psychological health
TRANSCRIPT
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Chapter Two: Chapter Two: Achieving Psychological HealthAchieving Psychological Health
© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Psychological HealthPsychological Health
• Also known as emotional wellness• A broadly based concept pertaining to
cognitive functioning in conjunction with the way people– Express emotions– Cope with stress, adversity, and success– Adapt to changes in themselves and their
environment
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Psychological HealthPsychological Health
• Biopsychological model– Biological factors– Psychological factors– Social factors
• Positive self-concept
• Positive self-esteem
• Higher level of emotional intelligence
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Characteristics of Psychologically Characteristics of Psychologically Healthy PeopleHealthy People
• Accept themselves and others• Like themselves• Give and receive care, love, and support• Express full range of emotions (positive and
negative) • Accepts life’s disappointments• Accept their mistakes
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Characteristics of Psychologically Characteristics of Psychologically Healthy People Healthy People (cont.)(cont.)
• Express empathy and concern for others• Take care of themselves• Trust others as well as themselves• Establish goals• Can function both independently and
interdependently• Lead a health-enhancing lifestyle
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Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem
Having pride in yourself Treating yourself with respect Considering yourself valuable, important,
worthy Feeling good about yourself Having self-confidence, being self-assured Accepting yourself
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Emotional IntelligenceEmotional Intelligence
• Ability to understand others and act wisely in human relations
• Five primary domains:1. Know your emotions
2. Manage your emotions
3. Motivate yourself
4. Recognize emotions in others
5. Handle relationships
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PersonalityPersonality• Specific patterns of behavior and traits that
identify and characterize an individual– Thoughts– Feelings– Behaviors– Motivation– Instinct– Temperament
• Two factors that can influence personality:1. nature (innate factors)2. nurture (environmental factors)
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Self-actualization: The highest level of psychological health at which one reaches her or his highest potential and values truth, beauty, goodness, faith, love, humor, and ingenuity
• Basic needs: Essential and fundamental needs• Metaneeds: Secondary concerns that can be
addressed only after basic needs are met
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Other Characteristics that Influence Other Characteristics that Influence Psychological HealthPsychological Health
• Spiritual health– Sense of purpose, direction, and awareness– Morals, ethics, intrinsic values, and beliefs
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Other Characteristics that Influence Other Characteristics that Influence Psychological HealthPsychological Health
• Creative expression– Nonconformity– Independence– Motivation– Curiosity– Persistence
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Keys to Psychological HealthKeys to Psychological Health• Develop communication skills to foster
improved social relationships
– Verbal communication—be a skilled sender and listener
– Nonverbal communication—facial expression, eye contact, personal space, body posture
– Managing conflict• Listen • Focus on what to say and how to say it• Use assertive communication with “I” statements
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Keys to Psychological HealthKeys to Psychological Health
• Cultivate a sense of humor to build a positive outlook on life
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Optimistic Approach to LifeOptimistic Approach to Life
• Learned helplessness (Pavlov) vs. learned optimism (Seligman)
• Three key factors– Permanence—“never,” “always,” “forever”
• Pessimists view causes of bad events as permanent and tend to give up easily
– Pervasiveness• Universal explanations vs. situation specific explanations
– Personalization• Internal vs. external explanatory style
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Optimistic Approach to LifeOptimistic Approach to Life
• Building optimism—reframe thinking about events– Change thoughts and beliefs– Create strategies for solving
problems– Be persistent, work to overcome
obstacles
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Proactive Approach to LifeProactive Approach to Life
• Proactive approach promotes better control of one’s overall life– Construct mental pictures– Accept mental pictures– Undertake new experiences– Reframe mental pictures
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Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders
• Mood disorders
• Anxiety disorders
• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
• Schizophrenia
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Mood Disorders: DepressionMood Disorders: Depression
• Affects about one in ten Americans• Symptoms include
– Depressed mood– Lack of motivation, lack of interest in usual activities– Social withdrawal– Disturbed sleep, eating habits
• Risk factors– Family history– Environmental factors
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Mood Disorders: DepressionMood Disorders: Depression
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Mood Disorders: DepressionMood Disorders: Depression
• Treatments– Counseling– Medication– Herbal supplements?– Exercise– Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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Mood Disorders: Seasonal Mood Disorders: Seasonal Affective DisorderAffective Disorder
• Develops in response to changes in the seasons
• Treatments– Counseling– Antidepressant medications– Light therapy
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SuicideSuicide
• Third leading cause of death for young adults
• Men have higher rates of suicide than women
• Risk factors include– Little or no social support– Family history of mental illness and/or suicide– Problems with drugs or alcohol– Possession of a firearm
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Mood Disorders: Bipolar DisorderMood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder
• Characterized by alternating episodes of depression and mania
• Symptoms of mania– Excessive energy– Racing thoughts and rapid speech– Impulsive and/or reckless behavior
• Treatment – Psychotherapy– Mood stabilizing medications
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Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)– Intensity and frequency of worry that is
excessive and out of proportion to the situation
• Panic disorder
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
• Phobias (social phobia, specific phobia)
• Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)Disorder (ADHD)
• An estimated 15 million Americans suffer from ADHD
• Symptoms often seen in adult cases:– Difficulty getting organized– Chronic procrastination– Frequently searching for high stimulation– Low tolerance for frustration– Low self-esteem
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
• Characterized by profound distortion of thinking, emotion, perception, and behavior
• Symptoms may include– Delusions– Hallucinations– Disorganized thinking and speech– Catatonic behavior
• Treatment with antipsychotic medications and psychotherapy
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Health Providers for Psychological Health Providers for Psychological DisordersDisorders
• Psychiatrists (MDs) – Treatment often focuses more on medical
management and less on talking through problems
• Psychologists– Includes a variety of subspecialties– Treatment generally focuses on behavior therapy and
problem solving
• Counselors• Social workers
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Approaches in Treating Approaches in Treating Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders
• Dynamic therapy– Focuses on forces underlying an individual’s
problems; may look at early childhood experiences• Humanistic therapy
– Client-centered approach based on idea that people can naturally grow in positive and constructive ways
• Behavior therapy – Focuses on behavior modification
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy – Focuses on changing cognitive patterns in order to
change behavior and emotional state
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Approaches in Treating Approaches in Treating Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorders (cont.)(cont.)
• Solution-focused therapy – Goal-oriented approach that stresses looking
for solutions rather than dwelling on problems
• Couples and family therapy
• Group therapy – Provides support; group members can also
learn from one another’s experiences
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Chapter Two: Chapter Two: Achieving Psychological HealthAchieving Psychological Health