psy285 chapter 3

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Developed by Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D.Developed by Joseph A. Davis, Ph.D.

Abnormal Psychology Ninth Edition 9/eAbnormal Psychology Ninth Edition 9/e

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A PowerPoint™ Slide Presentation forA PowerPoint™ Slide Presentation for

Lauren B. Alloy, Ph.D.John H. Riskind, Ph.D.Margaret B. Manos

Lauren B. Alloy, Ph.D.John H. Riskind, Ph.D.Margaret B. Manos

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Chapter 3Chapter 3

Research Methods in Abnormal PsychologyResearch Methods in Abnormal Psychology

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Chapter Main PointsChapter Main Points

Characteristics of the Scientific Method Research Designs


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Characteristics: Scientific MethodCharacteristics: Scientific Method

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Skeptical Attitude Objectives:

Description Prediction Control Understanding

Skeptical Attitude Objectives:

Description Prediction Control Understanding

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Characteristics: Scientific Method Characteristics: Scientific Method

Internal Validity: Confounding Variables:

occurs when two or more causal factors are exerting an effect on the same thing at the same time, thus interfering with accurate measurement of the causal role of either one

Internal Validity: Confounding Variables:

occurs when two or more causal factors are exerting an effect on the same thing at the same time, thus interfering with accurate measurement of the causal role of either one

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External Validity: Generalizability:

A research finding’s ability to be applied to difference populations, settings and conditions

Representativeness Sample: Degree to which the sample’s essential

characteristics match those of the populations we want to generalize about

External Validity: Generalizability:

A research finding’s ability to be applied to difference populations, settings and conditions

Representativeness Sample: Degree to which the sample’s essential

characteristics match those of the populations we want to generalize about

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Scientific Procedures: The Hypothesis:

A tentative explanation for behavior Operational Definitions:

Defined in terms of operations that can be observed and measured

Scientific Procedures: The Hypothesis:

A tentative explanation for behavior Operational Definitions:

Defined in terms of operations that can be observed and measured

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Methods of Control: Independent Variable:

A factor that is manipulated by the experimenters in an effort to measure its effects

Dependent Variable: A factor that will presumably be affected by the

manipulation of the independent variable and whose changes the experiment aims to measure

Methods of Control: Independent Variable:

A factor that is manipulated by the experimenters in an effort to measure its effects

Dependent Variable: A factor that will presumably be affected by the

manipulation of the independent variable and whose changes the experiment aims to measure

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Methods of Control: Experimental Condition:

A condition in which the treatment is present Control Condition:

A condition in which the treatment is absent Random Assignment:

Assigning subjects randomly to the different groups in the experiment

Methods of Control: Experimental Condition:

A condition in which the treatment is present Control Condition:

A condition in which the treatment is absent Random Assignment:

Assigning subjects randomly to the different groups in the experiment

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Minimizing the Expectation Effect: Demand Characteristics:

Subjects respond according to an experimenter’s expectations

Experimenter Effects: Knowledge of an experimental condition that can

bias an experimenter’s observations of behavioral results

Minimizing the Expectation Effect: Demand Characteristics:

Subjects respond according to an experimenter’s expectations

Experimenter Effects: Knowledge of an experimental condition that can

bias an experimenter’s observations of behavioral results

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Minimizing the Effects of Expectations: Placebo Effect:

A substance that looks like a drug or other active substance but is actually an inert, or inactive, substance

Double-blind Procedure: Both the subject and the experimenter are kept

unaware as to which treatment is being administered

Minimizing the Effects of Expectations: Placebo Effect:

A substance that looks like a drug or other active substance but is actually an inert, or inactive, substance

Double-blind Procedure: Both the subject and the experimenter are kept

unaware as to which treatment is being administered

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Statistical Inference: The Null Hypothesis:

The assumption that the independent variable has had no effect on the study or experiment

Clinical Significance: Can the clinical findings be of any real help in

treatment?

Statistical Inference: The Null Hypothesis:

The assumption that the independent variable has had no effect on the study or experiment

Clinical Significance: Can the clinical findings be of any real help in

treatment?

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Correlational ResearchCorrelational Research

Case-control Design: People diagnosed as having a particular

mental disorder are compared with controls Longitudinal Studies:

Behaviors of the same subject over an extended period of time

High-risk design

Case-control Design: People diagnosed as having a particular

mental disorder are compared with controls Longitudinal Studies:

Behaviors of the same subject over an extended period of time

High-risk design

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Epidemiological StudiesEpidemiological Studies

Incidence: The number of new cases of a disorder within

a given time period Prevalence:

The percentage of the population that has the disorder at a particular time

Duration: The average length of a given disorder

Incidence: The number of new cases of a disorder within

a given time period Prevalence:

The percentage of the population that has the disorder at a particular time

Duration: The average length of a given disorder

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Experimental DesignsExperimental Designs

Clinical Trials: Studying the effectiveness of treatments

Analogue Experiments: An experimental situation that is designed to

be analogous to “real life”

Clinical Trials: Studying the effectiveness of treatments

Analogue Experiments: An experimental situation that is designed to

be analogous to “real life”

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The Single-Case DesignThe Single-Case Design

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The Single-Case DesignThe Single-Case Design

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Recapping the Main PointsRecapping the Main Points



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End of Chapter 3End of Chapter 3

Research Methods in Abnormal PsychologyResearch Methods in Abnormal Psychology

psy285 chapter 3

Technology

scientific methodminimizing

demand characteristics

experimental condition

independent variable

presentcontrol condition

given disorder

singlecase design

expectation effect