ps slides wk 2

Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved

“I’ll paymore for a

person’sability

to speak and expresshimself than

for anyother quality

he mightpossess”

- Charles M. Schwab


Why Study Public Speaking?

Empowerment

•Achieves desired goals

•Is “advantage” over competition

•Shows confidence•Shows conviction


EmploymentCorporations want skilled speakers

•To adapt information

•To be organized

•To keep listeners interested

Why Study Public Speaking?


The Communication Process

Communication as Action• Linear: one-way messages• Source: encodes message• Message: what is said & how it

is said• Channel: how message is

transmitted• Receiver: decodes message• Noise: interferes with message


The Action Model of Communication


Communication as Interaction

• As message is sent, feedback to sender is provided by receiver

• Communication happens within a context or the environment/situation in which speech occurs


Communication as Transaction

•Communication happens simultaneously

•Sender also receives message•Receiver also sends message


Improving Your Confidence

• Nervousness is normal• Public speaking number one in

highest anxiety


Nervousness

• Audience cannot see nervousness

• Use anxiety to your advantage


Build Your Confidence

Before your speech

• Don’t procrastinate

• Know your audience

• Select an appropriate topic

• Prepare

• Be organized



• Be familiar with introduction and conclusion

• Simulate actual speech conditions

• Breathe deeply• Think and act calmly• Picture positive outcomes• Reassure yourself mentally



During the speech:• Focus on content,

not fears• Look for supportive

audience members

After the speech:• Reflect on

positives• Seek other

speaking opportunities


Public Speaking is Planned• More formal• More preparation• Clearly defined

roles

Public Speaking Differs from Conversation


Public Speaking is Formal•Less slang and casual language•More physical distance between speaker

and audience•More controlled gestures and

movements

Public Speaking Differs from Conversation


Select & Narrow Your Topic

• Who will be hearing your speech?• What is the occasion (event)? • What are your interests, talents &

experiences?


Determine Your Purpose

• General Purpose: overarching goal of your speech

• To inform: teach, define or clarify• To persuade: change or

strengthen thoughts or behaviors• To entertain: amuse with stories,

illustrations and humor


Specific Purpose

• Exact response you want from audience

• Concise statement indicating what you want the audience to• Do• Think• Feel • Remember

Copyright © 2012, 2009, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reservedCopyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009

Develop Your Central Idea

• Overview of speech• One-sentence summary of speech


An example:

• Topic: The South Beach Diet.

• General Purpose: To inform.

• Specific Purpose: At the end of my speech, the audience will be able

to identify the three key elements in the South

Beach diet.

• Central Idea: The South Beach diet is based upon reducing the amount of carbohydrates you eat, drinking more

water, and increasing the amount of

exercise.


Generate Main Ideas

• Identify how speech will logically divide

• How central idea logically divides will determine main ideas

• Reasons why central idea is true can be main ideas.

• Series of steps to illustrate central idea can be main ideas


Gather Supporting Material

• Material that “backs up” ideas

• Can be personal & concrete

• Should appeal to listeners

• Research your supporting material

• Can be verbal, visual, or both


Organize Your Speech

• Start with body• Arrange ideas to make most sense• Prepare introduction & conclusion

AFTER body• Follow effective outlining techniques


Rehearse Your Speech

• Prepare early• Practice out loud• Observe your behaviors• Make adjustments• Rehearse in front of others


Deliver Your Speech

• Walk calmly• Walk confidently• Remember rehearsals• Maintain eye contact• Speak loudly• Vary your pitch


Free speech not only lives,

it rocks!

—OPRAH WINFREY


Ethics

• Values, beliefs and moralprinciples by whichwe determine what

is right or wrong

• For public speaking, responsibly balance right to free speech

with needs of audience


Speaking Freely

• First Amendment guarantees free speech.

• ACLU: helps protect free speech.

• Supreme Court: flag burning protected

under free speech.

• Patriot Act sparks controversy between

national security & free speech.


Speaking Ethically

Have a Clear, Responsible Goal

• Give listeners choices

• Do not keep youragenda hidden fromyour listeners


Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning

• Do not make false claims• Do not substitute emotions for

logic• Keep quality of evidence high


Be Sensitive and Tolerant of Differences

• Be willing to listen to opposing sides (accommodation)

• This shows respect for others


Be Honest

•Offering false or misleading information is unethical

•Give credit for ideas and types of information that are not your own


Do Not Plagiarize

•Plagiarizing: presenting someone else’s ideas or words as though they were yours

•Plagiaphrasing: failure to give credit for compelling phrases taken from another source


Do Your Own Work

•Think of an original approach

•Avoid articles that can be converted into speeches

•Edit your own work


Acknowledge Your Sources

• Direct quotes, no matter how short

• Opinions or ideas of others, even if paraphrased

• Statistics• Non-original visual materials

(graphs, pictures & tables)• Give oral and written citations


Becoming anAudience-Centered

SpeakerGather information about your audience

•Informally• Demographics: information about

age, gender, sexual orientation, education & religious views

•Formally• Open-ended questions (unrestricted

answers)• Closed-ended questions (limited

answers)


Analyze information about your audience•Audience analysis: examining

information about listeners•Ask

1. How are they similar?2. How are they different?3. How can I establish

common ground?


Speaker


Adapting to your audience• Ethically using audience

information, to adapt messages for clarity and your objective

• Modifying messages for better clarity

• Helps achieve ethical goal(s)


Speaker


Analyzing your audiencebefore you speak

Demographic audience analysis

Analyzing an audience by examining demographic information

to develop clear and effective messages


Types of Demographics

•Age•Gender•Culture•Sexual

Orientation•Socioecono

mic status•Race


•Group MembershipReligiousPoliticalWorkSocialService

•Socioeconomic StatusIncomeOccupationEducation

Types of Demographics


Adapting to Diverse Listeners

• Look at differences beyond cultural

• Focus on a target audience

• Use variety of supporting materials

• Tell stories• Balance logic with

emotions•Show ideas visually•Identify common values of audience


Psychological Audience Analysis

•Attitudes: likes and/or dislikes•Beliefs: perceptions of what is true or

false•Values: enduring concept of

good/bad, right/wrong•Audiences can be

• Interested or uninterested• Favorable or unfavorable• Voluntary or captive


Situational Audience Analysis

• Time (when, how long)

• Audience size

• Location (type of room, arrangement of chairs)

• Occasion (event)


Adapting as you speak

Identify nonverbal cues from listeners

•Eye-contact•Facial expression•Movement•Nonverbal responsiveness•Verbal responsiveness


If audienceseems bored

If audienceseems

confused

If audienceseems to disagree

Tell a story

Use redundancy

Provide more evidence

Consider humor

Phrase ideas

differently

Remind them of your

credibilityIncrease rate of speech

Ask audience to summarize

Give more facts & fewer

storiesGive

personal examples

Use a visual aid

Give information

visually

Adapting as you speak


Customizing Your Message To Your Audience

•Refer to• Names of listeners

• Place of speech

• Historical events

•Mention recent news related to topic

•Give positive references to groups or organizations in audience

•Discuss topic’s relevance for listeners


Analyzing Your Audience After You Speak

• Observe nonverbal responses• Listen for verbal comments• Survey audience• Check for desired behavioral

responses from audience

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