psy01 basics of psychology

8/7/2019 PSY01 Basics of Psychology

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Perception

Perception -- Seeing, hearing,

touching, smelling, tasting, feeling.Perception is not only a passive experience but also anactive experience like touching.



The Raw Material of Perception

1. All things have relationships (Pre-package)

"Figure-ground phenomenon"




2. Gestalt Psychologist

"Discovered many other ways in which what we

perceive is already organized

Example:

± Apparent Motion

± Closure

± Similarity




2. Gestalt Psychologist

"Insight Learning - solving problem by means of therecognition of a gestalt or organizing principle"




3. T he Perception of Utility

"We see things as if they had a purpose

� Utility determination - specific things does specific functions

� Affordance - an object can do a lot of function depending on

the persons needs




4. Person Perception

We are perceiving the behavior as beinggoverned by a mental factor. This factor is

also called intention, purpose, or meaning."

(all things make sense) !praying mantis.




5. Anticipation

In the broadest sense is a matter of interactionbetween the world and the self. At its

simplest, the world gives us events; we in

turn give those events meaning by

interpreting and acting upon them.




6. Adaptation

"The process of adapting to something."



Emotion

Peeling of feeling



Perception



Dissection of Emotion

Distress - Psychological Suffering

o Anxiety - is the assumption of distress

Delight - A feeling of extreme pleasure or satisfaction

o Hope is the assumption of delight




Anger - A feeling of extreme pleasure or satisfaction

Regarding to distress and delight, anger is usually felt when the

desired delight after distress is not acquired.

Aggression - The quality of being bold and enterprising

Felt whenever you strive to get out of distressing situation.




Compliant - a person who is always trying to make himself fit

the world

He is always trying to adjust himself to others, when often what heneeds is to get angry.

Avoidance - When we see a problem coming, we give in to our

anxiety and run away, physically or psychologically.

Avoidance in distressing situation



Motivation

Now we move from questions about what we feel to

questions about what we want. As I said earlier, the "self " is

what gives things their meaning. Some philosophers andpsychologists suggest that the only thing that makes a

person (or any living creature) different from a mechanical

device is that a person gives things meaning.



Motivation

We give things meaning because we have

desires. Because of desire, some things have

value to us, and some don't; some things are

relevant to us, some are not; and value or

relevance is just another way of talking about

meaning.



Different Aspects of Motivation

Behaviorists and other theorists who take a

fairly biological approach to psychology

suggest that our desires all boil down to the

desire to survive. So our most fundamental

needs are for food, water, rest, and the

avoidance of pain. More complex motivations

are seen as derived from these by learning.




Freudians have a similar view, and refer to desire as

libido. They, however, focus more on the need to

survive beyond the individual's life-span through

reproduction. Since the survival of all needs and theinstincts that serve them in fact depends on

reproduction, it is quite reasonable to make sex the

key desire! Sociobiology - the study of the effects

evolution on behavior - agrees with the Freudians onthis.




Humanists use the word actualization, which means

"the desire to maintain and enhance the self."

"Maintenance" certainly includes survival, as long as

it is understood that we are referring to the survivalof the psychological self as well as the physical self.

And "enhancement" means we do more than just try

to survive.



Components of Motivation

1. Curiosity and Play

± Higher" animals have certain extra desires that encourage them to

learn about potential problems before any serious mistakes happen.

2. Positive Regard

± Meaning attention, affection.

± At first, it's a matter of physical survival; later in life, it's a sign that

we have support around us.

3. Positive Self-regard

± also known as self-respect, self-worth, or self-esteem.

4. Inferiority Complex

± Poor self-regard




Habit If you think about it, nearly all of the things we've

been talking about involve returning to a unstressed

state.

Habits are things that are so thoroughly learned, that

work so smoothly, with so little distress or delight,

that they are pretty nearly unconscious.

When habits concern social behaviors, we call them

rituals.




Higher Motivation - At the other end of the

spectrum are what we might call higher

motivations, such as creativity and

compassion.




Freedom - The condition of being free; the

power to act, speak or think without

externally imposed restraints



A Hierarchy of Needs




1. The physiological needs. These include the needs

we have for oxygen, water, protein, salt, sugar,

calcium, minerals, and vitamins. They also include

the need to maintain a pH balance (getting tooacidic or basic will kill you) and temperature (98.6

or near to it). Also, theres the needs to be active,

to rest, to sleep, to get rid of wastes (CO2, sweat,

urine, and feces), to avoid pain, and to havesex. Quite a collection!




2. The safety and security needs. When the

physiological needs are largely taken care of, this

second layer of needs comes into play. You will

become increasingly interested in finding safecircumstances, stability, protection. You might

develop a need for structure, for law and order.




3. The love and belonging needs. When physiological

needs and safety needs are, by and large, taken care

of, a third layer starts to show up. You begin to feel

the need for friends, a sweetheart, children,affectionate relationships in general, even a sense

of community. Looked at negatively, you become

increasing susceptible to loneliness and social

anxieties.




4. The esteem needs. Next, we begin to look for a little self-esteem. Maslow

noted two versions of esteem needs, a lower one and a higher one. The

lower one is the need for the respect of others, the need for status, fame,

glory, recognition, attention, reputation, appreciation, dignity, even

dominance. The higher form involves the need for self-respect, includingsuch feelings as confidence, competence, achievement, mastery,

independence, and freedom. Note that this is the higher form because,

while the adoration of others can come and go, self-respect is a lot harder

to lose!

� All of the preceding four levels he calls deficit needs. If you dont have

enough of something - i.e. you have a deficit - you feel the need. But if

you get all you need, you feel nothing at all! In other words, the need

ceases to be motivating. As the old blues song goes, you dont miss your

water till your well runs dry!




5. The last level is a bit different. Maslow called it self-actualization or the

being needs. Self-actualization as Maslow uses the term refers to the kind

of things we have called higher motivations -- creativity, compassion, the

appreciation of beauty, truth, justice, and so on. They differ from the

deficit needs in that they become a part of your being, part of who youare. Maslow once said that the being needs were the desire to "be all that

you can be!"

psy01 basics of psychology

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