935 by

Henry Murray.

Test takers look at a series of up to 20

pictures of people in a variety of recognizable

settings and construct a story about what is

happening in each one. They are asked to

describe not only what is happening at the

moment shown in the picture but also what

events led up to the present situation and what

the characters are thinking and feeling.


Its adherents assert that the TAT taps a

subject's unconscious to reveal

repressed aspects of personality,

motives and needs for achievement,

power and intimacy, and problem-

solving abilities.


The subject is asked to tell as dramatic a

story as they can for each picture

presented, including the following:

? what has led up to the event shown

? what is happening at the moment

? what the characters are feeling and

thinking

? what the outcome of the story was

TAT PROCEDURE

SOME TAT CARDS


There are 31 picture cards in the

standard form of the TAT .

Some of the cards show male figures,

some female, some both male and

female figures, some of ambiguous

gender, some adults, some children,

and some show no human figures at all.

One card is completely blank


USES OF TAT Individual assessments for employment in

fields requiring a high degree such as law enforcement, military leadership positions.

For diagnosis in order to match psychotherapy best suited to patients personalities.

Forensic purposes in evaluating the motivations and general attitudes of persons accused of violent crimes.

Research into specific aspects of human personality, most often needs for achievement, fears of failure, hostility.

SENTENCE COMPLETION TEST

Specifically for children or adolescents. Subjects are asked to complete

sentences with such open-ended beginnings as “I wish . . .” or “My mother . . .”

Same sentence beginnings are shown to different test takers.

There are no norms for comparing their answers to those of previous subjects.

CREATE DRAWINGS

(Draw a person test)

complete a story.

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

Luria- Nebraska battery

Halsted- Reitan battery

Michigan neuropsychological battery

Shipley Institute of Living Scale

NIMHANS neuropsychological battery.

NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT

Assessment of the neurological deficit Predicts the possible organic psychopathology Identification of intact neurological functioning help in the process of neuro-rehabilitation

(Cognitive retraining) Evaluation and comparison of various

treatment options and its perceived efficacy Progressive evaluation and formulation of

differential diagnosis Developmental progression of the milestones Tackling the mental developmental delay, and

taking necessary actions on time

RATING SCALES

Rating scales are instruments used to

assess the magnitude or severity of a

psychological construct or disorder.

Rating scales aid in research and

clinical practice such data are

important for evaluation, decision

making, documentation and/or

analysis.

COMMON RATING SCALES IN PSYCHIATRY:-

For the assessment of general mental health:

1. Golberg general health questionnaire(GHQ)

2. Subjective wellbeing inventory (SWBI)

For the assessment of anxiety :-

1. Hamilton anxiety rating scale (HARC),

2. Covi anxiety scale


For the assessment of depression :-

1. Hamilton depression rating scale (HDRS),

2. Beck depression Inventory(BDI)

For the assessment of mania :-

1. Young’s mania rating scale,

2. Bech- Rafaelson mania scale


For the assessment of schizophrenia :-

1. Brief psychiatric rating scale,

2. Scale for assessment of positive

symptoms and scale for assessment of

negative symptoms.

PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS USED IN INDIAN SCENARIO

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development has

been standardized on Indian children

The Pandey's Cognitive Development test for

the pre-school child is a standardized test,

1. Conceptual skills

2. Information

3. Comprehension

4. Visual Perception

5. Memory

6. Object vocabulary

APPLICATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS IN PSYCHIATRY

Assist in diagnosis:- Assist in the formulation of

psychopathology and in the identification of areas of stress.

Determine the nature of the deficits. Assess the severity of psychopathology

and response of treatment. To assess general characteristics of the

individual. Easy to get information and is more

scientifically consistent. Used for forensic evaluation, family court

issues, or criminal charges. Assess level of functioning or disability.

LIMITATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING PROGRAMS

Uncritical use Faking Attitudes toward testing Effects of negative attitudes Ethical issues

Test usersTest securityTest interpretationTest publication

Privacy issues

NURSE’S ROLE IN PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS

Should have knowledge about all the

psychological tests.

Clarify the patient’s and relatives’ doubts

regarding the psychological tests they

have to undergo.

Nurses should have good rapport with the

patients and family members.


The nurse should reassure the patient about

the safety of the tests and the confidentiality

of the observations of the psychologist.

The nurse observes the patient’s behavior

and the changes, which occur once the

therapy is commenced.

The nurse observes, informs and records

these changes in patient’s chart.


A nurse who is knowledgeable and skilled

is an empowered nurse who is able to

function at par with other team members

and thus further build up the nursing

images in the public eye.

The nurse can also interrupt the findings

of various tests and then plan the nursing

care accordingly.

psychometric assessment premnath 28 feb 2013

Health & Medicine