TOPIC FOR BIOLOGYSEMINAR

HUMAN PSYCHLOGICAL

DISORDERS

Different Psychological Disorders

Dissociative Identity DisorderSchizophreniaDyslexia

DISSOCIATIVEIDENTITYDISORDER

Dissociative identity disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis and describes a condition in which a person displays multiple distinct identities (known as alters or parts), each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the environment.In the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems the name for this diagnosis is multiple personality disorder. In both systems of terminology, the diagnosis requires that at least two personalities (one may be the host) routinely take control of the individual's behavior with an associated memory loss that goes beyond normal forgetfulness; in addition, symptoms cannot be the temporary effects of drug use or a general medical condition.

What is Dissociative Identity Disorder??

HISTORY:Between 1880 and 1920 many great

international medical conferences devoted a lot of time to sessions on dissociation. It was in this climate that Jean Martin Charcot and

his student Pierre Jannet introduced their ideas about the DID. One of the first individuals diagnosed with DID to be

scientifically studied was Clara Norton Fowler, under the pseudonym Christine

Beauchamp .American neurologist Morton Prince studied Fowler between 1898 and

1904 , describing her case study in his 1906 monograph DISSOCIATION OF PERSONALITY.

It has been theorized that severe sexual, physical, or psychological trauma in childhood by a primary caregiver predisposes an individual to the development of DID. The steps in the development of a dissociative identity are theorized to be as follows:The child is harmed by a trusted caregiver (often a parent or guardian) and splits off the awareness and memory of the traumatic event to survive in the relationship.The memories and feelings go into the subconscious and are experienced later in the form of a separate personality.The process happens repeatedly at different times so that different personalities develop, containing different memories and performing different functions that are helpful or destructive. Sometimes this is done deliberately, as in the case of the more morbid abusive group practices of various sects, or torture variations.Dissociation becomes a coping mechanism for the individual when faced with further stressful situations.

CAUSES

Individuals diagnosed with DID demonstrate a variety of symptoms with wide fluctuations across time; functioning can vary from severe impairment in daily functioning to normal or high abilities. Symptoms can include:

Multiple mannerisms, attitudes and beliefs which are not similar to each otherUnexplainable headaches and other body painsDistortion or loss of subjective timeDepersonalizationDerealizationSevere memory lossDepressionFlashbacks of abuse/traumaSudden anger without a justified causeFrequent panic/anxiety attacksUnexplainable phobiasAuditory of the parts inside their mindPatients may experience an extremely broad array of other symptoms such as pseudo seizures that may appear to resemble epilepsy, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, post traumatic stress disorder, personality disorders, and eating disorders.

Symptoms include:

The proposed diagnostic criteria for DID in the DSM-5 is:Disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states (one can be the host) or an experience of possession, as evidenced by discontinuities in sense of self, cognition, behavior, affect, perceptions, and/or memories. This disruption may be observed by others, or reported by the patient.Inability to recall important personal information, for everyday events or traumatic events, that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetfulness.Causes clinically significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.The disturbance is not a normal part of a broadly accepted cultural or religious practice and is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g., blackouts or chaotic behavior during alcohol intoxication) or a general medical condition (e.g., complex partial seizures).

Proposed Diagnostics :

Treatment :

Treatment of DID may attempt to reconnect the identities of disparate alters into a single functioning identity with all its memories and experiences intact - functioning much like the normal brain. In addition or instead, treatment may focus on symptoms, to relieve the distressing aspects of the condition and ensure the safety of the individual. Treatment methods may include psychotherapy and medications for comorbid disorders. Some behavior therapists initially use behavioral treatments such as only responding to a single identity, and using more traditional therapy once a consistent response is established.[55] It has been stated that treatment recommendations that follow from models that do not believe in the traumatic origins of DID might be harmful due to the fact that they ignore the posttraumatic symptomatology of people with DID.

SCHIZOPHRENIA

Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness.It most commonly manifests itself as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social or occupational dysfunction. A person diagnosed with schizophrenia may experience hallucinations (most reported are hearing voices), delusions (often bizarre or persecutory in nature), and disorganized thinking and speech. The latter may range from loss of train of thought, to sentences only loosely connected in meaning, to incoherence known as word salad in severe cases.

What is SCHIZOPHRENIA ?

History :Schizophrenia was first described as a distinct syndrome affecting teenagers and young adults by Bénédict Morel in 1853, termed démence précoce (literally 'early dementia'). The term dementia praecox was used in 1891 by Arnold Pick in a case report of a psychotic disorder. The word schizophrenia—which translates roughly as "splitting of the mind" and comes from the Greek roots schizein, "to split") and phrēn, "mind")_term was coined by Eugen Bleuler in 1908 and was intended to describe the separation of function between personality, thinking, memory, and perception. Bleuler described the main symptoms as 4 A's: flattened Affect, Autism, impaired Association of ideas and Ambivalence. Bleuler realized that the illness was not a dementia, as some of his patients improved rather than deteriorated, and thus proposed the term schizophrenia instead.

CAUSES :

GeneticEstimates of heritability vary because of the difficulty in separating the effects of genetics and the environment.

EnvironmentEnvironmental factors associated with the development of schizophrenia include the living environment, drug use and prenatal stressors. Parenting style seems to have no effect, although people with supportive parents do better than those with critical parents. Living in an urban environment during childhood or as an adult has consistently been found to increase the risk of schizophrenia by a factor of two, even after taking into account drug use, ethnic group, and size of social group. Other factors that play an important role include social isolation and immigration related to social adversity, racial discrimination, family dysfunction, unemployment, and poor housing conditions. There is evidence that childhood experiences of abuse or trauma are risk factors for a diagnosis of schizophrenia later in life.Factors such as hypoxia and infection, or stress and malnutrition in the mother during fetal development, may result in a slight increase in the risk of schizophrenia later in life.

Symptoms :Social withdrawal, sloppiness

of dress and hygiene, and loss of motivation and judgment are all common in schizophrenia. There is often an observable pattern of emotional difficulty, for example lack of responsiveness. Impairment in social cognition is associated with schizophrenia, as are symptoms of paranoia; social isolation commonly occurs. In one uncommon subtype, the person may be largely mute, remain motionless in bizarre postures, or exhibit purposeless agitation, are all signs of schizophrenia.

Schizophrenic mind :-

Art by normal person

Art by affected person

Treatment :Medicati

on: The first-line psychiatric treatment for schizophrenia is antipsychotic medication,[ which can reduce the positive symptoms of psychosis in about 7–14 days. Like :Zyprexa.Risperdal Tablets

Psychological Treatment:

A number of psychosocial interventions have been useful in the treatment of schizophrenia including: family therapy, assertive community treatment, supported employment, cognitive remediation, skills training, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), token economic interventions, and psychosocial interventions for substance use and weight management.

Rubik’s cube

Crosswords

Illusion art

DYSLEXIALEARNING DISABILITY

What is Dyslexia?Dyslexia is a broad term defining a

learning disability that impairs a person's fluency or comprehension accuracy in being able to read, and which can manifest itself as a difficulty with phonological awareness, phonological decoding, orthographic coding, auditory short-term memory, or rapid naming. Dyslexia is separate and distinct from reading difficulties resulting from other causes, such as a non-neurological deficiency with vision or hearing, or from poor or inadequate reading instruction. It is difficult to obtain a certain diagnosis of dyslexia before a child begins school, but many dyslexic individuals have a history of difficulties that began well before kindergarten. Children who exhibit these symptoms early in life have a higher likelihood of being diagnosed as dyslexic than other children.

History :•· Identified by Oswald Berkhan in 1881, the term 'dyslexia' was later coined in 1887 by Rudolf Berlin, an ophthalmologist practising in Stuttgart, Germany, from the Greek prefix (dus-), "hard, bad, difficult“ (lexis), "speech, word".· In 1896, W. Pringle Morgan published a description of a reading-specific learning disorder in the British Medical Journal titled "Congenital Word Blindness’’.

Causes :Inherited factors It is clear that dyslexia is very frequently found in families, and is often accompanied by left-handedness somewhere in the family. This does not mean to say that a dyslexic parent will automatically have a dyslexic child, or that a left-handed child will necessarily be dyslexic. But where dyslexia is identified, between a third and a half of children have a history of learning difficulties in their family, and more than half have a family member who is left-handed. Hearing problems at an early age.

If a child suffers frequent colds and throat infections in the first five years, the ears can be blocked from time to time so that hearing is impaired. The parents can easily be unaware of this until a doctor actually looks into the child's ear. This condition is sometimes known as 'glue ear' or 'conductive hearing loss'. If the difficulty is not noticed at an early stage, then the developing brain does not make the links between the sounds it hears

Symptoms:

symptoms include:•delays in speech•slow learning of new words•difficulty in rhyming words, as in nursery rhymes•low letter knowledge•letter reversal or mirror writing for example, "Я" instead of "R")

TREATMENT:There is no cure for dyslexia, but dyslexic individuals can

learn to read and write with appropriate educational support. Early intervention is very helpful.Especially for undergraduates, some consideration of what 'reading' is and what it is for can be useful. There are techniques (reading the first sentence [and/or last] of each paragraph in a chapter, for example) which can give an overview of content. This can be sufficient for some purposes .Since stress and anxiety are contributors to a dyslexic's weaknesses in absorbing information, removing these can assist in improving understanding. When a dyslexic knows that not every reading experience must be onerous, it greatly helps their mental approach to the task.For dyslexia intervention with alphabet writing systems the fundamental aim is to increase a child's awareness of correspondences between graphemes and phonemes, and to relate these to reading and spelling. It has been found that training focused towards visual language and orthographic issues yields longer-lasting gains than mere oral phonological training.[63]

Dyslexia writing pattern :A dyslexic

student was given to write the

word ‘’CAT’’.

Different forms of writing

‘’CAT.’’ is shown :

Psychological disorders are not neurological

disordersOften people mistake psychological disorders as neurological/mental

disorders. But this is wrong. In mental disorders the innovative, insight and

the creative part is lost.Whereas in psychological disorders the IQ,Creative and innovative ideas

retain in person’s mind. The only difference is that the in psychological

disorders the person often stays in sub-conscious mind thus hampering

conscious activities.

World Mental Health Day: 10th October

Treat every psychologically disabled person as your own,they

need your love and moral support.