prototyping for knowledge based entrepreneurship
TRANSCRIPT
I am Vlad, nice to meet you
● Software engineer in the industry, now startup
→ can write code
● Completed this course two years ago
→ can understand
● Prototyped and published an innovation project
→ can prototype
... and you are ...Don't be shy!
Digital Services Innovation
INNOSUNDImprove resident quality of life
Andreas Johansen, Frederik Lauridsen, Vlad Manea, Konstantin Slavin Borovskij, Troels Mønsted PhD
AndreasBSc IT & health
FrederikIT and communication
VladComputer science
KonstantinComputer science
TroelsPhD Computer science
Initial problem identification
Resident appointments managed ineffectivelyAppointments forgotten and missedObserved by independent stakeholdersDecreased resident quality of life
Lyngby Taarbaek Strategy 2013-2016 for elderly citizens 12% 41%
Alternative problems
Lack of professionalism
Bloated process
Routines badly defined
Too many tools
Lack of second layer of needs worsens first layer
Tools and processes mismatched with reality
Adversity towards external stakeholders
Careless employees
Stressful employees
We are doing fine here syndrome
Suffocated in regulations
There is room for improvement
Field work for validating problemStakeholders Methods
10 caregivers observation, interview, discussion, morning meeting and routines
5 AC external employees discussion
2 AC employees discussion
2 residents discussion
1 senior counsel member semi-structured interview
1 dentist semi-structured interview
1 Avaleo sys admin interview, discussion
Paper prototypeInstallation
Previously unused screen
Meeting room
Inserting real dataMeeting room
Coding after feedback
With our test user and another unused TV
Yo
Windows error
Refined problems based on visits
Too many systems make overview difficultCaregivers use word of mouth when planningEverything works until caregivers get busy
1. Paper prototype: wrong turn
Low fi, abstract, failed initial attempt
2. Digital prototype: on ramp
Med fi, ok, but were we on the right track?Real life working prototype confirmed we were
3. Application prototype: highway
Hi fi, extended, feedback okWorking prototype for entire ward was used
Stakeholders have a daily overview...
End of course prototype
...can easily create events...
End of course prototype
...manage and prioritize their notes...
End of course prototype
...and get notified when due
End of course prototype
Prototype architecture
Viewweb
interface
Controlimplements application
functionality
Modelspecifies how data should
look like
SMS modulerequests
SMS sender to send to phone #
Databasekeeps the
data in one safe place
SMS senderweb service for sending
SMS to phones
event
activity
user
note
...User
device
Expansion to 3 centers - new problems
● Hectic bus schedule→ notifications to help ACs cope with schedule
● communication issues between ACs and CGs→ notifications, workshops to help CGs ack ACs
● low attendance by residents and citizens to AC → portal with activities, where they can sign up
Field work spanPhase Stakeholders Methods (Tools) - # participants
1 Bredebo management DiscussionNon-disclosure agreement preparation
2 Bredebo management Interview - 1 x 2 people
3 Activity Center General Manager
Interview - 1 person
3 Activity Center General Manager
Workshop (affinity map) - 1 person
3 Bredebo Caregiver Interview - 1 person
3 Bredebo Activity Center employees
ObservationInterview - 3 x 1 personIn situ interview with think-aloud - 1 personDocuments
3 Bredebo Activity Center employees
Workshop (communication model) - 1 personWorkshop (timeline) - 1 person
3 Bredebo Activity Center employees
Mapping - 1 person
3 Bredebo Activity Center Document analysis
Phase Stakeholders Methods (Tools) - # participants
3 Baunehøj Activity Center employees
Interview - 1 x 2 peopleIn situ interview with think-aloud - 1 person
3 Baunehøj Activity Center employees
Workshop (communication model) - 1 x 2 peopleWorkshop (timeline) - 1 x 2 people
3 Baunehøj Activity Center employees
Mapping - 1 x 2 people
3 Baunehøj Document analysis
3 Solgården Activity Center employee
Interview - 1 person
3 Solgården Activity Center employee
Workshop (communication model) - 1 personWorkshop (timeline) - 1 person
3 Solgården Activity Center Document analysis
3 Bredebo Caregiver Interview - 1 person
3 Bus driver Unstructured interview - 1 person
3 Bus driver Document analysis
4 Activity Center General Manager Experimenting with prototype - 1 person
4 Bredebo Activity Center employee
Experimenting with prototype - 1 person
4 Bredebo Activity Center employee
Developing scenario - 1 personPart of experimenting with the prototype
4 Citizen Interview - 2 x 1 person
4 Citizen Experimenting with prototype - 1 x 3 people
Communication@ Solgården
Affinity@ AC Management
Timeline@ Solgården
Interview@ bus driver
Mapping@ Bredebo
Interview@ Baunehøj
IT system in use@ Bredebo
In situ@ Bredebo
Documents@ everywhere
Think aloud@ Baunehøj
Distributed system
Further approaches to prototype
● Hectic bus schedule
→ work with notification prototype for ACs and bus
● Communication issues between ACs and CGs
→ iterate our existing prototype in the other centers
● Low attendance by residents and citizens to AC
→ create easy to use proto portal with activities nearby
Prototypes for activity center - reuse
Digital prototype for the activity center, reusing prototype for caregivers
Prototypes for citizen portal
Paper portal for citizens Digital portal mockup for citizens
Activity centerMunicipality
Citizens
CaregiverActivity center
CitizensResidents
Driver
Active area
Active area
Prototypes have agency
1. What is the problem we are trying to solve?
2. Who are the people affected by the problem?
3. How are they affected by the problem?
4. Why are they affected by the problem?
5. When can we say we fixed the problem?
A few questions for your problem
Prototype
“the first design of something from which other forms are copied or developed”- Oxford Learner’s dictionary
The iPhonehttp://zurb.com/blog/system/images/1068/original/ios7phone.jpeg?1378921299 http://cdn.cultofmac.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/sonyiphone.jpg https://www.att.com/catalog/en/skus/images/apple-iphone%205c%20-%208gb-white-450x350.png
Prototype - dimensions
“Looking for processes which involve an early practical
demonstration of relevant parts of the desired software on
a computer, and which are to be combined with other
processes in system development with a view to improving
the quality of the target system”
– Christianne Floyd, A systematic look at prototyping, 1984
Prototype - breadth vs. depth
Horizontal prototypeonly built to a level of detail useful for demonstration
Vertical prototypeselect functions implemented in their intended final form
Boeing 7*7 prototypes: interior horizontal prototype, winglet vertical prototypehttp://airwaysnews.com/galleries/4635.jpg http://www.aviationpartners.com/images/timeline-winglet-01.png
Prototype - resolution & fidelity
Resolutionamount of detail
Fidelitycloseness to end design
Tesla prototypes: resolution != fidelityhttp://www.seriouswheels.com/pics-2012/r-z-0-9/2012-Tesla-Model-X-Sketch-5-1920x1440.jpg https://i.ytimg.com/vi/APd5TD0BoFA/hqdefault.jpg http://preview.netcarshow.com/Tesla-Model_S-2013-1600-17.jpg
Prototype - approachesExploratory prototyping
focus on clarifying requirements; alternatives discussed
Experimental prototyping
focus on determining adequacy of a proposed design
Evolutionary prototyping
system gradually adapted to changing requirements
A few questions about your approach
1. Which parts of the problem can we focus on?
2. How accurate should the prototype be?
3. What should our prototyping approach be?
4. What should the prototype check?
5. Why use a prototype and not something else?
Prototype - mediaPaper, carton, markers, sketches and drawings, software
mocks and clickables, software demonstrations, 2D
visualisations, 3D visualisations, 3D printing, virtual reality,
raspberry PI, arduino, balsamiq, omnigraffe, visio, fireworks,
appsketcher, axure, marvel, hotgloo, pixate, viewflux, invision
And many, many others…http://www.robotshop.com/media/files/images/arduino-2wd-robot-us-large.jpg
Prototype - paper and pencil
ProsInexpensiveFast and easyCollaborativeAccessibleZero hardwareWizard of Oz
ConsNeeds colocationNeeds imaginationHard to conveyHard to evaluateHard to demonstrate
Prototype - static mocks
ProsPortable and freeCan be accurateAccessibleCan collaborateReusable code
ConsHard to learnTakes time to doHard to annotateLimited functionality
Prototype - dynamic pages
ProsCan mimic productAvailable onlineMany tutorialsCan collaborateReusable screens
ConsTakes more timeMay require codingMay be more vertical
Prototype - at scaleObserve usage patterns of your prototypesAnalysis range from qualitative to quantitative
Page views: Google AnalyticsElement clicks: Heap AnalyticsHeat maps and video captures: HotjarPage funnels: Google Analytics, Heap Analytics
Prototype - pitfalls● No problematic situation, aka the toy project syndrome
● No clear question to address with the prototype
● No concrete way to validate your hypothesis
● No knowledge or involvement of stakeholders
● Inadequate channel, extent, completion, approach
● Forcing success #dieselgatehttp://images.thecarconnection.com/med/2003-volkswagen-new-beetle-coupe-2-door-coupe-gls-turbo-manual-side-exterior-view_100259412_m.jpg
Prototype - mother of all pitfalls“We should start with programming the buttons onto the
UI, implement a complete set of pages, ask our users what
they would like more, and then think everything, including
the hypothesis, in terms of that”- Anonymous mehttps://monkeyinferno.com/static/img/home-image.png
A few questions about your prototype
1. What part of the problem are we focusing on?
2. How does the prototype fit in our quest?
3. Who are the affected people who can get help?
4. How can we make our prototype for them?
5. How do we know it succeeded or failed?
Innosund publicationsTroels Mønsted, Andreas Johansen, Frederik Lauridsen, Vlad Manea, Konstantin Slavin-Borovskij. 2016.Balancing priorities: A field study of coordination in distributed elder care.In Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS '16). Kauai. In press.
Andreas Johansen, Frederik Lauridsen, Vlad Manea, Konstantin Slavin-Borovskij. 2015.Improving coordination of care centres for the elderly through IT support. In Proceedings of the conference companion on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW '16). ACM, Vancouver. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2699009
Troels Mønsted, Andreas Johansen, Frederik Lauridsen, Vlad Manea, Konstantin Slavin-Borovskij. 2015.IT coordination of elder care.In Experiences of Technology Appropriation: Unanticipated Users, Usage, Circumstances, and Design workshop affiliated to the European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (ECSCW '15). Oslo.https://projects.hci.sbg.ac.at/ecscw2015/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2015/08/Monsted-et-al-2015.pdf
More details about the project: http://innosund.bitbucket.org
Prototypes publicationsClaus Lundgaard Cramer-Petersen. 2013.Between generative prototyping and work of synthesis in design: Interplay and adding value in the early concept development.In Proceedings of the CO-CREATE Conference. Helsinki, Finland.http://orbit.dtu.dk/files/56099100/Between_generative_prototyping.pdf
Laurens Boer and Jared Donovan. 2012.Provotypes for participatory innovation.In Proceedings of the Designing Interactive Systems Conference. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 388-397.http://www.researchgate.net/publication/254462007_Provotypes_for_participatory_innovation
Todd Zaki Warfel. 2009.Prototyping: A Practitioner's Guide. Rosenfeld Media.http://wireframe.vn/books/Prototyping%20[Rosenfeld,%202009].pdf
Tim Brown. 2009.Change by design.Harper-Collins.http://www.harpercollins.com/9780061766084/change-by-design
Peter Danholt. 2005.Prototypes as performative.In Proceedings of the 4th decennial conference on Critical computing: between sense and sensibility (CC '05). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1-8.http://www.academia.edu/4187319/Prototypes_as_performative
Michel Beaudouin-Lafon and Wendy Mackay. 2002.Prototyping tools and techniques. In The human-computer interaction handbook. L. Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, NJ, USA 1006-1031.https://www.kth.se/social/upload/52ef5ee4f2765445a466a28a/mackay-lafon-prototypes-52-HCI.pdf
Stephanie Houde and Charles Hill. 1997.What do prototypes prototype?In Handbook of Human-Computer Interaction (2nd Ed.). Elsevier Science B. V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.http://uwdata.github.io/hcid520/readings/Houde-Prototypes.pdf
Christiane Floyd. 1984.A Systematic Look at PrototypingIn Approaches to Prototyping. Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.,, NJ, USA, 1-18.http://www.itu.dk/people/hesj/Articles/floyd-prototyping.pdf
Prototype startproblem, pain, stakeholders, team, approach, structure,
deliverable, prototype alternatives / hypothesis, measure, relation with field work
