psychology and investigations chapter 12. psychologist’s contributions investigative inferences ...
TRANSCRIPT
Psychology and Investigations
Chapter 12
Psychologist’s Contributions
Investigative inferences Offender profiling, geographical profiling,
correlates of offence style Investigative and legal process
Interviewing, predication of violence Assessment of investigative and legal
informationEyewitness testimony, detecting deception
Criminal Profiling Criminal profiling is a technique for
identifying the personality and behavioural features of an offender based on an analysis of the crimes they have committed
Most frequently used in homicide and rape cases
Assumptions
Individual behaviour and motivation can be predicted from the study of individuals who share similar behaviour and motivations
Hypothesizes about demographic, motivational, & psychological features of the crime and offender
Criminal Profile Analysis
Still at the crossroads between art or sciencePopularity stems from films and television and
few well publicized cases The Silence of the Lambs Copycat Mindhunters The X-Files Criminal Minds
Can it be an efficient investigative technique?Can it be studied scientifically?
Noted Experts
James A. Brussel John Douglas Robert Ressler Roy Hazelwood David Canter
The Purposes of Profiling
Provide characteristics of the offender Help analyze, understand crime scene Provide leads for investigators to follow Narrow the pool of viable subjects Prioritize investigation of subjects Develop interview, interrogation strategies Show links between crimes Provide supportive trial testimony
The Value of Profiling Surveys of police officers indicate profiling is
useful in investigations (provides clues) Benefits of profiles include:
Provide a greater understanding of the case
Reinforce judgements about the offender Only 2.6% of respondents indicated that
profiles led to the identification of the offender
Challenges of Profiling
Turning info from crime scene into estimates of personality, age, work habits, of offender
Modern personality tests can’t do this Not a scientific enterprise – largely
intuition, experience Not thoroughly evaluated – utility unclear
Potential Problems with Profiling Many forms of profiling are based on a
model of personality (the classic trait model) that lacks empirical support
Profiles often contain ambiguous advice and such advice can be interpreted to fit a wide range of suspects
Professional profilers do not always produce profiles that are more accurate than the profiles produced by novices
What Do We Know About Profiling?
Crime scenes can often be accurately classified into broad categories (planned)
Sometimes reveal info about a murderer (whether or not he knew his victim)
Profiling may be useful in solving crimes with strong sexual component (sexual killings) Revealed in killer’s “signature” activities
Different profilers may produce different profiles Not yet based on clear, systematic procedures
So What Don’t We Know?
No good estimates of how often profiles have been useful or how often useless or counterproductive
Error rates or rates of success difficult to evaluate Some have led to arrest of guilty suspects Some have led to arrest of innocent people Some have pointed police in right direction Some have led police astray and wasted time and resources
Misuse of profiles poses clear dangers! Subjective, stereotypical, or inaccurate profiles may lead to charges Judges may use own profiles to decide what testimony to admit Jurors may be guided by subjective profiles