psyc term paper
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about biopsychologyTRANSCRIPT
PSYC1013
BS ECE 1-1
CHAPTER II:
BIOPSYCHOLOGY
TOPICS: NAMES PAGE1. Definition of Biopsychology ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Monique Anuat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 56
2. Neurons --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mariel Campomanes
--------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
3. Transmission of Nerve Impulse: Action Potential -------------------------------------------- Roi Apolinario
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
4. Synapse and Synaptic Connection -------------------------------------------------------------- Ma. Clariz Viene A. Eguia
-------------------------------------------------------------- 60
54
GENERAL
PSYCHOLOGY
5. Reflex Action --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ma. Clariz Viene A. Eguia
-------------------------------------------------------------- 60
6. Types of Neurons --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Monique Anuat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61
7. Neurotransmitters --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Monique Anuat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
8. Connectors ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Monique Anuat
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62
Central Nervous System
9. The Brain and Its Parts ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Mariel Campomanes
----------------------------------------------------------------------- 63
10. Layers of the Brain --------------------------------------------------------------------------- Roi Apolinario
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 66
11. Lobes of the Brain ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Andrew Angelo Cariño
-------------------------------------------------------------------- 67
12. Spinal Cord ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ma. Clariz Viene A. Eguia
---------------------------------------------------------------- 68
Peripheral Nervous System
55
13. Somatic System -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ma. Clariz Viene A. Eguia
--------------------------------------------------------------- 68
14. Cranial Nerves --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Monique Anuat
---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 69
15. Spinal Nerves ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mariel Campomanes
----------------------------------------------------------------------- 71
Effectors
16. The Muscular System ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mariel Campomanes
------------------------------------------------------------------------ 72
17. The Glandular System ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Andrew Angelo Cariño
--------------------------------------------------------------------- 73
18. Receptors --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Andrew Angelo Cariño
--------------------------------------------------------------------- 75
19. Eight Major Sensations ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Roi Apolinario
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 76
Dr. Evangeline de Jesus
56
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
To discuss what is
Biopsychology;
To show the divisions,
parts and functions of the
nervous system;
To discuss the bodily
processes and behavior;
To explain the voluntary
and involuntary
functioning of the body;
and
To discover the causes of
psychological disorders
be traced to biological
factors so that appropriate
treatment can be
effectively applied.
Understanding what is
Biopsychology;
Considering
biopsychology as
neuropsychology;
Classifying the important
divisions, parts, and
functions of the nervous
system;
Analyzing the bodily
processes together with its
behavior; and
Identifying the bases for
voluntary and involuntary
functioning of the body.
Definition of
Biopsychology
Biopsychology-
defined as the
specialization in
psychology that
investigates the
interaction of biology,
behavior, and
environment
Feldman considered
biopsychology as
neuropsychology,
because the importance
of the nervous system
in controlling behavior
has impacted on the
biological
underpinnings of
behavior
PowerPoint Presentation
(see appendix; pp. 92)
Essay
Question: Discuss
biopsychology in two
paragraphs with a
minimum of five
sentences each.
57
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
To discuss the meaning of
neuron and its relation to
biopsychology;
To know the importance
of neuron;
To determine the different
parts of neuron and its
function;
To locate the parts of the
neuron;
To explain how the
dendrites receive
chemical messages from
other neurons;
To determine how the
axon transmits an
electrochemical signal to
other neurons;
To know how the axon
ending converts
electrochemical signal
Discussing the Neuron;
Knowing the significance
of neuron in
Biopsychology;
Identifying the different
parts of the neuron and
how it works;
Determining and locating
the parts of the neuron
Explaining how chemical
messages were received
by the dendrites from
other neurons;
Identifying how the
electrochemical signals
were transmitted by the
axon to the other neurons;
Knowing how
electrochemical signals
were converted, by the
axon ending, into
chemical messages that
Neurons
The basic structural
unit of the nervous
system.
PARTS OF NEURONS
o Soma/cell body
Contains the nucleus,
which in turn contains
the genetic material in
the form of
chromosomes that
provides nourishment
and insulation.
o Dendrites
Receives chemical
messages from other
neurons.
o Axon
Transmits an
electrochemical signal
to other neurons,
sometimes over a
considerable distance.
PowerPoint Presentation
(see appendix; pp. 93-96)
Discussion
Quiz (see appendix; page
78)
58
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
into a chemical message
that will travel to other
neurons;
To know the difference
between the axon and the
dendrites;
To explain how the
myelin sheath helps the
axon in preventing
messages from short-
circuiting one another;
To know the other names
of the axon ending; and
To know how synapse
works.
will travel to the other
neuron;
Determining the different
characteristics of the
dendrites and the axon
ending;
Explaining how messages
are prevented by the
myelin sheath from short-
circuiting one another;
Identifying the different
names of the axon ending;
and
Explaining the use of the
synapse.
o Axon Ending
The electrochemical
signal is converted into
chemical messages that
will travel to the next
neuron.
o Myelin sheath
Is covered with a thin
fatty tissues and
protein cells that
protects themselves
around the axon in
preventing messages
from short- circuiting
one another.
o Synapse
A very tiny gap
between the axon
ending and the dendrite
of the next neuron.
o Glial cells
It holds the neuron in
place.
59
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
To explain and define
what is nerve
transmission;
To discuss how nerves
send messages;
To understand the
important role of ions in
nerve transmission ;
To discuss the steps in
nerve transmission; and
To distinguish resting
potential, graded
potential and action
potential.
Analyzing how neurons
send messages
electrochemically;
Identifying the two ions
that is responsible for
nerve transmission;
Discovering the principles
governing nerve
transmission;
Understanding nerve
transmission and its
function in our body; and
Correlating nerve
transmission with those of
the other body systems.
Nerve Transmission
o RESTING POTENTIAL:
the unstimulated, polarized
state of a neuron (at about
–70 millivolts).
o GRADED POTENTIAL:
A graded potential is a
change in the resting
potential of the plasma
membrane in the response
to a stimulus.
FOUR STEPS OF NERVE
TRANSMISSION
Action Potential
Polarization
Hyperpolarization
Repolarization
PowerPoint
presentation (see
appendix; pp. 97-105)
Short Quiz (see
appendix; page 79)
60
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
61
To explain what happens
in a synapse;
To explain the
importance of the nerve
junction between
neurons;
To locate and discuss the
parts of the structural
connection of a synapse;
To explain the
importance of neural
transmission;
To explain reflex action
and the difference
between voluntary and
involuntary responses;
and
To discuss the
importance of sensory
and motor neurons to
reflex action.
Examining the process of
a synapse;
Analyzing the nerve
junction’s significance
between neurons;
Identifying the
components of the
structural connection of a
synapse;
Analyzing the
importance of neural
transmission;
Identifying reflex action;
Distinguishing the
difference between
voluntary and
involuntary responses;
and
Examining the sensory
and motor neurons’
significance to reflex
action.
Synapse and Synaptic
Connection:
o Presynaptic neuron
Brings in the
information signal.
o Synaptic gap
Where the
information is
transferred from the
presynaptic axon to
the dendrite of the
postsynaptic neuron.
o Postsynaptic neuron
Carries the
informational weight
to other neurons
Reflex Action
Automatic, involuntary
response to incoming
stimuli.
PowerPoint presentation
(see appendix; pp. 106-
108)
Discussion
Video watching about a
synapse:
o 5. Synapse Structure
and Function:
https://
www.youtube.com /
watch?v=rWrnz-
CiM7A
Short Quiz (see
appendix; pages 80-81)
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
62
To discuss the different
types of neuron;
To discuss the sensory
neuron;
To define receptors;
To show the different
parts where there are
more specialized
neurons;
To discuss the motor
neuron;
To define effectors;
To discuss the
interneuron; and
To discuss white matter
and gray matter.
Understanding sensory
neuron;
Understanding the
importance of receptors;
Knowing the parts where
there are more
specialized neurons;
Understand how motor
neuron carry impulses;
Understanding the
importance if effectors;
Understanding the
function of interneuron;
and
Analyzing the difference
of white matter and gray
matter.
Types of Neurons
o Sensory (Afferent or
Bipolar) Neurons
Sensitive to non-neural
stimuli. They transmit
impulses initiated by
receptors to the spinal cord
and brain
o Motor (Efferent or
Multipolar) Neurons
Carry impulses away from
the brain and spinal cord to
the effectors.
o Interneurons (Association,
Central, Adjusting, or
Pseudopolare)
Receive impulses from the
sensory neurons and carry
impulses to other
interneurons
PowerPoint (see appendix;
pp. 109-110 )
Short Quiz (see
appendix; pages 82-83)
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
63
To discuss
neurotransmitter;
To discuss connectors ;
and
To show the diagram of
the relationship of the
structures of the nervous
system.
Understanding the
function of
neurotransmitter;
Knowing that they are
important link between
the nervous system and
behavior;
Understanding the
function of connectors;
and
Identifying the
relationship of the
structures of the nervous
system.
Neurotransmitter
chemical that carry
messages across the
synapse to the dendrite
or cell body of a
receiver neuron. They
are important link
between the nervous
system and behavior
Connectors or Nervous
Systems
mechanisms that
integrate receptors and
effectors causing an
individual to respond as
a coordinated organism
Central Nervous System
serves link the sensory
and motor fibers within
the nervous system
PowerPoint presentation
(see appendix; pp. 111-
120)
Short Quiz (see
appendix; pages 82-83)
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
64
To discuss the Brain and
its definition;
To determine the
different parts of the
brain and its functions;
To locate the different
parts of the brain;
To know why brainstem
is responsible for body
coordination;
To explain how midbrain
divides the forebrain and
the hindbrain;
To identify how
cerebellum helps the
body to have fine muscle
movements and balance;
To know how amygdala
is involved in emotion
and aggression;
Explaining the definition
of the brain and its
functions;
Identifying the different
parts of the brain and its
functions;
Identifying and locating
the different parts of the
brain;
Explaining why
cerebrum is responsible
in sensing, thinking, and
other unconscious
functions;
Determining why corpus
callosum is important
between the two cerebral
hemispheres;
Knowing how the
thalamus distributes
incoming and outgoing
impulses;
The Brain
PARTS OF THE BRAIN
o Cerebrum
This is responsible for
sensing, thinking,
learning, emotion,
consciousness, and
voluntary movement.
o Corpus Callosum
The bridge of fibers
passing information
between the two
cerebral hemispheres.
o Thalamus
The relay center for
cortex and it distributes
incoming and outgoing
impulses.
o Hypothalamus
This is responsible for
regulating basic
biological needs.
PowerPoint Presentation
(see appendix; pp. 121-
127)
Discussion
Short Quiz (see
appendix; page 84)
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
65
To know why the
stimulation that is carried
by the Reticular
formation is related to
sleep in arousal state;
To explain how the
medulla regulates large
unconscious movement;.
To discuss how the pons
connect the lower and
higher level of the
nervous system;
To know why cerebrum
is responsible in sensing,
thinking, and other
unconscious functions;
To explain why corpus
callosum is important
between the two cerebral
hemispheres;
To know how the
thalamus distributes;
Analyzing how the
hypothalamus helps the
body to regulate
biological needs;
Analyzing how
hippocampus works for
our learning and memory
skills;
Knowing why the sleep
and arousal state is
related to the stimulation
that is carried by the
Reticular formation
Explaining how the other
glands in the body are
regulated by the Pituitary
gland
Knowing why brainstem
is being responsible for
body coordination;
Explaining how the
forebrain and the
o Hippocampus
The part of the Limbic
System that is responsible
for “learning” and
“memory.”
o Pituitary Gland
The so-called, “Master
Gland” that regulates other
endocrine glands/ system.
o Amygdala
The part on the Limbic
System that is involve in
emotion and aggression.
o Midbrain
This divides hindbrain and
forebrain and is responsible
for sensory, motor, auditory
and vision.
o Pons
This is a bridge between
lower and higher level of
the Nervous System
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
66
incoming and outgoing
impulses;
To explain how the
hypothalamus helps the
body to regulate
biological needs;
To discuss how
hippocampus works for
our learning and memory
skills; and
To explain how the
pituitary gland regulates
other glands in the body.
hindbrain are divided by
the midbrain;
Analyzing how
cerebellum helps the
body to have fine muscle
movements and balance;
Knowing how amygdala
is involved in emotion
and aggression;
Identifying how the
medulla regulates large
unconscious movements;
and
Explaining how the pons
connect the lower and
higher level of the
nervous system.
o Medulla (Oblongata)
This is responsible for
regulating largely
unconscious functions,
o Reticular Formation
(Reticular Activating
System/ Center)
The group of fibers that
carry stimulation related
to sleep and arousal
state via brain stem.
o Cerebellum
This part coordinates
fine muscle movement
and balance.
o Brainstem
This is responsible for
body coordination
and/or movement.
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
67
To discuss the three
protective layers of the
brain;
To list down the different
protective layers of the
brain ;
To know the location of
the different protective
layers of the brain;
To distinguish the
characteristics of each
layer; and
To tell the importance of
the protective layers of
the brain.
Identifying the layers of
the brain;
Identifying the functions
of these layers of the
brain; and
Knowing the important
role of the meninges in
protecting the brain from
damage.
Layers of the Brain:
o DURA MATER
Surrounds the brain and
the spinal cord and is
responsible for keeping
in the cerebrospinal
fluid.
o ARACHNOID
Is interposed between
the two other meninges,
the more superficial and
much thicker dura mater
and the deeper pia
mater, from which it is
separated by the
subarachnoid space.
o PIA MATER
Is the delicate innermost
layer of the meninges,
the membranes
surrounding the brain
and spinal cord.
PowerPoint presentation
(see appendix; pp. 128-
132)
Short Quiz (see
appendix; page 85)
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
68
To discuss the cerebral
cortex and its lobes;
To show the cerebral
cortex and its lobes;
To describe the structure
of the four lobes;
To explain the different
functions of the lobes;
To relate the functions of
the lobes with the
different senses; and
To know the problems
caused by the damaging
of the lobes.
Learning the cerebral
cortex, together with its
lobes;
Illustrating the cerebral
cortex, together with its
lobes;
Identifying the functions
of the four lobes;
Correlating the function
of the lobes with
sensations; and
Pointing out the
problems caused by the
damaging of the lobes.
Lobes of the Brain:
o Frontal Lobe – is located at
the front of the brain and is
associated with reasoning,
motor skills, higher level
cognition and expressive
language.
o Parietal Lobe – is located in
the middle section of the
brain and is associated with
processing tactile sensory
information.
o Temporal Lobe – is located
on the bottom section of the
brain and is associated with
memory, language skills
and interpreting sounds.
o Occipital Lobe – is located
at the back portion of the
brain and is associated with
interpreting visual stimuli
and information.
PowerPoint presentation
(see appendix; pp. 133-
141)
EssayDirection: Make an essay
about the functions of the
lobes of the brain consisting
of three paragraphs with
five sentences.
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
69
To explain the
importance of the spinal
nerves in neural
transmission;
To discuss the functions
of the four regions of the
spinal column;
To point out the
difference between the
dorsal root and ventral
root;
To explain the effects of
lesion in spinal nerves;
To differentiate the
spinal cord and spinal
column;
To discuss the
components of the PNS;
and
To point out the
difference between the
cranial nerves and spinal
nerves.
Examining the
significance of spinal
nerves in neural
transmission;
Classifying the four
regions of the spinal
column according to
function;
Analyzing the dorsal root
and ventral root’s
difference;
Examining the effects of
lesion in spinal nerves;
Distinguishing the spinal
cord and spinal column;
Identifying the
components of the
Peripheral Nervous
System; and
Analyzing the difference
between the cranial
nerves and spinal nerves.
Spinal Cord
Huge rope-like segment
of nerve tissue
extending downward the
vertebral column
(backbone).
Four Regions of the Spine:
o Cervical
Neck
o Thoracic
Chest/trunk
o Lumbar
Lower back
o Sacral
Pelvic
Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
o Somatic System
Sends voluntary
messages from the
Central Nervous
System to the
skeletal muscles.
PowerPoint presentation (see
appendix; pp. 142-143)
Discussion
Short Quiz (see
appendix; page 86)
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
70
To discuss cranial nerves
To discuss the twelve
pairs of nerves
To define olfactory nerve
To define optic nerve
To define oculomotor
nerve
To define trochlear nerve
To define trigeminal
nerve
To define abducens
nerve
To define facial nerve
To define
vestibulocochlear nerve
To define
glossopharyngeal nerve
To define vagus nerve
To define spinal
accessory
Understanding cranial
nerves
Identifying the different
pairs of nerve
Understanding olfactory
nerve
Understanding optic
nerve
Understanding trochlear
nerve
Understanding trigeminal
nerve
Understanding abducens
nerve
Understanding facial
nerve
Understanding
vestibulocochlear nerve
Understanding
glossopharyngeal nerve
Understanding vagus
nerve
Cranial nerves- serve as
sensory nerves for vision,
audition, olfaction, and
gestation
o Olfactory nerve
smell
o Optic nerve
vision
o Oculomotor nerve
eyelid and eyeball
movement
o Trochlear nerve
superior oblique and
turns eye downward and
laterally
o Trigeminal nerve
chewing
o Abducens nerve
turns eye laterally
o Facial nerve
facial expressions
o Vestibulocochlear
(Auditory) nerve
PowerPoint presentation
(see appendix; pp. 144-
146)
Short Quiz (see
appendix; pages 82-83)
71
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
To define hypoglossal
nerve
Understanding spinal
accessory nerve
Understanding
hypoglossal nerve
hearing and balance
sensation
o Glossopharyngeal nerve
taste and senses carotid
blood pressure
o Vagus nerve
senses aortic blood
pressure, slows heart
rate, stimulates digestive
organs, and taste
o Spinal accessory nerve
controls trapezius and
swallowing movements
o Hypoglossal nerve
tongue movements
72
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
To discuss the Spinal
Nerves and its importance
in our body.
To explain the relation of
spinal nerves in
biopsychology.
To identify the two major
subdivisions of the spinal
nerves and its functions.
To analyze how the
sympathetic nervous
system works.
To know why the
sympathetic nervous
system is called as a
“fight-or-flight” response.
To analyze how the
Parasympathetic Nervous
System works.
To know why the
parasympathetic nervous
system is called as a
“house-keeping response.
Determining the Spinal
Nerves and its importance
in our body.
Distinguishing the
relation of spinal nerves in
biopsychology.
Classifying the two major
subdivisions of the spinal
nerves and its functions.
Analyzing the processes
in Sympathetic Nervous
System.
Knowing why the
sympathetic nervous
system is called as a
“fight-or-flight” response.
Analyzing the process in
Parasympathetic Nervous
System.
Knowing why PNS is
called as a “House-
keeping” response.
Spinal Nerves
Serve as sensory and
motor nerves for
shoulder, chest, trunk,
and upper and lower
extremities.
TWO MAJOR
SUBDIVISIONS OF
SPINAL NERVES:
o Sympathetic Nervous
System (SNS)
The “fight-or-flight”
response because it
prepares the internal
organs or glands to
impel the person to
respond to stressful and
emergency situation.
o Parasympathetic Nervous
System
The “house-keeping”
subdivision.
PowerPoint presentation
(see appendix; pp. 147-
151)
Discussion
Quiz (see appendix;
page 87)
73
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
To discuss the Muscular
System.
To identify the three
types of muscles.
To locate the three types
of muscles.
To discuss the difference
between the Three Types
of Muscles.
To know what Striated
muscle is and its
functions.
To identify what
Unstriated muscle is and
its functions.
To discuss what Cardiac
muscle is and its
functions.
To illustrate the Three
Types of muscles.
To analyze how the Three Types of Muscles work
Identifying the Muscular
System.
Classifying the Three
Types of Muscles.
Determining and locating
the Three Types of
Muscles.
Differentiating the Three
Types of Muscles.
Explaining the striated
muscle and its functions.
Knowing the unstriated
muscle and its function.
Determining the cardiac
muscle and its functions.
Illustrating the Three
Types of Muscles.
Analyzing how the Three
Types of Muscles work.
The Muscular System
THREE TYPES OF
MUSCLE:
o Striated Muscles
Responsible for
movements of the
appendages, bones,
trunk, head, jaw, etc.
o Unstriated Muscles
Located on the walls of
the digestive, tract,
arteries, veins, uterus,
bladder, etc.
o Cardiac (Heart) Muscle
A special type of muscle
located in the heart.
Responsible for
contraction and
relaxation.
PowerPoint Presentation (see
appendix; pp. 152-155)
Discussion
Quiz (see appendix;
page 88)
74
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
To discuss the glandular
system.
To define gland.
To know the different
functions of the glands.
To identify the glands
and the role they play in
the human body
To distinguish
differentiate exocrine
glands from endocrine
glands.
To state the location of
the exocrine glands and
the fluids they secrete.
To name the endocrine
glands and state their
location, the hormone(s)
they secrete, the actions
of the hormones and the
diseases brought about
by the hormone
deficiencies.
Understanding glandular
system.
Understanding the
meaning of gland.
Identifying the different
functions of the glands.
Naming the glands and
the role they play in the
human body
Differentiating exocrine
glands from endocrine
glands.
Knowing the location of
the exocrine glands and
the fluids they secrete.
Identifying the endocrine
glands and stating their
location, the hormone(s)
they secrete, the actions
of the hormones and the
diseases brought about
by the hormone
deficiencies.
Glandular System
o Exocrine System (duct glands)
1.) Lacrimal Gland – a gland tha
secretes tears and is found in the
upper outer part of each socket of
the eyes.
2.) Salivary Gland – a gland that
secretes saliva and is found in and
around the mouth and throut.
3.) Sebaceous Gland – a gland that
secretes an oily substance for skin
protection from getting dried and
scaly.
4.) Mammary Gland – a gland that
produces milk in all female
mammals and generally non-
functional form in male.
5.) Gastric Gland – a gland tha is
found in the surface of the stomach.
o Endocrine System (ductless
glands)
PowerPoint Presentation (see
appendix; pp. 156-171)
Short Quiz (see
appendix; pages 89-90)
75
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
To relate the function of
the glandular system
with those of the other
body systems.
To tell how hormone
works in the body.
Correlating the function
of the glandular system
with those of the other
body systems.
Understanding hormone
and describing how it
works in the body.
1.) Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) –
a pea-sized gland that regulates
many key function
2.) Thyroid Gland – a gland that
has two lobes and is found in the
lower part of the neck just below
the larynx.
3.) Parathyroid Gland – a gland that
partially embedded in posterior
surface of the thyroid gland.
4.) Adrenal Gland – a gland that is
located on top of each kidneys.
5.) Pancreatic Gland (Islet of
Langerhans) – a gland found just
posterior to the stomach and
attached by a duct to the intestinal
tract.
6.) Gonadal Glands – a gland that is
found in testes (in males) and ovary
(in females).
76
OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
To discuss receptors.
To list down the different
types of receptor.
To distinguish difference
between these three:
exteroceptor,
proprioceptor and
interoceptor.
To tell the importance of
receptors
To explain how different
sense organs receive
information from the
environment.
To list down the different
sense organs.
To use this knowledge
for the future.
Learning about receptors.
Identifying the different
types of receptors.
Differentiating these
three: exteroceptor,
proprioceptor and
interoceptor.
Knowing the importance
of receptors.
Understanding how
different sense organs
receive information from
the environment.
Identifying the different
sense organs.
Applying this knowledge
for the future.
Receptors – are specialized
structure of the sense organs
which are sensitive to the
particular stimuli.
o Exteroceptors
Receptors for:
Vision
Audition
Olfaction
Gustation
Tactile/Cutaneous
o Proprioceptors
Receptor for:
Static
Kinesthetic
o Interoceptor (Organic)
PowerPoint Presentation
(see appendix; pp. 172-
173)
Short Quiz (see
appendix; pages 89-90)
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OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
To discuss the eight
major senses
To know the different
sense organs in the body
To define sensation
To distinguish sensation
from perception
To tell the function of
every sense organ
Identify the eight major
senses
Knowing the purpose of
the different sense organs
Identifying the different
organs that is responsible
for sensation.
Analyzing how sense
organs work
Knowing the importance
of sense organs
8 Major Senses
o SIGHT/VISION: is the
capability of the eye(s) to
focus and detect images of
visible light on
photoreceptors in the retina
of each eye.
o HEARING/AUDITION: is
the ability to perceive sound
by detecting vibrations
o SMELL/OLFACTION: is
mediated by specialized
sensory cells of the nasal
cavity of vertebrates, which
can be considered
analogous to sensory cells
of the antennae of
invertebrates.
TASTE/GUSTATION: refers to the capability to detect the taste of substances such as food, certain minerals, and poisons, etc.
PowerPoint Presentation
(see appendix; pp. 174-
183)
Short Quiz (see
appendix; page 91)
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OBJECTIVES INTENDED OUTCOME TOPIC STRATEGY ASSESSMENT
TOUCH/TACTILE: is a perception resulting from activation of neural receptors, generally in the skin including hair follicles, but also in the tongue, throat, and mucosa.
BALANCE/VESTIBULAR: is the sense that allows an organism to sense body movement, direction, and acceleration, and to attain and maintain postural equilibrium and balance.
PROPRIOCEPTION/KINESTHETIC: provides the parietal cortex of the brain with information on the relative positions of the parts of the body
INTEROCEPTION: is "any sense that is normally stimulated from within the body". These involve numerous sensory receptors in internal organs, such as stretch receptors that are neurologically linked to the brain.
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Quiz: Neurons
1. The basic structural unit of the Nervous System is calleda. Neuron b. Brain c. Lungs d. Psychology
2. Part of a neuron that contains the nucleus, which in turn contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes that provides nourishment and insulation.a. brain b. Dendrite c. Soma/ cell body d. Axon
3. It is hard to distinguish from the dendrites.a. axon b. myelin c. dendrites d. brain4. Thin fatty tissues and protein cells that protects themselves around the axon in
preventing messages from short- circuiting one another.a. Myelin sheath b. Dendrites c. Axon d. Glial cells
5. A Greek word meaning glue.a. Myelin b. Glial c. Axon d. sheath
Answers:
1. A2. C3. A4. A5. B
TOPIC: NERVE TRANSMISSION
1. A neuron has a polarized membrane, which means it is relatively positive on the outside of the membrane to relatively negative on the inside. Which of the following creates
this opposite charge characteristic of a neuron's membrane?
a. sodium ions on the outside and proteins on the inside
b. sodium ions on the outside and potassium ions on the inside
c. sodium and potassium ions on the outside and proteins on the inside
2. When a neuron is depolarized, the gated channels of the membrane open to allow __________ to enter the neuron. A neuron becomes hyperpolarized when the gated
channels of the membrane open thus allowing __________ to exit the neuron
a. K +; Na +
b. Na +; K +
c. Na +; protein
3. A resting membrane is measured at __________ while a depolarized membrane will measure at __________.
a. +30 mV; –70 mV
b. –70 mV; +30 mV
c. 0 mV; –70 mV
4. __________ is the term used to describe the movement of potassium ions to the outside of a neuron, and __________ is the term used to describe excess potassium ions
moving to the outside of a neuron.
a. Repolarization; hyperpolarization
b. Hyperpolarization; depolarization
c. Polarization; hyperpolarization
5. During repolarization, the sodium channels are closed. How does this affect a neuron?
a. The neuron cannot respond to new stimuli.
b. The neuron becomes more sensitive to new stimuli.
c. It does not affect the neuron; it can still respond to stimuli.
Ans. a, b, b, c, c
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TOPIC: SYNAPSE AND SYNAPTIC CONNECTION
1. ___________ is a nerve junction in which the nerve impulse passes through in order to reach its final destination.
a. Synapse
b. Axon
c. Receptor site
2. Are tiny bubbles of chemicals
a. Vesicles
b. Neurotransmitters
c. Mitochondria
3. Are the chemicals inside the tiny bubbles
a. Vesicles
b. Neurotransmitters
c. Mitochondria
4. Special place on the cell membrane of the next neuron that are like little locks.
a. Axon
b. Dendrite
c. Receptor Sites
5. Space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic endings.
a. Vesicles
b. Axon
c. Synaptic gap
Answer Key: 1.) A 2.) A 3.) B 4.) C 5.) C
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TOPIC: REFLEX ACTION
1. _______ are automatic, involuntary responses to incoming stimuli.
a. Reflex arc
b. Reflex action
c. Neuron
2. What are the components of reflex arc?
3. Afferent
a. Sensory
b. Motor
c. Interneuron
4. Efferent
a. Sensory
b. Motor
c. Interneuron
5. _______ are electro-chemical impulses transmitted to the spinal cord up to the brain.
a. Sensory-motor arc
b. Withdrawal reflex
c. Stimuli
Answer Key: 1.) B
2.) sensory neuron; motor neuron,
interneuron, sensory receptors and effector
3.) A 4.) B 5.) C
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I. TYPES OF NEURON
NAME OTHER TERM MEANING / FUNCTION1. 4. 7.2. 5. 8.3. 6. 9.
II. NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND CONNECTORS1. Write the meaning of Neurotransmitters.2. Write the meaning of Connectors3. What is the other term for connectors?4. What is an effectors?5. What is a receptors?6. Give at least four connectors.
III. CRANIAL NERVES
NERVE FUNCTION1.2.3.4.5.6.7.
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ANSWERS:
I. TYPES OF NEURON
NAME OTHER TERM MEANING / FUNCTION1. Sensory Neuron 4. Afferent or Bipolar 7. –Sensitive to various non-neural stimuli
- transmit impulses initiated by receptors to the spinal cord and brain
2. Motor Neuron 5. Efferent or Multipolar 8. -Carry impusles away from the brain and spinal cord to
the effectors
3. Interneuron 6. Association, Central, Adjusting or Pseudopolare 9. - Receive impulses from the sensory neurons and carry impulses to other interneurons
II. NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND CONNECTORS7. Chemical that carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite or cell body of a receiver neuron. They are important link between the nervous system and behavior8. Mechanisms that integrate receptors and effectors causing an individual to respond as a coordinated organism which act as a response over efferent or motor neurons9. Nervous System10. Muscles and glands which act as a response over efferent or motor neuron11. Specialized structures of the sense organs which are sensitive to the particular stimuli12. Acetylcholine, Nor-epinephrine, Glutamate, Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid, Dopamine, Serotonin & Endorphins
III. CRANIAL NERVES
NERVE FUNCTION1.Olfactory Smell2.Optic Vision3.Oculomotor Eyelid and eyeball movement4.Trochlear Superior oblique and turns eye downward and laterally5.Trigeminal Chewing6.Abducens Turns eye laterally7.Facial Facial expressionsVestibulocochlear Hearing and balance sensationGlossopharyngeal Taste and senses carotid blood pressureVagus senses aortic blood pressure, slows heart rate, stimulates digestive organs, and taste
Spinal Accessory Controls trapezius and swallowing movements
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Hypoglossal Tongue movements
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1. The massive soft, spongy, mottled nervous tissue and pinkish-gray in color found inside the skull.a. Neuron b. Brain c. Lungs d. Psychology
2. Part of a brain that is responsible for sensing, thinking, learning, emotion, consciousness, and voluntary movement.
a. Cerebrum b. cerebellum c. thalamus d. hypothalamus
3. The relay center for cortex and it distributes incoming and outgoing impulses.
a. Corpus callosum b. hypothalamus c. thalamus d. Brainstem
4. The part of the Limbic System that is responsible for “learning” and “memory.”a. hippocampus b. thalamus c. pons d. brainstem
5. The master gland.b. Endocrine gland b. Pituitary gland c. thalamus d. pons
Quiz: The Brain
Answers:
1. b2. a3. c4. a5. b
TOPIC: LAYERS OF THE BRAIN
1. The meninges cover the __________.
a. Brain
b. spinal cord
c. brain and spinal cord
2. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the layers of meningeal membranes beginning with the brain and going to the skull?
a. pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
b. pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
c. dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
3. Associated with the anterior fontanel of a newborn, the parietal and frontal bones are separated. There is a membrane covering the “exposed” area that one can feel if one
touches the fontanel area lightly. This membrane would be the __________ mater.
a. Pia
b. Dura
c. Arachnoid
4. What is the space between the dura and the arachnoid mater?
a. Subdural space
b. Subarachnoid space
c. Cerebrospinal fluid
5. It is the general term for the three protective layers of the brain.
a. Arachnoid
b. Meninges
c. Tissue
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Ans. c, b, b, a, b
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TOPIC: SPINAL CORD
1. __________ composed of a series of bones called vertebrae.
a. Spinal cords
b. Spinal column
c. Spinal nerves
2. The root that brings the sensory nerve.
a. Square root
b. Dorsal root
c. Ventral root
3. The root that brings the motor nerve.
a. Square root
b. Dorsal root
c. Ventral root
4. _________ consists of the nerves connecting the brain and spinal cord to the other parts of the body.
a. Peripheral Nervous System
b. Central Nervous System
c. Sympathetic Nervous System
5. _________ a part of the Peripheral Nervous System that sends voluntary messages from Central Nervous System to the skeletal muscles.
a. Autonomic system
b. Somatic system
c. Soma
Answer Key: 1.) B 2.) B 3.) C 4.) A 5.) B
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Answers:
1. a2. a3. d4. a5. b
Quiz: Spinal Nerves
1. It serve as sensory and motor nerves for shoulder, chest, trunk, and upper and lower extremities.
a. Spinal Nerves b. Brain c. Lungs d. Psychology2. The nerve fibers that is, the nerve fibers make connections and specialized
clusters of neurons termed ganglia.a. Sympathetic Nerous System b. Parasympathetic Nerous System c. Soma/ cell body d. Spinal
3. Structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber.
a. fibers b. myelin c. nerves d. ganglia4. The fight-or-flight response
a.Sympathetic Nervous System b. Parasympathetic Nervous System c. ganglia d. Nerve
5. The house-keeping responsea.Sympathetic Nervous System b. Parasympathetic Nervous System c. ganglia d. Nerve
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Quiz: Muscular system
1. Responsible for movements of the appendages, bones, trunk, head, jaw, eyes, etc.b. Striated muscles b. Brain c. unstriated d. Cardiac muscles
2. Muscles found in the heart.a.Striated muscles b. Brain c. unstriated d. Cardiac muscles
3. Muscle that is responsible for contraction and relaxation. a.Striated muscles b. Brain c. unstriated d. Cardiac muscles
4. Located on the walls of the digestive, tract, arteries, veins, uterus, bladder, etc.c. Striated muscles b. Brain c. unstriated d. Cardiac muscles
5. Skeletal, striped or voluntary musclesa. Striated muscles b. Cardiac muscles c. Unstriated muscles
d. Brain
Answers:
1. a2. d3. d4. c5. a
I. GLANDULAR SYSTEMFill the table:
A. Exocrine System
Glands Location Fluid Secreted1.2.3.4.5.
B. Endocrine System
Glands Location Hormones Secreted1.2.3.4.5.6.
II. RECEPTOR
Answer the following:
1. What is receptor?
2. Give and explain the three types of receptors.
3. Enumerate the primary senses.
4. Enumerate the secondary senses.
5. What are the General Conditions of Sensory Processes? Explain.
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ANSWER KEY:
I. GLANDULAR SYSTEMA. Exocrine System
Glands Location Fluid Secreted1.Lacrimal Gland upper outer part of each socket tears2.Salivary Gland in and around the mouth and throut saliva3.Sebaceous Gland beside the hair roots sebum4.Mammary Gland in the chest milk5.Gastric Gland in the stomach gastric juices
B. Endocrine System
Glands Location Hormones Secreted1.Pituitary Gland bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the
brain TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH, ADH, Oxytocin
2.Thyroid Gland lower part of the neck just below the larynx Triodothyronine, Thyroxine, Calcitocin3.Parathyroid Gland psurface of the thyroid gland PTH4.Adrenal Gland on top of each kidneys Glucocorticoids, Mineralocorticoids, Cortisol,
Androgen, Estrogen, Adrenaline, Noradrenaline5.Pancreatic Gland posterior of the stomach Glucagon, Insulin6.Gonadal Glands in the sex organs Testes: Testosterone
Ovary: Estrogen and Progesterone
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TOPIC: 8 MAJOR SENSES
1. Rods and cones of the eye are __________.
a. Nociceptors
b. Proprioceptors
c. Photoreceptors
2. In order to initiate an action potential regarding olfaction, which of the following must occur first?
a. The olfactory bulbs must be activated.
b. The synaptic areas within the brain must be activated.
c. The molecules of the vapor must dissolve in the mucus that covers the nasal epithelium.
3. The vestibular apparatus is involved in maintaining equilibrium. The vestibular apparatus consists of the __________ and the __________.
a. vestibule; semi-circular canals
b. eyes; inner ear
c. vestibule; cochlea
4. As sound waves travel through the ear canal, they cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate and in turn cause the ossicles to also vibrate. Which of the following is the correct
sequence of the ossicles going from the tympanic membrane to the oval window?
a. incus, malleus, stapes
b. malleus, incus, stapes
c. stapes, incus, malleus
5. Gustatory cells are located __________.
a. within the taste buds
b. within the papillae of the tongue
c. on the surface of the papillae of the tongue
Ans. c, c, a, b, a
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