psych motivation & emotions

7/29/2019 Psych Motivation & Emotions

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HUMAN MOTIVATIONAND EMOTIONS

Definitions:

MOTIVE: is something that has the power to initiate action, its

the underlying factors that energize and direct behavior. It

explains why people do what they do when they do them. It is

divided into needs and drives. Needs refer to the physiological

aspects of emotion , psychological factors are considered

drives.

Types of motivation : 1) survival needs ( motives that are

aimed at preserving life , water & food.)

2) social needs.(sexual & maternal

behavior)

3) curiosity motives. (explorative

behavior) , cannot usually be directly related to the survival

needs of the organism .


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Emotion:

Is the feeling , tone or response to sensory input

from the external environment or mental

images(smiles or gestures) (accompanied emotionsare physiological responses).

Moods:

Are states of emotional reactions that last for a

limited period.

Temperament:

It is the individual habitual way of expressing

emotions (part of personality)

Motivations and emotions are closely related.

Anger Aggression


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PHYSIOLOGICALBASESOF

MOTIVATION

Hunger

The hypothalamus is the regulator for feedingbehavior and body fluids.

Damage to the hypothalamus was observed to cause

feeding disorders.Recently it was found that the hypothalamus is more

concerned with regulating the set body weightsaccording to the site of the lesion (LH or VMH).

The body fluids are regulated by the osmoreceptors.Dehydration is sensed and ADH is released actingon the kidney to increase reabsorption

thus preserving body fluids.


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MESOLIMBIC SYSTEM & HYPOTHALAMUS

Emotion is not easily subject to volitional control.

The extensive network of interconnections of the limbic

system forming a reverberating closed circuit result inprolonged after discharge following stimulation.

Emotional response out last the producing stimuli .

Amygdala & emotional functions: Extensive anatomical connections with all sensory processing cortices the,

hippocampus , basal ganglia ,cingulate cortex,& the homeostatic regulatoryregions of the hypothalamus.

1. Reward & punishment

2. Fear ,rage & docility

3. Sexual & reproductive behavior

4. Eating behavior

5. Recent memory


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Social needsThe innate instincts of humans are modified by social

control & needs (cultural factors )

Curiosity motives

In-born drive or need to manipulate or explore the

environment .It is noticed that it gives pleasure, grows &

get complicated with age starting from child hood . Itprovides the organism with sensory in put which is

essential for the integrated functioning of the CNS.

Depravation or decreased such input lead to

hallucinations & other sensory depravation

InstinctInnate biological factors predisposing an organism to act in

certain ways, dictating thought & behavior. e.g. flight ,

repulsion & curiosity .


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THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

Homeostasis Maintenance of a constant internal environment for optimum

functioning. i.e corrective measures to ensure that body fluids ,

temperature, hormones & chemicals are within a certain range.

The Drive theoryHunger drive determined by blood glucose level ,externally by

seeking food & internally by breaking body fats to boost glucose

level. Like wise is the depletion of body fluids.

Psycho analytic theoryLife instinct (EROS) explaining the behavior for life preservation.

Death instinct (THANATOS) explaining the destructive behavior , the

aggressive nature of man


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Incentive (Behavioral) theoryBased on the learning theory(reward) , it explain survival & sex needs but

does not explain exploratory or sensation seeking behavior which is notrewarded.

Drive reduction theoryTension builds up in search of certain needs ,once obtained tensionreduces accompanied by pleasure, this resembles the incentive theory &hence does not explain all human motives ,rather some seek tensionproducing states.

Humanistic needsAbraham Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs starting with complexitydown wards. As follows :

1. 1-Self actualization needs. 2-Aesthetic needs (beauty, system).3-Cognitive needs. 4-Love & belongingness needs.5-Safety needs.6-Physiological needs.

2. Fulfillment importance starts from below up wards

MOTIVATIONAL THERAPYMotivesbehind mal healthy practices are being studied ,yet motivation is

used to change behavior of smokers alcohol abusers..etc.


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EMOTIONALSTATESINDIFFERENTSITUATIONS

THEORIES of EMOTION

James Lange theory:

bodily changes are the primary cause of emotions.Emotions like anger or fear are determined by the

preceded physiological changes. Cannon theory :

bodily changes occurring simultaneously with corticalreactions .

The cognitive theory ( Schachter & Singer ):

Subject perceive a situation followed by betterunderstanding which elicit more emotions & morespecific bodily changes.


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LIMBICSYSTEM & AMYGDALACONNECTIONS

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