PSC 201-001, Spring 2012Final Exam Study Guide

Exam Date: Tuesday, May 1, 8:00 – 10:30 a.m.

Format: Multiple Choice: 35 questions x 2 points each = 70 pointsShort Answer: 4 questions x 10 points each = 40 pointsShort Essay: 3 questions x 30 points each = 90 points

200 points

Chapter 8Supplemental Reading:

Sen- “Democracy as a Universal Value” Friedrich and Brzezinski-“ Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy” Putnam-“The Strange Disappearance of Civic America”

In Class Notes f/ Chapter 8:

I. What is comparative politics? Both a subject and a method Study of politics within states

o French government, Asian Government, exc. International relations vs. Comparative Politics

o International Relations: Study of conflict within states (wars, policies w/ countries)

o Comparative Politics: Studies institutions, type of government, electoral procedure

An Institution: rules of politics that endure from election to election (i.e. supreme court, political parties, electoral systems, policies, institutions)

Major Trendso Huntington coined the term- “Waves of Democracy”

Increase in democracies in the world then a decrease When it spreads it spreads quickly, but then there is a

backlash Spill over effect into other countries

democratization is hard, people must have faith and know it is going to work eventually

some are scared of democracy

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Why some countries are developed and others are Underdeveloped?o Democratic nations are usually more developedo Free mark economy, resources, and education

Political Culture-Values people share about politics/government

Civic Culture-Putnam: “Bowling Alone”-metaphor for how civil society has changed -realm of organizations outside the government (churches, rotary club, exc.)

The “method” of comparative politics-both a cultural and institutional explanation to make systematic comparisons of states-Barrington Moore (1966)-Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy

-uses the method of historical analysis to determine why some societies became democracies, fascist regimes, and communist-“no bourgeoisie, no democracy”

-Russia became communist b/c no bourgeoisie Why do some states become democratic?

-The Answer: Comparatist’s grouped this into two categories Type of Answers:

Cultural: Hartz: No feudalism, no liberalism (no history of feudalism, this is why we have classical liberalism in the US)

*Institutional: electoral system- Duverger’s law: In political science, Duverger's law is a principle which asserts that a plurality rule election system tends to favor a two-party system. This is one of two hypotheses proposed by Duverger, the second stating that “the double ballot majority system and proportional representation tend to multipartism.”

Two Options for electoral system: o FPTP- 2 Party System (US)

o Voting for people, not partieso One rep. that wins in each seat position

o PR-Multi-system (Eur.)o Proportional representation: bigger districts, each district elects 3 repso Voting for parties not peopleo Coalitions must group together to form a majority

II. Authoritarianismo Rule by 1 person or a small group of people that suppresses the rights and

liberties of the populationo Traditional styled authoritarianism has declined since WWII

Characteristics:*-1 person making decisions(autocracy) or small group of people(oligarchy)-

citizens have no input or say-no consultation*-Transitions to power are not decided by free and fair elections

-Absolute monarchy(succession)- Like S. Arabia(no constitution or laws)-Coup d’état can account for government change/authority

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-Where coups happen 1 time, they usually happen a lot-Rigged elections

-Limits on free speech and the government controls the press- Silent all opposition-Lack of Competitive political party

-i.e. Sadam has the Bath party, gives the Totalitarianism illusion of legitimacy III. Totalitarianism: Total control over citizens to change society towards “some utopian vision”

-tries to control what is happening inside peoples mind-tries to change the way they think

-Fascism and communism are 2 sects of totalitarianismA. Fascism:

1.) As an ideology: extreme nationalism based on ethnicity -State is more important than citizens-Citizens share no real importance

2.) example: Hitler in Germany (Blonde Hair and Blue Eyes)-not trying to spread globally, just fix Germany

B. Communism Totalitarianism: Stalin in U.S.S.R.-no free marker-getting rid of ethnic nationalism/huge contrast to Fascism-Stalin’s Utopia: Marx’s idea of Utopia

o Everyone working together for the good of the stateo Eliminate all classes-Workers should have the powero “United Workers of the World”: wanted to spread globallyo eliminate capitalismo eliminate private ownership of propertyo government must exercise complete control to do this

Characteristics of Totalitarianism-“Friedrich and Brzezinski (1965)”

Autocracy Democracy I

Not Free Free -Totalitarianism Auth.

-Fascism-Communism

Fascism vs. Communismo Fascism: Imperial predominance of ethnic nationalismo Communism: World revolution of the proletariat1.) All encompassing ideology2.) Single political party led by 1 man3.) Terrorist police control4.) Total control of mass communication5.) Monopoly of weapons(only agents of the State can own weapons)6.) Central control of the economy

Contrast of Authoritarianism and TotalitarianismAUTH.: 1.) Leader makes all decisions

2.) Transitions not by F and F elections3.) Control of media/ no free speech

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4.) No party competitionTOTAL.: 1.) All encompassing ideology

2.) Single party led by one man3.) Terrorist police control4.) Total control of the mass communication5.) Monopoly on weapons6.) Central economy

*N. Korea fits example of totalitarianism todayIV. Democracy

A. Development of the concept-Locke is an early democratic theorist-Theorize about equal rights-not explicit, but ideology has in common with LOCKIAN LIBERALISM-Tocqueville: danger of the tyranny of majority

-questioning democracy in its simplest form-democracy cannot just be a majority rule, must have equal protections for the

minority-w/o this democracy is nothing but another system of Authoritarian government

o Utilitarianism: Greatest good for the Greatest number-Bentham: 1st theorist on utilitarianism-Does not care what makes people happy-Example of Util.: If you have a society in which the pop. Enjoys torturing people and the Gov. promotes this than the Gov. is doing their jobJ.S. Mill: Modifies utilitarianism in light of Tocqueville criticism: Legit. Forms of happiness/higher levels of happiness

-no notion of justice, no notion of protection-individual rights and freedoms-Mill’s Harm Principle

-Use your hand for anything until you punch (harm) someoneJ.S. Mill: Torturing is not a legitimate form of happiness; must have intellectual pop. And they can make the best/ most educated decision

Characteristics of a modern democracy:1.) Constitutional limits on government and protections of rights2.) Civil society: people associating outside of the government

o Increased trust among peoplePutnam: “Bowling Alone”: TV is the culprit for declining civil society3.) Free and fair elections4.) Free Political party competition 5.) Protection of basic freedoms

Putnam’s- “Bowling Alone”: Civil society dissipating in today’s culture (TV is culprit)-Negated all of these other reasons for dissipation

-Business-Economic hard times-Movement to suburbs -Movement of women into paid workforce-The 60’s in general

Autocracy: A type of authoritarian regime where one person is in control of the laws and policies of the state-Deny their citizens the right to freely participate

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-Most promise to provide their citizens with rights and freedom, few ever deliver on these promises -Citizens have few guarantees and even under the most decent of rulers, the citizens still serve at the whims of the leaders-No constitutional freedoms, and by definition subject to the demands and expectations of each regime

Characteristic 1: Authoritarian Leaders are the primary source of laws and policy choices within their state’s borders

Characteristic 2: The Transition of Power in an Authoritarian State is determined by Means other than free and open elections

Characteristic 3: Authoritarian states limit Free Speech and Control the Press in an attempt to Maintain Political Power

Characteristic 4: Authoritarian states lack representative political parties

Oligarchy: A type of authoritarian state in which the laws and policies are in the hands of a small group of people

Absolute monarchy: A rule by one person who is the creator and enforcer of all legislation. This is in contrast to a “constitutional monarchy”, which can be said to describe the governments of Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Spain: All of which have limited monarchical authority and strong representative traditions

Utopian Society: In relation to totalitarian states-(Nazi Germany-Hitler and Stalin-Soviet Union)-powerful enough to change the political mindset of its citizens; These rulers did not only desire power for themselves, but also an ideological change in the very fabric of their citizens

Communism: A type of TOTALITARIAN state is one in which power is controlled by the government and whose policies are based on the suppression of religion, nationalism, and private property. In communist states, the economy is said to be centrally planned, that is, prices and salaries are controlled and regulated by the stateFascism: A type of totalitarian state in which power is tightly controlled by the government and is derived from extreme nationalist policies. The beliefs of the state are held above those of the individual and each individual is forced into working for the success of the entire state. The concept emerged in Italy in the 1920s under the leadership of Benito Mussolini as an antidemocratic and antisocialist ideology

AuthoritarianismTotalitarianism (from Friedrich and Brzezinski)”: A(from the Book)]: defined as those that desire to maintain power(as all authoritarian states do) but more importantly, to create a utopian society that is powerful enough to change the political mindset of its citizens-“the state” as their highest dutyB.(from Friedrich and Brzezinski)}:

1.) All encompassing ideology2.) Single political party led by 1 man3.) Terrorist police control4.) Total control of mass communication5.) Monopoly of weapons(only agents of the State can own weapons)

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6.) Central control of the economy

Regime type of: North Korea: Many outside organizations describe North Korea as a totalitarian, single-party Stalinist dictatorship-One of the most militarized states in the world-Leader is King Jong II-Part of the axis of evil: possess nuclear weapons; unstable authoritative government-The Democratic People’s Republic of North Korea-Came about due to a split with South (US support during the Cold War 1950’s) and the North (Communist Support) -New system of “juche” or self-reliance-Trade from Western countries dwindled and private initiatives within N. Korea disappeared; PDS( Public Distribution System) became the centerpiece for bureaucracy

China: Mao’s Communist Party-People’s Republic of Chinao Tiananmen Square protest for human rights and democratic valueso Mao developed a theory of governing that incorporated elements of Marxism-

Leninism into a largely peasant-based societyo Chinese Communist Partyo Media is directly controlled by the Communist Party’s Central Propaganda

Department

Saudi Arabia: Absolute Monarchy: “Constitution: that the throne shall remain in the hands of the sons and grandsons of the kingdom’s founder”. Al Saud-Royal Family

o Wahabbism: A form of Sunni Islam established in the 18th century by Muhammad Ibn Abdul-abl-Wahhab. It is considered by most scholars as one of the most conservative interpretations of the Muslim holy book, the Koran.

o Patriarchy: A concept that is used to define societies that places men in positions of power over women

o Three advisory boards: Council of Ministers, Shura Council, and Consultative Council

o Advisory boards established due to recent “waves of democratization” in the M.E., ruling family had to distract away from the authoritative government in place

Sen article

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Utilitarianism: The greatest good for the greatest number; As long as the greatest number of people experienced the greatest amount of happiness, the democratic government would be justified and its legislation deemed legitimate

Characteristics of Democracy:#1.) Democracies enumerate Citizens Rights and Government structures, procedures, and limitations by means of a constitution#2) Democracies Rely on the presence of a civil society

-Civil Society: An indicator of political stability that has been used as a characteristic of democracies. Within a civil society, individuals and organizations promote a diversity of interests and respect for civil liberties#3) Free, Fair, and Open Elections#4) Free Political Parties

-Platform: The ways that political parties articulate their stances on economic, political, and social issues#5) Democracies accept the basic freedoms of Speech, Press, Religion, Protest, and Economy

Number of democracies since 1950s (increased or decreased? Slightly or dramatically?)-At the beginning of the 1950s, only 22 countries were considered democratic , and today there are over 120Factors of the increase: #1.) WWII ended the military and political establishments of Germany and Japan, but also European colonialism in general-One by one, the states of W. Europe lost their colonies in Africa, the M.East, and Asia, as a result the number of independent states tripled and quadrupled over the next two decades. -Although most newly independent states had desired a democratic system of rule at the time of their independence, certain problems related to poverty and historical differences prevented a smooth transition from colonial status to democracy. -This rocky transition best defines our understanding of those states we define as newly democratic#2.) the collapse of communism

Putnam on social capital

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Chapter 9

Diamond, “The Spirit of Democracy” Sarsar, “Quantifying Arab Democracy”

Presidential System of Dem.: A system in which the executive branch is separate from that of the legislatureParliamentary System: A System in which the executive branch is part of the legislation-I.e. England. The prime minister is head of the executive and legislative branches. Elected by colleagues in parliament. Elected officials, not the citizens, the opportunity of choosing the head of governmentFederal systems (why would a state be federal system?)A system of government that divides authority between a national government and local/regional governments. Fed. Systems rely on the belief that limited governmental authority is the best type of governmental authority. This thinking goes, if the regions or provinces have constitutionally defined power (even if it s superior), in theory there is a lesser chance of tyranny because neither will have absolute authority. Those in favor of federalism have argued that provinces or regions should have the constitutional authority to create and pass legislation within their own regions because the local or regional governments are best suited to understand their own region’s policies, problems, and people. (Australia, United States, and Switzerland)

Unitary systems (why would a state be unitary?)The central government has absolute authority and is the sole repository of legislation. The national Gov. is not only superior to the regional or provincial governments but also has absolute authority because it adds to the general stability of the state. In unitary states, the national parliament serves as the sole repository of legislation. Unitary systems have both the constitutional authority to create all of the state’ legislation and also the ability to overrule the legislation of smaller provinces or regions. The classic example of the unitary system of rule was France, where it was once joked that all of the school bells in France ring simultaneously, underling the notion that the seat of the national government in Paris ruled all lesser provinces and regions. Unicameral/bicameral (advantages of each)Bicameral-A lower house, like the British House of Commons, is designed to best represent the will of the people. Thus, its members are elected directly by the people and their representation is based on population -Upper House, An upper house is intended to be removed from the day-to-day activities of legislature. Thus, it promotes the national interest and provides consultation on serious issuesMadison’s solution was therefore to create two houses, designed with different powers and electoral procedures that could not only balance the authority of the executive, but also limit the power of factions that could develop within the legislature itself.

1. British Bicameral system: House of Lords: the upper house in the British parliament. The House of Lords reflects the history and traditions of British society. Today it serves as a deliberative body that can no longer prevent the passage of legislation, but simply delay it. House of Commons: The lower house in the British parliament. Members of the House of Commons(Known as members of parliament or MPs) are directly elected by the people and therefore are charged with the duty of passing legislation

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2. Japan’s Bi-cameral system: National Diet: The formal name of the Japanese Legislature composing the House of Councilors and the House of representatives-House of Councilors: The upper house in the Japanese parliament. It is designed to approve proposed legislation that has already been passed in the lower House of Reps. However, if it chooses to reject the proposed law, its ruling can be overturned in the House of Reps by a two thirds majority rule-House of Representatives: The lower house in the Japanese parliament. Its members are voted on directly by the people and it is the ultimate source of authority in the legislative process-Multiparty Parliamentary Democracy: A democratic state that has more than two active political parties in legislature

Unicameral-Legislatures that have only one house

Three advantages: 1.) Greater efficiency

Faster time, no competition between two parties in Bicameral system2.) Greater Accountability

Upper house has no real accountability, removed from political opinion3.) Fewer expenses

-Unicameral states are usually possess more similar features. First, unitary, unicameral states are usually more culturally and linguistically homogeneous than federal, bicameral states. It is believed that one-chambered houses are designed to concentrate the beliefs of individuals and or political parties, yet also reflect the nation as a whole. Ideological differences are valued as necessary to democracies but should never be powerful enough to destroy the entire system; one-chambered houses like Ukraine and Costa Rica, reflect this attitudeSecondly, unitary unicameral states are the most common form of government in the world today. With the end of the colonial era and a rise in those who believe in direct representation, most newly created states have opted for unitary, unicameral systems. Most new states that share a common culture and history have opted f/ unicameralism .

Parliamentary government: which state is the model?-**The United Kingdom, refer to notes on bicameralism and representation through the House of Lords and the House of Commons (British System in Particular)**

Parliamentary system as fusion of powers/presidential system as separation of powers (why?)-In PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM: The PM serves as head of both the executive and legislative branches. PM’s come to power through their party and are elected to their position by their colleagues in parliament. In this way, parliamentary systems are designed to allow their elected officials, and not the citizens, the opportunity of choosing the head of government. -In PRESENDENTIAL SYSTEM: Presidential systems are defined by the presence of an independent executive branch, determined by the citizens directly. Checks on power.

Judicial review/parliamentary sovereigntyJudicial Review: The power granted to certain supreme courts to declare acts and laws passed by legislatures and executives to be invalid if they are in conflict with the state’s constitution.

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Parliamentary Sovereignty: A distinction that holds that the legislature is the most powerful source of law making and interpretation. The UK does not have a SC, uses a system of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Common Law.

Winner-Take-All-System: An electoral system that grants victory to the candidate who receives the majority of votes in his/her system.

The candidate that receives the majority of votes (51%) in his/her particular district wins the seat. There are no seats for second, third or, fourth place

The only candidate that reps the district is the candidate that wins the majority of people’s votes.

US House of Reps: 435 Districts in 50 States UK-House of Commons: 650 Districts-650 seats

Indefinite Term: Term that is defined by the head of government, not by a constitutional decree. For example, the PM of the UK must call for general elections at some point before a five-year period expires, but its timing is up to his/her discretion. -The British system, like all parliamentary systems fuses the authority of the executive (PM) with that of the legislature. After an election if held, the winning party (majority party) in the House of Commons names the PM

Political Parties: Political parties who members vote according to the established party platform and rarely vote according to their own consciences

Undisciplined Political Parties: Political parties whose members are free to vote according to their own personal beliefs Proportional Representation Systems: An electoral system that is designed to send a number of different party representatives to the national legislature (Party A, B, C, D, E, 35% to A, 30% to B, 15% to C, 10% to D, and 10% E each are represented by proportional number of seats

Personalized Proportional system: A hybrid approach to selecting party representation that combines elements of the winner-take- all and PR system

Used in Germany, for elections for the Bunderstag, its lower house. Citizens vote for half of the Bunderstag by means of a winner take all election and the other half by proportional representation

Chapter 10 Havel, “ The Power of the Powerless Nelson, “Hitler’s Propaganda Machine”

Duverger’s Law: Explored in Chapter 8 notes; Definition

Authoritarianism: more or less prevalent historically?Authoritarianism is much more historically prevalent than democracy. This fusion of religion and politics has been occurring for centuries. Religion and Politics provided a similar function: to create the best laws in order to create the greatest amount of order, which will, in turn, create the greatest level of happiness and virtue. Scholars of the ancient and medieval worlds decided

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that universal laws-those laws that apply to all humans-were out of humanity’s reach b/c they were divine in origin

Justifications of authoritarianism-At the end of the medieval period, political science witnessed the beginning of a new rationale for authoritarianism; one that argued that security and power, on their own, are strong enough to provide justification to ruling parties

o Machiavelli’s justification: Machiavelli’s negative view of humanity yielded his belief in the installation of one powerful leader to provide both national unity and security

o Hobbes: Auth. is a “natural” consequence-Hobbes LEVIATHON argues that man’s natural level of selfishness and greed perpetuated the desire for authoritarianism. Hobbes in effect argues that the reason author

Havel article

Nelson article

Chapter 11 Sun Tzu, The Art of War-Considered one of the earliest accounts of classic realism Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto

Hard power/soft powero Power: The ability to make others do something that they would otherwise not have done

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o Hard Power: Using military and or/ economic pressure in a way that allows one state to force another to do something it might have wanted to do

o Soft Power: Using methods other than military/economic coercion to receive desired outcomes. For example, getting another country to “want” the things we want can create a system of security

Classical realism: concepts and assumptionso Classic Realism: The school of thought in international relations that sees power as the

main goal of each state. In addition, classic realists claim that the state is the main actor in international relations, that it is to be thought of as a unitary actor, and that international politics is inherently chaotic

Three Core Assumptions:1.) Classic realists have maintained that the STATE is the dominant actor in

international affairs. The evolution of the international system has given states the primary task of conducting international affairs. Why? B/c states have sovereignty, the ability to collect taxes, and to wage war. Other actors in the international system do not. It is from this initial premise that classic realism flows

2.) Classic realists asset that states are rational, unitary actors. This means that states are assumed to behave like rational individuals with the ability to evaluate certain strengths and weaknesses as they relate to their own security.

3.) C.R’s claim that the international system is anarchical and chaotic. This determination is based on the fact that the international system does not have a world Gov. capable of stifling conflict and war. It is this absence that has placed the state as the only legitimate actor capable of creating stability on an international level

Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian Waro Wrote in Western tradition at the same time as Sun Tzoo Credited as one of the first written historieso Discussion of “power politics” bring to light his unique contribution to the field of IRo EX. OF CR in action; Island of Melos must choose b/w death or slavery; This is a classic

example of how “might makes right” and that the powerful will do what is in their interest and the weak can only accept the consequences

Idealismo Expansion of Kant’s interpretation of Liberalism: The school of thought that is centered

on the creation of international institutions designed to enhance the natural tendencies of cooperation found in human nature

o Kant: Peace is only possible through the establishment of republican states that value the necessity of the system in equal proportion to that of its own. This model creates the perpetual peace theory because national legislation will become international law and will therefore not only have to protect domestic, civil rights, but also those at the international level, namely cosmopolitan or universal rights.

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o Idealism: Personified by Woodrow Wilson, idealism is based on the notion of ethical determinations in foreign policy and the spreading of democratic principles, including the (1) right of self-determination, (2) free speech, (3), Fair and Free Elections;

o Wilson’s contribution to idealism is embodied in his famous 14 points; A list of necessary principles written at the end of the WWI, the 14 points

outlined that through: (1): proper education, (2): democratic governance, (3): the promotion of equality, (4): most importantly, an international relations agenda committed to collective security, peace was possible;

Collective securityo The idea that an attack on one particular state by another, should be understood as an

attack against all states

Neoliberalismo The school of though that says because states are constantly interacting with each other

they value cooperation as part of their own self-interesto Idealized by the prisoner’s dilemma

Liberals vs. Neoliberalso For Classic liberals, states cooperate in international institutions b/c they argue that

humans are generally good-natured and have the capacity to better the human experience by constantly reforming the ills of existing institutions.

o Neoliberals, on the other hand, argue that b/c states are constantly interacting with one another they value cooperation as a part of their self-interest

Marxismo Long-term class struggle b/w who controls the mode of production (bourgeoisie) and

those who work within the confines of such a system (proletariat). o In an international relations context:

-Bourgeoisie(owners): and the government are one in the same-Since the Gov. benefits from the wealth it can accumulate in terms of taxes, it refuses to pass laws that could possibly jeopardize economic growth-States that have succeeded in terms of economic development have done so through the exploitation of the developing world. British Gov. realized it needed a constant supply of resources in order that it might remain as one of Europe’s dominant powers-Once the capitalist government realized that it was unable to create the kinds of profits necessary for development, it searched out new lands in possession of natural resources and/or labor. After the colonials (say in India) had been conquered, the British created a political system that kept the people from revolting, kept its resources growing, strengthened international laws that protected trade policies and routes, and last brought colonial elites to London to be educated and then transferred them back to the colony.

o Perpetuation and protection of private property is what drove colonialismColonialism

o A form of state domination in which one state controls the political system of another or several others for its own gain

Imperialism:

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o The highest stage of capitalism according to V.I. Lenin. It was the stage at which industrial growth and the banking system became monopolized by a wealthy group of state and industry leaders. For Lenin, it was the stage immediately before the worldwide communist revolution

Alienation of laboro The concept developed by Karl Marx that explained the ways in which modern life

removes the worker from the product he/she is creating

Neo-Marxismo Neo-Marxism is a loose term for various twentieth-century approaches that amend or

extend Marxism and Marxist theory, usually by incorporating elements from other intellectual traditions, such as: critical theory, psychoanalysis or Existentialism (in the case of Sartre).

o Michael Hardt and Negri (leading neo-Marxists) associated new developments in trade policies(that gave a significant increase of leverage to wealthy capitalist states) with the rise in what has been referred to as “the new world order”.

o New World Order: For NM this is the way in which the exploitation of the wealthy over the poor will continue. It is best seen in the ways that large corporations have been successful in passing legislation that allows them to lower other poorer countries’ tariffs and gain access to their markets, resources, and labor.

Dependency Theory1.) Prebisch stated that the world was best understood as one that was divided between

“core” and “peripheral” states (core=wealthy states, peripheral=poor states)2.) B/C peripheral states produce primary good (AG) for export to the core states and the

CS produce secondary goods(manufactured goods) for export to periphery, technology took off in the core but remained underdeveloped in the periphery.

3.) The core states gained wealthy B/C they were able to save their money through the development expansion of trade unions and strong financial institutions

4.) B/C the peripheral states did not need technology to produce items for export, its goods remained cheap and uncompetitive, and their Gov. could not save money and grow wealth

o Consequently, the peripheral became dependent on the core states

Modernization Theoryo who argued that economic development was based on an evolutionary pattern of growth

and that 3rd world countries had the ability to become 1st world countries if they adhered to certain principles of growth, namely free market principles and capitalism.

o Walt Whitman Rostow argued that there is a formula for economic growth and development. Prosperity is based on the ability of certain states to assume an economic formula that will move them from “traditional life” to “mass consumption”

Constructivismo A school of thought within international relations that examines the impact of values and

norms on the behavior of stateso Tend to believe that the international system is anarchical but do not stress the

assumptions about its outcomes

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o Constructivist argue that it is the international community that perpetuates the development of norms within states. Thus, constructivists argue that norms emerge from the top (those in positions of authority w/in the international community) and flow downward into the domestic realm of the state

Chapter 12 Guo, “Comparing Nixon/Kissinger Foreign Policy to European Diplomacy in Early

to Mid-19th Century Wilson, “War Message”

When did modern international relations begin?o 30 Years War of 1648:A war fought in Europe during the period 1618-1648 that was

begun by the Catholic states in an attempt to bring the Protestant parts back to the “true” faith. Its conclusion resulted in the modern idea of the state as we know it today and the rise of international relations based on political rather than religious motives

Characteristics of modern period of international relations1.) Sovereignty: The state is the sole source of authority within its borders2.) Territorial integrity: The State has the right to prevent aggression on its borders3.) The national interest. The state places the strength of the state as its primary goal

Secularism was also an important defining characteristic of the modern period of international relations

Great powers of Europe1.) France2.) Great Britain3.) Russia4.) Prussia5.) Austria

Realized their dominance was beneficial to both themselves sand more importantly to the stability of Europe

18th century balance of power (characteristics; When/why did it end?) 18th Century balance of Power (Reactionary Model)- Lack of international

agreements and institutions. The five great powers come together only after a state has upset the balance

19th Century Balance (preemptive): Congress of Vienna was formed to prevent the collapse of the great powers system

Concert of Europe: The name given to the European balance of power system of the 19th century. While many scholars agree that the 19th century had several low-level wars (wars fought between some of the great powers), the system that was forged in Vienna proved strong enough to prevent war for almost 100 years

Permanent members of UN Security Council1.) The United States2.) France3.) Russia4.) China 5.) United Kingdom

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Cold War system (bipolar/multipolar?)o Bipolar system-US Capitalism vs. USSR(previously Germany) Communismo The Cold War (approx. 1945–1991) was a continuing state of political and military

tension between the powers of the Western world, led by the United States and its NATO allies, and the communist world, led by the Soviet Union, its satellite states and allies. This began after the success of their temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the USSR and the US as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences. The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc with the eastern European countries it occupied, maintaining these as satellite states. The post-war recovery of Western Europe was facilitated by the United States' Marshall Plan, while the Soviet Union, wary of the conditions attached, declined and set up COMECON with its Eastern allies. The United States forged NATO, a military alliance using containment of communism as a main strategy through the Truman Doctrine, in 1949, while the Soviet bloc formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955. Some countries aligned with either of the two powers, whilst others chose to remain neutral with the Non-Aligned Movement.

Guo article

Wilson, “War Message”

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League of Nations (flaws)o Attempted to achieve stability through a policy of collective security. o League’s policy of collective security placed an equal share of responsibility and an

assumption of power upon all members o Each members state possessed an equal vote regardless of its economic or military

capabilities o Lacked membership from the world’s most powerful states: the United States and The

Soviet Union Chapter 13

Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations” Mahbubani “ The Dangers of Decadence”

Deterrence: To deter literally means to stop someone from doing something by frightening him or her; dissuasion by deterrence operates by frightening a state out of attacking, not because of launching an attack and carrying it home, but because the expected reaction of the opponent will result in one’s own sever punishment

Containment: o A strategy used in the Cold War designed to stop the spread of Soviet power and

communismMarshall Plan: Provided financial support to Europe following WWII. The United States realized that in order for it to maintain its dominance in areas of trade, it needed strong, reliable European trading partners

NATO: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was established in 1949 and was designed primarily as a military organization among American and European powers. Its original purpose was to prevent Soviet aggression in Western Europe

Warsaw Pact: During the Cold War, the collection of Eastern European states that were controlled by and part of the Soviet Union

Domino Theory: The Cold World Theory that argued that as soon as one country became communist, the surrounding states would as well

Effects of globalizationPluralist-interdependence theorists: argue that the traditional concepts of sovereignty

and territorial integrity are no longer capable of explaining how the world works. Instead they contend that non-state actors (private organizations, private corporations, and private individuals), which have traditionally been ignored, have become powerful enough to formulate and carry out policies that have led to a more interconnected world. As a results, new term was developed for this era: globalization.

o Globalization: The global process that has witnessed a rise in the free movement and interconnectedness of goods, services, information, and people at the expense of the nation-state

1.) Globalization has to do with the “free movement” of items from one place to another; some lawful other unlawful;

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2.) Appears that globalization has to do with speed. It’s not just MNC or terrorist groups, it has to do with improvement with technology and communication tools

3.) Globalization has to do with the weakening of “state sovereignty” and the emergence of nontraditional sources of authority

NGOs: o Groups that seek to privately help raise awareness and money for specific causes. In

many parts of the developing world today, NGOs work in conjunction with governments to care for people dying of disease, victims of natural disasters, environmental causes, and the like

MNCs: o Companies that have the potential for global reach. In other words, they have the capacity

(wealth, technology, personnel) to build, sell, and service products to and from any location in the world

o MNC’s have more power than the actual government they are in;Neoliberalism

1.) The ideology that combines the political principles of classical liberalism with those of neoclassical economics; especially those that argue that the economy must remain unfettered by the government

Huntington article

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