ps 189 research - final
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter discusses the essential background of the study, the problem as
well as the scope of the problem and the limitations of the study set upon by the
researchers. This chapter will provide the essential preliminaries for the research
and will serve as the foundation for the study.
Background of the Study
The implementation of R.A. 9003 or the Solid Waste Management Act of 2001
provided the necessary framework and institutional mechanisms for the proper
treatment of waste and waste disposal. The law sets the appropriate guidelines for
waste minimization and introduction of proper treatment measures (i.e.
segregation, transport, collection, disposal, recycling procedures) enhanced through
the promotion of national research and development programs.
As provided in the law, together with the creation of the National Solid Waste
Management Commission, is the creation of Local Government Solid Waste
Management Plan which is strategically and geographically enforced in the local
government units (LGUs) for the implementation of safe and sanitary management
plans for solid waste treatment in the respective areas.
The study will look into the Local Government Solid Waste Management Plan
of Barangay Lahug in Cebu City and provide assessment of its solid waste
management plan in accordance to the guidelines stipulated in R.A. 9003. The case
study will scrutinize the solid waste management strategy implemented in
Barangay Lahug and examine the effectiveness of the waste management plan in
terms of waste treatment and minimization of waste generated in the barangay.
Rationale
The problem of waste is an ecological concern and should not be taken for
granted. Various environmental problems arise from improper waste disposal and
inappropriate treatment of waste could exacerbate the waste problem and have a
major bearing on the health impacts of residents living near landfills, dumpsites or
other waste treatment facilities.
As students of environmental politics and policy, the researchers recognize
waste as a major environmental concern which should be properly addressed by
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government authorities so as to ensure the protection of public health and the
environment. The choice of research locale is primarily due to its strategic vicinity
and accessibility for the researchers to conduct the study given the barangay’s
convenient distance from the school. Also, the researchers believe that this study
can contribute to the immediate community to which the school belongs.
Proper waste management is important and the assessment of the solid waste
management of the LGU, as for the case of Barangay Lahug, can help in evaluating
the effectiveness of the Local Government Solid Waste Management Plan in
promoting and ensuring environmental practice on waste management.
Furthermore, the case study could provide possible future recommendations for
better implementation of the solid waste management plan of the barangay so as to
foster a healthier and less wasteful community.
Statement of the Problem
The study is concerned with the assessment and evaluation of the solid waste
management plan of Barangay Lahug in accordance to the provisions of R.A. 9003.
It sought to examine the effectiveness of the waste management plan in terms of
waste treatment and minimization of waste generated in the barangay. Further, it
aimed to answer the following specific questions:
1. What is the profile of Barangay Lahug in terms of:
1.1. Land Area;
1.2. Demographics (i.e. population density, no. of households, socio-
economic status, and population);
1.3. Industries present;
1.4. Barangay ordinances which are related to R.A. 9003; and
1.5. Budget Allocation?
2. What is the waste characterization of Barangay Lahug in terms of:
2.1. Volume of waste collected; and
2.2. Classification of waste collected?
3. How does the barangay collect and transfer its wastes as presented through
the:
3.1. Sources of waste;
3.2. Schedule of waste collection;
3.3. Presence of landfills/dumpsites and their location;
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3.4. Means of collection; and
3.5 Resources (Garbage Collection Facilities)?
4. What are the practices of waste segregation in the barangay especially in:
4.1. Households?
5. Is there a Material Recovery Facility (MRF) in the barangay? If so, what are
the:
5.1. Means of processing waste?
6. Does the barangay engage in recycling their wastes? If so, what are the:
6.1. Means of recycling waste; and
6.2. Incentives from recycling waste?
7. How does the barangay reduce its wastes as presented through the:
7.1. Means of source reduction; and
7.2 Incentives for source reduction?
Objectives
The study focused on providing an assessment of the solid waste management
plan of Barangay Lahug in accordance with R.A. 9003. The study sought to
determine the effectiveness of the solid waste management plan of the barangay in
terms of reducing waste and its treatment. Further, it aimed to achieve the
following:
1. To provide a profile of Barangay Lahug.
2. To determine the volume and classification of waste collected in the barangay.
3. To identify the means and sources in the collection and transfer of wastes.
4. To identify the segregation practices done by the households in the barangay.
5. To determine the availability of an MRF in the barangay and its means of
processing wastes.
6. To identify the waste recycling practices in the barangay and the probable
incentives from them.
7. To determine the means and incentives of source reduction in the barangay.
Significance of the Study
Solid Waste Management is one of the problems faced by the Philippines in
the present generation. The presence of the Republic Act 9003 or the Solid Waste
Management Act of 2001 became a good venue to study different Local
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Government Units in their efforts for Solid Waste Management for the reduction of
wastes.
The study on Barangay Lahug’s solid waste management will be significant to
the students, Local Government Units, lawmakers, and the barangay itself.
It is important because it will provide them with knowledge on whether Lahug
adopted the solid waste management properly and if they are successful in the
adoption of as such. The study would serve as a source of information to the
students and help raise awareness of the efforts present in their community
especially those concerning the environment. Moreover, it will provide for
knowledge needed to reduce waste in the environment.
Likewise, the study is significant to Local Government Units (LGUs) especially
to those LGUs which encountered difficulties in managing their solid waste. The
study can be their guide in their own adoption and creation of their own program of
action about solid waste management.
It is also significant to the lawmakers so that they can pass future laws
concerning the environment, further ddressing the problem the waste management
in the country. The study could supplement relevant information to the lawmakers
in the assessment of whether the RA 9003 is strong enough to solve the problems
of solid waste management. This study can also be used as reference in
strengthening the current law.
Moreover, the study is significant to Barangay Lahug since it can serve as
reference for the assessment of efforts in promoting solid waste management. It
also recommends actions for the strengthening of the current actions undertaken in
the locale. It can be their reference if they succeed in promoting the development of
their community in managing their solid waste since it is an evaluation of their own
work.
Lastly, it is important to the researchers because it can be a proof for the
extent/ strength of the RA 9003 and to the active participation of the LGU’s in
adopting the law in fulfilling their job in addressing their problem of solid waste
management. The study will give the researchers better understanding to the
actions of LGU in addressing their problem of solid waste.
Scope and Limitations
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The study aimed to know if RA 9003 was adopted by the LGU’s to manage
their solid waste management. It is an evaluation of the progress of the LGU’s
regarding the solid waste management.
The study presented the progress and the development of the chosen LGU in
their management of their solid waste.
The study is limited to Barangay Lahug. It covered the implementation of the
solid waste management plan of Barangay Lahug and the segregation/recycling
practices done by selected number of households in the barangay. It focused on the
solid waste management of the barangay; their ways and means of collection and
waste reduction. The research is only a case study and only an evaluation of the
barangay’s solid waste management. The evaluation also included the ordinances
implemented by the barangay, transfer and collection of waste, and the possible
means of waste reduction and recycling processes undertaken by the barangay. The
study did not include the waste segregation/recycling practices of the different
industries and establishments present in Barangay Lahug.
On the evaluation, the researchers used the RA 9003 provisions and the
measurement acknowledge by the whole PS 189 class such as (transfer and
collection, waste reduction, demographics, waste segregation).
Theoretical Framework
The following the theories served as the framework of the study in evaluating
the effectiveness of the solid waste management plan of the chosen barangay in
accordance to the rules and guidelines set in R.A. 9003.
The Structural-Functionalist theory emphasizes on the functional aspects of
the structures and institutions in the political system. Efficiency and effectiveness of
policy implementation is determined through the performance of its designated
function. Almond and Powell suggested that the physical, social and economic
environment influences these structures in the political system. This approach
tackles on the institutions and structure within a political system, which include
political parties, bureaucracy, local governments, etc. Almond and Powell suggested
that these structures perform different functions, which in turn contribute and
affects the society as a whole.
The Structural-Functionalist approach can be used in looking at the interplay
of the processes involved in the implementation of a certain policy and how the
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institutions in the political system carry out these processes. Likewise, this
theoretical approach can serve as a framework for the assessment of Barangay
Lahug’s implementation of their solid waste management plan as provided by their
local ordinances juxtaposed to the guidelines stipulated in R.A. 9003. Also, the
theoretical approach can be used as the lens to understand how the institutions of
the LGU (i.e. Barangay Lahug) carry out the provisions contained in their solid waste
management plan in accordance with R.A. 9003.
RA 9003 is an important governmental mechanism to be sought to and
evaluated in the assessment of the local government’s solid waste management
system. According to the Philippine Commission on Audit, Republic Act 9003,
otherwise known as The Ecological Solid Wastes Management of 2000, is one of the
environmental laws implanted by the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) of
the Philippines as a line bureau of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR). The Act provides “for an ecological solid waste management
program, [creates] the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives,
[declares] certain acts prohibited and [provides] penalties, [appropriates] funds
therefore, and for other purposes (2005).”
The Integrated Sustainable Waste Management Framework is also an important
framework in assessing waste management systems. The former consists of three
dimensions: (1) stakeholders (everyone who has stake or interest in the current
waste management system; (2) waste system elements (includes the operational
elements from generation to disposal); and (3) sustainability aspects (includes the
technical, social, political, environment and financial-economic). This framework will
serve as foundation for the assessment of the effectiveness of the local ordinances
in Barangay Lahug in line with the provisions of the RA 9003, so as the practice of
the households and industries in line with the provisions in the ordinances.
Conceptual Framework
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The above framework assessed the implementation of the RA 9003 in Baranggay
Lahug, manifested through the local ordinances in the baranggay. More so, it
assessed the enforcement actions of the departments of the baranggays, in line
with its ordinances. Lastly, the assessment of the implementation was based on the
practice of the residents and industries in the baranggay.
This framework helped in the evaluation of the effectiveness of the ordinances
present in Baranggay Lahug. The evaluation was based on three criterion:
stakeholders, waste system elements and sustainability. This is based on the
Sustainable Waste Management Framework as provided for in the theoretical
framework.
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Definition of Terms
Biodegradable waste - refers to waste materials that can be
decomposed by microorganisms
Ecological solid waste management -shall refer to the systematic
administration of activities which
provide for segregation at source,
segregated transportation, storage, transfer,
processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and
all other waste management activities
which do not harm the environment
Hazardous wastes - refer to solid wastes or combination
of solid waste
which because of its quantity, concentration,
or physical, chemical or infectious
characteristics, may cause or
significantly contribute to an increase in
mortality or an increase in serious irreversible, or
incapacitating reversible illness or pose substantial
present or potential hazard to human health
or the environment when improperly
treated, stored, transported or
disposed of or otherwise managed
Non- biodegradable waste -refer to waste materials that cannot
be decomposed by microorganism
Recyclable waste -shall refer to any waste material
retrieved from the waste stream and free
from contamination that can be still
converted into suitable beneficial use or for other
purposes
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Solid waste -refer to all discarded household,
commercial waste, non- hazardous
institutional and industrial waste, street
sweepings, construction debris, and other non-
hazardous/ non- toxic waste
Source reduction -Source reduction, also known as
waste prevention or pollution
prevention, is the elimination of waste before
it is created. It involves the design, manufacture,
purchase or use of materials and products to
reduce the amount or toxicity of what is thrown
away.
Waste segregation -refers to sorting and segregation of
different materials found in solid waste in
order to promote recycling and re- use of
resources and to reduce the volume of waste
for collection and disposal
Methodology
The study is qualitative and quantitative in nature. The qualitative aspect of the
study dwelt on the assessment of the Solid Waste Management in Baranggay Lahug
on the framework of the Republic Act 9003 or the Solid Waste Management Act. The
assessment is based on the local ordinances currently implemented on the
baranggay. More so, the quantitative aspect of the study, which is to gather data
regarding the implementation and enforcement of the ordinances, dealt on the
practices of the households with regards to their waste segregation and recycling
processes in the baranggay. Surveys on the households were done to evaluate the
enforcement of the ordinances of the baranggay and the different responses to the
implementation of the ordinances. A total of 100 households from the present
household population in the barangay were chosen as respondents for the survey.
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The study used a survey instrument (i.e. questionnaire) which comprised of a set
of questions dealing on the waste segregation and recycling practices, as well as
the awareness of the residents about the ordinances implemented in the barangay
with regards to solid waste management.
The data sources of the study comprised of primary and secondary sources. The
secondary sources included copies of the ordinances of Baranggay Lahug and the
copy of the RA 9003. The copies of the ordinances gave the researchers a
background through which the status of Solid Waste Management in Barangay
Lahug was assessed. The ordinances provided for the preliminary assessment of the
Solid Waste Management of the baranggay. The primary source of the study
included a series of surveys and interviews among the residents of Baranggay
Lahug. The data gathered served as assessment on the current situation of the
baranggay. The data gathered provided the assessment of the implementation and
enforcement of the baranggay on the perspective of the residents in the barangay.
Chapter II
REVIEW of RELATED LITERATURE
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Richie Grace Lago of Liceo de Cagayan University studied on the Solid
Waste Management system in Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City. Her study entitled
“Solid Waste Management Needs of a Suburban Community” studied the terms of
handling, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal of solid
waste in the said community. In the abstract of her study, she indicated baranggay
officials, baranggay workers and baranggay residents as the respondents of the
study. She measured on the respondents’ awareness of the Republic Act 9003 or
the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and the initiation of the LGU in
the implementation of the said Republic Act. The researcher concluded that the
respondents have moderate awareness of the RA 9003 and that this level of
awareness led to the low cooperation in the LGUs in terms of the implementation of
the Republic Act. She also concluded that this moderate level of awareness
“discloses a community interest in adopting the introduced solid waste
management system.” Moreover, the assessment of the respondents on the
Republic Act 9003 depended on their level of awareness of the Republic Act and the
perceived importance of the Materials Recovery Facility. Lastly, the researcher
concluded that the baranggay should take the lead on the implementation and
support of the Republic Act 9003, which will in return affect the receptiveness of the
respondents to the said Act.
Francis Paulo M. Quina’s study on “Wasting Away: The challenges of solid
waste management in the Philippines,” a study posted on the UP Forum, tackled on
the situation of solid waste management in the country. The researcher presented
the current deplorable state of the Philippines in terms of waste, especially on
landfills and dumpsites. The researcher talked on the current law managing the
solid waste management in the country and the urban planning and renewal. The
study imparts on the poor urban planning that led to the current solid waste
management problem, especially in Manila. The study stated, “to begin with, poor
urban planning and its inadequate implementation in Metro Manila have contributed
significantly to the solid waste problem.” It also presented the current situation of
the LGUs which acknowledges the sector of tourism, thus reducing the impacts of
the community on the environment, mainly caused by the wastes generated in the
households and industries. The study assessed on the role of the Filipino individuals
to the segregation of waste, saying that “most Filipino households don’t even
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bother to segregate their solid waste. Because of this, there is a pressing need for
Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs) in communities across the country. These
facilities process solid waste to recover recyclable and reusable materials, not only
greatly reducing the volume of solid waste, but also generating revenue for the
LGUs.”
William H. O. Streegan assessed on the compliance of Bacolod City to the
RA 9003. The researcher presented facts on the current situation of Bacolod City,
including the fact that waste management problems as a major pillar in the flooding
of Bacolod City. The researcher also presented the current situation of Baranggay
Felisa as the city’s illegal open dump, where a sanitary landfill is proposed to be
situated. The researcher assessed Bacolod City into five conclusions. First, “the
Bacolod City Government did not comply with the guidelines and deadlines of RA
9003 and therefore the National Solid Waste Management Commission.” Second,
the City Government failed to address the DENR’s request to establish a sanitary
landfill. Third, the City Government did not heed the call to close illegal open
dumpsite in Baranggay Felisa. Fourth, that the City Government could be subjected
to criminal sanctions as a result of non-compliance to RA 9003. Lastly, the City
Government continued to operate the illegal dumpsite in Brgy. Felisa. As a whole,
the researcher stated that “it is imperative that the City should be more serious
about the implementation of RA 9003 and should fasttrack its information drive on
this law so that the citizenry could become more aware of its provisions. It is equally
imperative that the citizenry, either in their homes or in their workplaces should
implement proper waste segregation, so that the City could comply with its
agreement with the DENR.”
Another related study is Jessie Todoc’s “Decentralized Solid Waste
Management In The Philippines,” which sought to analyze the framework of Solid
Waste Management in the Philippines. The study also aimed to “formulate
strategies for its replication in the country and among local government members
of the Kitakyushu Initiative Network.” The study tackled on four baranggays and
villages in the country, which assessed the compliance of Local Government Units
to the Republic Act 9003. It further scrutinized on the budget allotment, disposal
facilities, and sanitary landfills of the LGUs.
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The book entitled “The Garbage Book: Opportunities for Change” assessed
the implementation of the RA 9003 at the baranggay level. It states that, “while the
extent of formal recycling through local government initiatives has been limited,
informal and private sector recycling is extensive, at all points from waste
generation through to final disposal. Scavenging forms a significant element of this
activity.” It is found out that an insignificant amount of 10% of waste is only
recycled. More so, it assessed that “community-based initiatives involve waste
segregation at source, recycling, and composting. Programs have been attempted
in many barangays throughout Metro Manila—some have succeeded, others have
failed for one reason or another. Leadership is the key factor in successful
programs. In most cases, the initiative is led by the Barangay Captain or
nongovernment organization aligned with the zerowaste movement.”
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Chapter III
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION and ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter includes the presentation, interpretation and analysis of the data
gathered by the researchers. It also provides the analysis of the data based on the
theoretical framework presented in the study.
Profile of Barangay Lahug
Barangay Lahug stands as one of the active barangays in Cebu City and at
the same time has been considered as a prospect to be the “Makati of the South”,
which has an estimated total population of 50, 000, a total household population of
40, 000, and is composed of 44 sitios. The land boundaries of Barangay Lahug are:
Barangay Kasambagan and Barangay Apas, in the North; Barangay Camputhaw in
the South; Barangay Luz, East; and Barangay Kalunasan in the West. (see
Appendix 3: Baranggay Map.)
With a total land area of 443 hectares, Barangay Lahug opened avenues for
the development of various business and industrial establishments that importantly
include Waterfront Hotel and Casino, Asia Town I.T. Park, Cebu Grand Convention,
Cebu City Civic Trade Center, Cebu Parklane International Hotel, and Cebu Marco
Polo Plaza Hotel. The globally operating car dealers—Honda Motor and Ford—have
established their offices in Lahug. Included in the important landmarks of Lahug
are the University of the Philippines, University of Southern Philippines, JY Square
Mall, and the long established Beverly Hills subdivision.
In addition, there are various religious and educational establishments in
Barangay Lahug. According to the record of the barangay, there are, in fact, six (6)
Day Care Centers in the area. Churches and temples are also conspicuous in the
barangay including: St. Therese Parish Church, Taoist Temple, Phu Sian Temple, and
Heavenly Temple. (see Appendix 4: Baranggay Profile)
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With regard to how the barangay manages its people and the social matters
that concern the latter, Barangay Lahug allocated half of its annual budget—which
amounts to P13M—to general services that aides to sanitation and the
environment. Part of the barangay services for sanitation and the environment is
its Solid Waste Management, anchored on Republic Act 9003 and City Ordinance
1361 and 2031, which Barangay Lahug adopted.
Baranggay Lahug’s Adoption of RA 9003 and City Ordinances
RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 gives the
Local Government Units the initiative on the creation of Local Ordinances pertaining
to the segregation and treatment of solid wastes in the locality. In Section 16 of the
RA 9003, LGUs “through its local solid waste management boards, shall prepare its
respective 10-year solid waste management plans consistent with the national solid
waste management framework.”
Section 10 of the RA 9003 defines the role of LGUs in Solid Waste
Management. It states that:
“Pursuant to the relevant provisions of R.A. No. 7160, otherwise known
as the Local government code, the LGUs shall be primarily responsible
for the implementation and enforcement of the provisions of this Act
within their respective jurisdictions.
Segregation and collection of solid waste shall be conducted at the
barangay level specifically for biodegradable, compostable and
reusable wastes: Provided, That the collection of non-recyclable
materials and special wastes shall be the responsibility of the
municipality or city .”
The Cebu City Government implemented the RA 9003 through the City
Ordinance No. 2031, entitled “An Ordinance For The Implementation of Solid Waste
Segregation At Source, Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof, and the Creation
of a Special Fund for Incentives which seeks to answer the specific concerns on
treatment and segregation of solid wastes in Cebu City. ” (see Appendix 1: Cebu
City Ordinance 2031) As a component baranggay, Lahug boasts the adoption of the
City Ordinance 2031, applying its provisions to its constituents. Baranggay Lahug
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also adopted the City Ordinance 1361, which seeks to “establish a system of
garbage collection, imposing fees therefore, and expropriating funds and for other
related purposes.” (see Appendix 2: City Ordinance 1361)
Mrs. Emper Capili, Baranggay Lahug Focal Person, said, “we have
implemented the City Ordinance 2031. Naa mi mga pulong-pulong ug mga signage
para makabalo ang mga tao especially sa mga sitio. (We have meetings and
signage to educate the constituents especially in the sitios.)” She further said that
the provisions of RA 9003 and its adoption into a local ordinance were their bases
as to the signs and warnings that they have been posting around the baranggay.
City Ordinance 2031 penalizes an individual or group of fines, fees and community
service should the city ordinance is violated. Moreover, Councilor Jovito Taborada,
the Chairman of Health and Sanitation in Baranggay Lahug, said that the baranggay
also adopted the City Ordinance 1361, which pertains to the collection of garbage in
the baranggay. Like Mrs. Capili, he said that their constituents are informed of the
ordinances through a scheduled pulong-pulong (meetings) with the constituents,
especially in the sitios.
Councilor Taborada said that 50% of the baranggay’s annual budget goes to
general services, which includes the health and sanitation in the baranggay.
Baranggay Lahug’s annual appropriation is thirteen million pesos, with the general
services constituting the largest chuck of this amount. Section 14 of the City
Ordinance 2031 cites the appropriation for Solid Waste Management plans. It states
that, “for the initial operating expenses for the enforcement of this ordinance, the
sum of five hundred thousand pesos is hereby appropriated out of the General
Funds of the Government of Cebu, not otherwise appropriated. Thereafter, such
sums as may be necessary to carry out its purpose shall be taken from the garbage
fees collection of the city under its Special fund Act.” Mrs. Capili and Councilor
Taborada, however, did not specify their sources of fund for the adoption and
implementation of the ordinance in the baranggay. Mrs. Capili said that the
baranggay provided for the fund needed to procure the garbage trucks used for the
collection within the baranggay. These garbage trucks operate daily to collect the
waste of the baranggay. Councilor Taborada, moreover, said that the maintenance
of these trucks cost much and consumes a big portion of the budget.
Volume and Characterization of Waste
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Section 4 of the City Ordinance 2031 provided for the Waste Classification of all
solid wastes generated in the locale. It classified solid wastes into five major groups:
(a) biodegradable/compostable wastes; (b) non-biodegradable wastes; (c)
reusable/recyclable wastes; (d) hazardous or special wastes; and (e) bulky wastes
and white goods. Councilor Taborada said the collection of waste in the baranggay
is classified only into three groups. These are (a) the biodegradables, (b) the non-
biodegradables, and (c) the special wastes or toxic wastes. He further added that
these special wastes would be treated differently from the other two variants and
will be collected by the city for special treatment.
As to the volume of wastes collected by the baranggay, Councilor Taborada
said that Lahug have three garbage trucks available for garbage collection, all
funded by the baranggay. He said that each truck could collect approximately 1.1
tons of garbage per operation. Each truck operates twice a day, everyday, covering
most of the sites in the near road, and in cases of sitios, trucks collect the garbage
depending on the schedule. With the number of trucks available for collection every
day, Baranggay Lahug collects an approximate 6.6 tons of waste everyday.
Engineer Roger Legaspi of Department of Public Services confirms this claim as they
collect waste from Lahug with the volume of six (6) to eight (8) tons per day.
Baranggay Lahug have no dumpsite, so all the waste collected in the baranggay will
be turned over to the city level. Engineer Legaspi said that the collection from
Lahug came from upper and lower Lahug.
Collection and Transfer of Wastes
Article 3 of the RA 9003 defines the Collection and Transport of Solid Wastes.
It sets the requirement for the collection and transport of solid wastes, and the
guidelines for transfer stations. Section 7.1 of the City Ordinance 2031 states that
the local baranggay unit “takes charge of the collection of the collection of
reusable/recyclable and biodegradable/compostable wastes in their respective
baranggay while the City Government takes care of the collection of non-
biodegradable wastes, bulky wastes, and other wastes in consonance with RA
9003.” Mrs. Emper Capili said that the sources of waste collected by the baranggay
comes primarily from the households. They also collect solid wastes from the
industries and establishments present in the area. On the other hand, Councilor
Taborada said that household wastes are collected every day, but the City
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Government collects wastes from the establishments. Engineer Roger Legaspi
confirms Councilor Taborada’s claim that the City Government collects the solid
wastes from the industries. These establishments include JY Square, City Lights, Red
Carpet and the villages in the baranggay.
As to the schedule of waste collection, Councilor Taborada said that the
garbage collection happens every day. Three garbage trucks are available for the
collection of wastes every day. These trucks operate twice a day. Cebu City
Ordinance 1361 creates a system of garbage collection, which serves as basis as to
the collection of garbage in the baranggay. Article 4 of City Ordinance 1361 states
that “each homeowner, tenant, manager or person-in-charge of any building or any
room or space therein shall provide a receptacle in which he shall deposit or cause
to be deposited all such garbage, rubbish, trash or waste materials and which
receptacle shall be maintained in sanitary condition at all times by him or his
representative and placed in such a location that is easily accessible but not
obtrusive to the pedestrians.” Furthermore, City Ordinance 1361 states that the
collection of garbage shall depend on the schedule prepared and promulgated by
the Department of Public Services. Engineer Legaspi of DPS said that they collect
garbage from the baranggay daily. Councilor Taborada said that the baranggay
trucks operate collection of solid wastes daily, and collects twice per day.
Councilor Taborada and Mrs. Capili said that the collected wastes from the
households would be turned over to the city government for dumping. Baranggay
Lahug has no landfill and dumpsite available for the waste collected within the
baranggay. Department of Public Services collect these wastes and dump it to
Inayawan.
Section 21 and 22 of the RA 9003 provides for the means of collection of the
Solid Wastes. It states that:
Section 21. Mandatory Segregation of Solid Wastes - The LGUs shall
evaluate alternative roles for the public and private sectors in
providing collection services, type of collection system, or combination
of systems, that best meet their needs: Provided, That segregation of
wastes shall primarily be conducted at the source, to include
household, institutional, industrial, commercial and agricultural
sources: Provided, further; That wastes shall be segregated into the
categories provided in Sec. 22 of this Act.
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Section 22. Requirements for the Segregation and Storage of Solid
Waste - The following shall be the minimum standards and
requirements for segregation and storage of solid waste pending
collection:
(a) There shall be a separate container for each type of waste from all
sources: Provided, That in the case of bulky waste, it will suffice that
the same be collected and placed in a separate designated area; and
(b) The solid waste container depending on its use shall be properly
marked or identified for on-site collection as "compostable", "non-
recyclable", "recyclable" or "special waste", or any other classification
as may be determined by the Commission.
In the City Ordinance Level, Section 6.1 states for the provision on “No
Segregation, No Collection.” It states that “segregation of wastes must be observed
since unsorted wastes shall not be collected at all.” Councilor Taborada said that
this has been implemented in the baranggay. The garbage truck of baranggay
Lahug collects solid waste twice per day, one round for the biodegradable, and
another round for the non-biodegradable. He further said that the constituents,
especially in the sitios, has been informed of this policy through the conduct of
pulong-pulong or meetings in the baranggay. The only means in collecting garbage
in the baranggay are the three garbage trucks provided for the baranggay.
Councilor Taborada said that Lahug initiated for the purchase of these trucks and
did not rely on the City Government for the procurement of such facility. There are
no other facilities for garbage collection, aside from the truck and from small scale
garbage collectors.
Waste Segregation Practices in the Households
Fifty-two of the 100 household respondents (52 out of 100) interviewed
practiced waste segregation in Barangay Lahug. They segregate plastics, bottles,
papers, cans and peelings of fruits and vegetables. Their primary motivation for
segregation was the incentive they could get from segregating their wastes (i.e.
they can earn money from things that they segregate). Further, they can reuse
some of the waste materials (e.g. cans and plastics) as storage containers at home.
Plastics were the common waste that were segregated followed by cans, bottles,
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papers, and vegetable and fruit peelings. The residents of Barangay Lahug
practiced waste segregation because they can benefit from it especially from the
additional income that they get from segregating their wastes.
On the side of the barangay, they implemented fines for residents who did
not engage in waste segregation. However, despite the presence of the policy,
some households do not segregate their wastes and dump their garbage in sacks
and damaged pails. Before, the barangay was strict in implementing the No
Segregation, No Collection policy but because of the continuing waste segregation
malpractice of some residents, the policy was not sustained. The barangay has no
choice but to collect the un-segregated garbage since leaving the garbage in the
street would create a problem of sanitation and the unattended waste would
produce awful smell. At present, the garbage collectors are the ones in-charge of
segregating the waste they collected in the barangay.
As to the knowledge of the respondents on the presence of ordinances, a
significant 48 of 100 said that they are aware that there are ordinances pertaining
to the segregation of wastes at home. The answers as to the awareness of these
ordinances vary from sanctions such as penalties and community work. Some of
these respondents also said that they are aware that the baranggay has been
implementing a waste segregation policy that is why they practice the segregation
of wastes.
Materials Recovery Facility
Section 32 of the RA 9003 provides for the establishment of Materials
Recovery Facility or MRF in LGUs. It states that “there shall be established a
Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in every barangay or cluster of barangays. The
facility shall be established in a barangay-owned or -leased land or any suitable
open space to be determined by the barangay through its Sanggunian. For this
purpose, the barangay or cluster of barangays shall allocate a certain parcel of land
for the MRF. The MRF shall receive mixed waste for final sorting, segregation,
composting, and recycling. The resulting residual wastes shall be transferred to a
long term storage or disposal facility or sanitary landfill.” However, despite the
city’s adoption of the RA 9003 through the City Ordinance 2031, the ordinance is
silent about the creation of MRF. Baranggay Lahug, however, initiated for the
creation of MRF in the baranggay. Councilor Taborada said that the baranggay has
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sent a proposal to the city government for the creation of a Materials Recovery
Facility in the locality. However, this claim cannot be verified since the researchers
were not able to secure a copy of the proposal.
Recycling and Source Reduction Practices
Barangay Lahug engages in recycling practices through their barangay
cooperatives. Members of the cooperatives make use of the plastic bottles, plastic
bags and tetra packs as vases and bags. It is part of their livelihood program and
also with the environment and sanitation committee. However, according to
Barangay Councilor Taborada, Chairman of Environment and Sanitation Committee,
the cooperative’s recycling practice does not have a great impact on waste
management in the barangay because only a small portion of the wastes were
used. Some of these bottles and plastics were personally sold by the residents and,
and they do not usually turn over those recyclable materials to the barangay
cooperative.
Although the barangay seeks cooperation with private entrepreneurs to help
them in buying recyclable materials from the residents, the cooperation did not
succeed. It is because the buyers offer less price to the recyclable wastes compared
to those people who push carts for garbage. The project did not last long. Also,
there were no NGOs who are interested to help the barangay in managing their
solid waste unlike in Barangay Luz who has CPAG to assist them in developing their
barangay.
The barangay does not give incentives to those who have the most recyclable
materials being kept because according to Councilor Taborada and Ms. Capili, the
barangay wanted the citizen to act according to their responsibility as a citizen of
the barangay and act according to their own free will. The barangay would not
tolerate people who acted only for their own benefits and see government work as a
business or enterprise.
In addition, providing incentives was not adopted in encouraging waste
segregation, recycling garbage and most of all in waste or source reduction.
According to Councilor Taborada, the barangay or the committee itself does not
initiate source reduction. According to him, they cannot control the amount of waste
produced by the households. They would not encourage incentives because it would
mean that the citizens do not act according to their responsibility. They do not have
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the pleasure to encourage such project that would lead to people’s participation
through incentives.
Data Analysis
R.A. 9003Ordinances Implementation
in the BarangayCity Ordinance 2031 City Ordinance
1361Role of the LGUs inSolid WasteManagement(Section 10)
Segregationand collection of solid waste (i.e.biodegradable,compostable, &
reusable) –barangay
Segregationand collection of waste (i.e. non-recyclable &special wastes) –city government
LGU has the primaryresponsibility toimplement ecologicalsolid wastemanagement system
Local barangay – incharge of collectionof reusable/recyclable
and biodegradablewastes
City government – incharge of collectionof non-biodegradable, bulkyand special waste
• Barangay collectsthe segregatedwaste generatedfrom households
• City collects thewaste from theestablishmentsand industries
Establishment of Multi-PurposeEnvironmentCooperatives orAssociations in every
LGU (Section 13)
The barangay isencouraged to formcooperative(s) withinthe community tohandle
biodegradable/compostable or recyclablewaste
•Creation of cooperative forrecycling wastes
Components of LocalGovernment SolidWaste ManagementPlan (Section 17)
Wastecharacterization(i.e. volume of waste, sourcegeneration,classification)
Collection and Transfer
Sourcereduction
Recycling
Wasteclassification:biodegradable, non-biodegradable,reusable/recyclable, hazardous/specialand bulky wastes
Waste collectionpoints during theset schedule of
collection Generators must
provide their ownstorage area withintheir premises
Collection of garbage isdivided on thebasis of volumeof garbage andpopulation
•WasteClassification:biodegradable,non-biodegradable,and special waste
•Schedule of collection iseveryday butmay vary in other
areas•Waste generationcomes fromhouseholds,industries andestablishments inthe barangay
•A smallpercentage of
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wastes arerecycled andgoes to thecooperative
•Barangay Lahugbelongs to zone
number 8Segregation of Wastes (Sections 21& 22)
Mandatorysegregation of solid wastes
Requirementsfor thesegregationand storage of solid waste (i.e.“compostable”,
“non-recyclable”,“recyclable”, or“specialwaste”)
No Segregation, NoCollection
Generators muststore each type of waste in separatecontainers tofacilitate collectionand disposal
• The barangaydoes not collectthe waste if notsegregated
Establishment of LGUMaterials RecoveryFacility (Section 32)
• There is aproposal toestablish MRF inthe barangay
Incentives forresource reductionand recycling(Section 45)
Incentives forbarangays anddeputized enforcersfor apprehending
persons/entitiesviolating theordinance
• No incentives forsource reductionand recyclingwastes; instead
the barangayconductsmeetings in thesitios toencourage peopleto segregate theirwaste
The Structural-Functionalist theory explains that the effectiveness of policy
implementation is presented though the functioning of the different parts in the
political system. In the case of R.A. 9003, the success of the implementation of the
law lies on its efficient operationalization in the local government units. R.A. 9003
provides the necessary framework and institutional mechanisms for the proper
waste treatment and disposal. Section 17 of R.A. 9003 outlines the necessity of
passing and enforcing ordinances in the local government units for the effective
implementation of a collection system in the barangay. This provision in the
Republic Act was successfully materialized through the implementation of City
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Ordinance 2031 (An Ordinance for the Implementation of Solid Waste Segregation
at Source, Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof, and the Creation of a Special
Fund for Incentives) and City Ordinance 1361. Ordinance 2031 was adopted by
Barangay Lahug so as to facilitate its waste collection system. The assessment and
evaluation on the effectiveness of the implementation of R.A. 9003 through its
operationalization in Barangay Lahug can be determined through the barangay’s
fulfillment of the necessary provisions stipulated in R.A. 9003 and in city ordinances
2031 and 1361.
Implementation in Barangay Level
In terms of fulfilling its role on the solid waste management plan as provided
in R.A. 9003 and Ordinance 2031, Barangay Lahug was able to follow this provision
in the law. In an interview done by the researchers, Councilor Taborada confirmed
that the barangay collects and segregates the waste generated from the
households while the city government (e.g. Department of Public Services) is in
charge with the collection of solid waste generated by the industries and
establishments in the barangay. The establishment of a multi-purpose
environmental cooperative was also carried out in the barangay. The cooperative
was established to facilitate in the recycling process of recyclable and reusable
waste that the barangay collected.
Waste classification and characterization is carried out by the barangay given
that the barangay segregates the solid wastes and classify them as biodegradable,
non-biodegradable, or special waste. This is in concurrence with the defined waste
classification and characterization provided in R.A. 9003 and Ordinance 2031.
Schedule of waste collection in Barangay Lahug is everyday but may vary in other
areas. This was confirmed by Engr. Roger Legaspi of the Department of Public
Services (DPS). The waste collection of DPS was daily using 2 garbage trucks used
for both lower and upper Lahug. For the barangay, 3 garbage trucks are used in
solid waste collection. However, Engr. Legaspi mentioned that there was no
coordination between the barangay and DPS as to the schedule and assigned
collection points of solid waste in the barangay.
Waste segregation is strictly implemented and observed in the barangay. The
barangay follows the No Segregation, No Collection policy provided in Ordinance
2031 which is supported by R.A. 9003. The barangay does not collect the waste if
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not segregated beforehand. Fines and penalties were collected so as to ensure
compliance to the law. However, this practice was not sustained since residents
started to leave their waste un-segregated and the task to segregate was passed to
the garbage collectors during collection. The schedule of collection is also properly
coordinated with waste segregation given that the barangay allocates a separate
schedule of collection for the different waste classification (i.e. biodegradable, non-
biodegradable, and special waste). In cases that the wastes collected are not
properly segregated, the garbage collectors do the segregation of the wastes.
Reduction and recycling of waste are less practiced and observed in the
barangay since there are no source reduction and incentives for source reduction.
There were also no incentives given for recycling of waste. In terms of public
education and dissemination, the barangay conducts meeting in the different sitios
to encourage people to segregate their waste. Moreover, the proposal for the
establishment of a Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) in the barangay denotes a
positive effort of the barangay to implement source reduction and encourage
recycling in Barangay Lahug.
Evaluation and Assessment of Solid Waste Management Plan
Based on RA 9003, the issue on solid waste management in Barangay Lahug
has been addressed. The barangay adopted the law and the City Ordinance 1361
and 2031 but the problem is the lack of the barangay’s implementation and
sustainability of the said laws. They lack follow up and education of their
constituents and fail to make the residents follow the law for proper waste
management.
Using the ISWM (Integrated Solid Waste Management) framework, among the
stakeholders—the constituents and the barangay itself—the barangay was the only
one to have complied with the provisions of the RA 9003 and City Ordinance 2031.
However, the barangay failed to sustainably implement the said laws for it failed to
gain the cooperation of its constituents. There may be those who practice waste
segregation but not for the reason that they follow what the law said but because
they can gain from through personal income. Hence, the citizens’ motivation for
segregating and recycling their waste is driven more on personal benefit.
Moreover, the barangay’s refusal to give incentives to those who practice
recycling and waste segregation is also the reason why people fail to cooperate with
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the barangay’s program. The residents’ lack of encouragement and the
government’s refusal to have concessions through incentives contributed to the
drawbacks of the proper implementation of the solid waste management in Lahug.
Yet, the barangay blames the residents’ laziness to the failure of the project which
was very biased on their part. They fail to take into account that residents’ attitude
towards the policy is due to the barangay’s lack of effort to encourage the residents
to cooperate and give proper justification to the goal and consequences of the
program.
Chapter IV
CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter contains the conclusion of the study and the recommendations of
the researchers for further studies with regards to solid waste management.
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Conclusion
Based on the analysis and results yielded in this study, the researchers
conclude that cooperation between the barangay and the constituents plays a vital
role in the success of social programs implemented by local government units, as in
the case of solid waste management.
Sustainability of the program (i.e. solid waste management plan) is important
in assessing the success of the implementation of the policy. In the case of
Barangay Lahug, solid waste management was initially successful. However, the
debasing level of cooperation between the barangay and the constituents created a
problematic situation in the sustainability of the solid waste management plan and
the implementation of the R.A. 9003 and some City Ordinances which anchored
Barangay Lahug’s solid waste management strategy. Nonetheless, the researchers
recognize and commend the barangay council’s effort in executing the guidelines
and provisions stipulated in R.A. 9003 and the city ordinances (2031 & 1361)
especially in terms of waste collection and segregation. In terms of waste reduction
and encouragement of recycling practices, the barangay needs to improve in these
key areas. The barangay could enhance its education and information campaign on
the benefits of reducing and recycling wastes while providing greater avenue for the
people to participate and contribute to the maintenance of environmental sanitation
in the barangay.
Moreover, the researchers also conclude that as stakeholders, the barangay
and its constituents should take into account that both have responsibilities to carry
out. After all, the problem of solid waste management is an important issue that
needs authorities need to address with the cooperation of the citizens so as to
ensure protection of public health and environment.
Recommendations
Based on the facts and information gathered by the researchers about the
Barangay Lahug’s solid waste management in accordance to RA 9003 and city
ordinances 1361 (Garbage Collection) and 2031 (Implementation of Solid
Segregation at Source), the researchers would like to recommend further studies
about the topic, deepening on the analysis of the development and performance of
the barangay in terms of its implementation of its solid waste management plan. In
addition, the researchers recommend a further study on the waste segregation and
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recycling practices of the major industries and establishments in Barangay Lahug to
determine and assess their solid waste management plan juxtapose the ordinances
2031 and 1361 and R.A. 9003.
Furthermore, the researchers recommend a study on the impacts and
sustainability of the solid waste management practiced by the barangay to evaluate
the feasibility and maintenance of the existing solid waste management strategy
employed by the barangay. The researchers also recommend the inclusion of the
city in the study concerning their practices in waste segregation and collection. In
addition, the study will be conducted to know if they implemented their solid waste
management plan and sustained the presence of the plan together with its success
or development. In this way, comparison on the implementation and achievement
of the city and the barangay about the solid waste management plan could deepen
the assessment.