Fig. 28-01

1 µm

PROTISTS•Eukaryotic

•Single, colonial or multicellular

•Fungal-like, plant-like, animal-like

or mixotrophs (combo)

•Cilia, flagellum/(a) or psuedopodia

•Worldwide (aquatic or terrestrial)

•Aerobic or anaerobic

Fig. 28-02-1

1 µm

Cyanbacterium

Heterotrophiceukaryote

Over the courseof evolution,this membranewas lost.

Red alga

Green alga

Primaryendosymbiosis

Endosymbiosis & Eukaryotic evolution

Cyanobacterium

Heterotrophic

eukaryote

Primary

endosymbiosis

Membranes

are represented

as dark lines in

the cell.

1 23

One of these

membranes was

lost in red and

green algal

descendants.

Red alga

Green alga

Fig. 28-02-2

Cyanobacterium

Over the courseof evolution,this membranewas lost.

Red alga

Green alga

Primaryendosymbiosis

Secondaryendosymbiosis

Secondaryendosymbiosis

Secondaryendosymbiosis

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Stramenopiles

Plastid

Euglenids

4 membranes

Endosymbiosis & Eukaryotic evolution

Cyanobacterium

Heterotrophic

eukaryote

Primary

endosymbiosis

Membranes

are represented

as dark lines in

the cell.

1 23

One of these

membranes was

lost in red and

green algal

descendants.

Plastid

Red alga

Secondary

endosymbiosis

Secondary

endosymbiosis

Secondary

endosymbiosis

Green alga

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Stramenopiles

Plastid

Euglenids

Chlorarachniophytes

Fig. 28-03a

Alv

eo

late

sS

tram

en

op

iles

Diplomonads

Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Diatoms

Golden algae

Brown algae

OomycetesE

xcavata

Ch

rom

alv

eo

lata

Rh

izaria

Chlorarachniophytes

Forams

Radiolarians

Arc

ha

ep

lastid

a

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Charophyceans

Land plants

Un

iko

nta

Slime molds

Gymnamoebas

Entamoebas

Nucleariids

Fungi

Choanoflagellates

Animals

OLD VERSION

5 Supergroups

Protists

•polyphyletic

• cytoskeleton

•Feeding groove

“excavated”

• amitochondriate

• alveoli

•Flagellum(a)

•Ameboid critters

•rRNA

•Single flagellum or

ambeoid w/o flagellum

• plastids (2 membranes)

•photosynthesis

Figure 28.2

Diplomonads

100 μm

100 μm

50 μm

50 μm20 μm

5 μm■ Excavata ■ Archaeplastida

■ “SAR” Clade ■ Unikonta

Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Excavata

Diatoms

Golden algae

Brown algae

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Forams

Cercozoans

Radiolarians

“S

AR

” c

lad

e

Stra

men

op

iles

Alv

eo

late

sR

hiz

aria

ns

Gre

en

alg

ae

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Charophytes

Land plants

Arc

ha

ep

lastid

a

Slime molds

Tubulinids

Entamoebas

Nucleariids

Fungi

Un

iko

nta

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Am

oe

bo

zo

an

sO

pis

tho

ko

nts

4 Supergroups (Presently)

Protists

•polyphyletic

Figure 28.2aDiplomonads

Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Excav

ata

Diatoms

Golden algae

Brown algae

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Forams

Cercozoans

Radiolarians

“S

AR

” c

lad

e

Stra

men

op

iles

Alv

eo

late

sR

hiz

aria

ns

Gre

en

alg

ae

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Charophytes

Land plants

Arc

haep

lastid

a

Slime molds

Tubulinids

Entamoebas

Nucleariids

Fungi

Un

iko

nta

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Am

oeb

ozo

an

sO

pis

tho

ko

nts

• cytoskeleton

•Feeding groove

“excavated”

• amitochondriate

4 Supergroups

Protists

•polyphyletic •DNA sequence

•2˚ endosymbiosis with

red algae

•Some: alveoli

•Some hairy flagella

•Some ameboid

•rRNA

• plastids (2 membranes)

•photosynthesis

•Single flagellum or

ambeoid w/o flagellum

Fig. 28-03b

Diplomonads

Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Ex

ca

va

ta

• cytoskeleton

• feeding groove

• amitochondriate

Fig. 28-UN1

Kinetoplastids

Euglenids

Diplomonads

Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Exc

av

ata

Chromalveolata

Rhizaria

Archaeplastida

Unikonta

There were 5 Supergroups

Figure 28.UN02

Diplomonads

Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

SAR clade

Archaeplastida

Unikonta

Excavata

Now there’s 4 Supergroups

Diplomonads

• Lack plastids

• No/reduced mitochondria• Relic mitosomes lack ETC

• Anaerobic environment

• Multi-flagellated (4)

• 2 haploid nuclei

• Many parasitic & free-living

Giardia lamblia

Parabasala

• Large modified golgi

parabasal body

• No/reduced mitochondria• Hydrogenosomes (anaerobic)

• Multiflagellated

• Endobionts

Trichomonas vaginalis

Trichonympha

Euglenozoa

• All biflagellated (2)• Crystaline rod

• Photosynthetic, heterotrophic

or mixotrophic

• Free-living or parasitic

• Kinetoplastids or Euglenids

Euglenozoa 1) Kinetoplastidsspiral or crystaline rod in flagella

• Large mitochondrion• Kinetoplastid DNA

• Worldwide distribution

• Free living or parasitic• Bait & switch surface proteins

• Trypansoma• Africa African sleeping sickness

• Americas Chaga’s disease

Trypanosoma

African Sleeping Sickness

• Trypanosoma gambiense

• Vector = tsetse fly

Chaga’s Disease

• Trypanosoma cruzi

• Vector = kissing bug

(assassin bug)

• Americas

Fig. 28-07

Long flagellum

Eyespot

Short flagellum

Contractile vacuole

Nucleus

Chloroplast

Plasma membrane

Light detector

PellicleEuglena (LM) 5 µm

Euglenozoa 2) Euglenids Euglena (mixotrophic)

Figure 28.UN03

Diatoms

SA

R c

lad

e

Archaeplastida

Unikonta

Excavata

Golden algae

Brown algae

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Forams

Cercozoans

Radiolarians

Stramenopiles

Alveolates

Rhizarians

Present version

•DNA sequence

•2˚ endosymbiosis

with red algae

•Some: alveoli

•Some hairy flagella

•Some ameboid

•rRNA

Fig. 28-08

Flagellum Alveoli

Alveolate

0.2

µm

Alveolates: 1) Dinoflagellates, 2) Apicomplexans & 3) Ciliates

Dinoflagellates

• Biflagellated (90˚)

• Flagellular groove

• Cellulose plates

• Freshwater & marine

• Photosynthetic & mixotrophic

• Endosymbionts of corals

(zooxanthellae/zoochorellae)

• Red tides

• Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP)

Fig. 28-09

Flagella

3 µ

m

Apicomplexan

• Specialized structure on

sporozoite or merozoite stage

penetrate host

• All parasitic

• Digenetic

• Sexual & asexual stages

• Bait & switch surface proteins

Fig. 28-10-3

Inside human

Liver

Liver cell

Merozoite(n)

Red bloodcells

Gametocytes(n)

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Key

Merozoite

Apex

Red bloodcell

Zygote

(2n)

FERTILIZATION

Gametes

Inside mosquito

MEIOSIS

Oocyst

Sporozoites

(n)

Plasmodium lifecycleAnopheles

Ciliates

• Cilia

• 2 nucleic• Macronucleus (regulation)

• Micronucleus (repro)

• Conjugation & binary fission

• Vacuoles (food, contractile)

• Free living, parasitic

Paramecium

Blepharisma

Stentor

Ciliate Diversity

Fig. 28-11Contractile vacuole

Oral groove

Cell mouth

Cilia

Micronucleus

Macronucleus

Food vacuoles

(a) Feeding, waste removal, and water balance

50 µm

MEIOSIS

Compatible mates

Diploid micronucleus

Haploid micronucleus

The original macronucleus disintegrates.

Diploid micronucleus

MICRONUCLEAR

FUSION

(b) Conjugation and reproduction

Key

Conjugation

Reproduction

Stramenopiles

• 3 clades• Diatoms

• Golden algae

• Brown algae

• Aquatic algae w/ flagella• Thin straw-like flagella

Fig. 28-12

Smoothflagellum

Hairyflagellum

5 µm

Stramenopile flagella

Fig. 28-13

3 µ

m

Diatom flagella

Diatoms• Freshwater or Marine

• Unicellular

• Overlapping silica walls

• Phytoplankton

• Diatomaceous earth

Fig. 28-03h

50 µm

Fig. 28-14

Outer container

Flagellum

Living cell

Chrysophyta =

golden algae

Fig. 28-15

Blade

Stipe

Holdfast

Brown Algae

• Phyaeophyta

• Fucoxanthin

• Marine,cold

• Alternation of generations

• Diploid & haploid

• Analogous structures

Fig. 28-16-2

10 cm

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Key

Sporangia

Sporophyte(2n) Zoospore

MEIOSIS

Female

Gametophytes(n)

EggMale

Sperm

FERTILIZATION

Zygote(2n)

Developingsporophyte

Mature femalegemetophyte(n)

Fig. 28-17-3

Germ tube

Cyst

Hyphae

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Zoospore(2n)

Zoosporangium(2n)

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Key

Oogonium

Egg nucleus

(n)

Antheridial hypha with sperm nuclei (n)

MEIOSIS

Zygotegermination

SEXUAL

REPRODUCTION

Zygotes(oospores)(2n)

FERTILIZATION

Fig. 28-18

Pseudopodia

200 µm

Rhizarians amoebas• Radiolarians, foraminiferans (forams) & cercozoans

• Psuedopodia (locomotion & feeding)

Radiolarian

• Silica tests

• Psuedo radiate from central body

Fig. 28-03i

20 µm

Foraminiferan (Foram)

• CaCO3 tests

• Porous, multichambered test

• Psuedo through pores

• Endosymbiotic algae

Figure 28.19

Cercozoans• Amoeboid & flagellated with threadlike psuedopodia

• Marine, FW & soil ecosystems

• Parasitic & predators

Figure 28.UN04

Chlorophytes

SAR cladeA

rch

ae

pla

stid

a

Unikonta

Excavata

Charophytes

Red algae

Green algae

Land plants

Current version

Plastids

endosymbiosis

Fig. 28-19Bonnemaisoniahamifera

20 cm

8 mm

Dulse (Palmaria palmata)

Nori. The red alga Porphyra is thesource of a traditional Japanese food. The seaweed is

grown on nets inshallow coastalwaters.

The harvestedseaweed is spreadon bamboo screensto dry.

Paper-thin, glossy sheets of norimake a mineral-rich wrap for rice,seafood, and vegetables in sushi.

Red Algae• Rhodophyta

• Phycoerythin

• Warmer waters

Fig. 28-20

Fig. 28-03j

20 µm

50 µm

Green Algae• Chlorophyta

• Fresh vs marine

• Chlorophyll

• Charophytes Land Plants

Fig. 28-21

(a) Ulva, or sea lettuce

(b) Caulerpa, anintertidal chloro-phyte

2 cm

Fig. 28-22-2

Flagella

Cell wall

Nucleus

Crosssection ofcup-shapedchloroplast

Mature cell(n)

Zoospore

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Key

Gamete(n)

Zygote(2n)

SEXUALREPRODUCTION

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

+

+

–

–

Chromoaveolata SAR supergroup

• The “SAR” clade is a diverse monophyletic supergroup

– 3 major clades stramenopiles, alveolates, & rhizarians

• highly diverse group DNA similarities

rhizarian in the SAR clade

Diatom diversity

Smooth

flagellum

5 μm

Hairy

flagellum

Figure 28.UN03

Diatoms

SA

R c

lad

e

Archaeplastida

Unikonta

Excavata

Golden algae

Brown algae

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Forams

Cercozoans

Radiolarians

Stramenopiles

Alveolates

Rhizarians

Figure 28.2aDiplomonads

Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Excav

ata

Diatoms

Golden algae

Brown algae

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Forams

Cercozoans

Radiolarians

“S

AR

” c

lad

e

Stra

men

op

iles

Alv

eo

late

sR

hiz

aria

ns

Gre

en

alg

ae

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Charophytes

Land plants

Arc

haep

lastid

a

Slime molds

Tubulinids

Entamoebas

Nucleariids

Fungi

Un

iko

nta

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Am

oeb

ozo

an

sO

pis

tho

ko

nts

Fig. 28-23

Commonancestorof alleukaryotes

DHFR-TSgenefusion

Unikonta

Excavata

Chromalveolata

Rhizaria

Archaeplastida

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Fungi

Amoebozoans

Diplomonads

Euglenozoans

Alveolates

Stramenopiles

Rhizarians

Red algae

Green algae

Plants

RESULTS

Figure 28.UN05

SAR clade

Archaeplastida

Un

iko

nta

Excavata

Slime molds

Tubulinids

Entamoebas

Nucleariids

Fungi

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Fig. 28-03f

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Fungi

Gymnamoebas

Entamoebas

Nucleariids

Un

iko

nta

Slime molds

Am

oe

bo

zo

an

sO

pis

tho

ko

nts

Posterior flagellum

Psuedopodia

Fig. 28-24-3

Feedingplasmodium

Matureplasmodium(preparing to fruit)

Youngsporangium

Maturesporangium

Stalk

4 cm

1 mm

Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

MEIOSIS

Spores(n)

Germinatingspore

Amoeboid cells(n)

Flagellatedcells(n)

Zygote (2n)

FERTILIZATION

Amoebozoans

Plasmodial slime molds

Fig. 28-25-2

Spores(n)

Emergingamoeba(n)

Solitary amoebas(feeding stage)(n)

Aggregatedamoebas

Migratingaggregate

Fruitingbodies(n)

ASEXUALREPRODUCTION

600 µm

200 µm

Key

Haploid (n)

Diploid (2n)

Amoebas(n)

Zygote(2n)SEXUAL

REPRODUCTION

MEIOSIS

FERTILIZATION

Slime moldsAmoebozoans

Fig. 28-03l

100 µm

Amoebozoans

Fig. 28-27

Key

Moderate risk

High risk

Low risk

Nurseries with P. ramorum infections (2004) onother host plants (such as rhododendron).

Figure 28.29

Other

consumers

Herbivorous

plankton Carnivorous

plankton

Prokaryotic

producers

Protistan

producers

Photosynthetic Protists ProducerProtists play key roles in ecological communities

Figure 28.29

EndosymbiontProtists play key roles in ecological communities

Figure 28.2

Diplomonads

100 μm

100 μm

50 μm

50 μm20 μm

5 μm■ Excavata ■ Archaeplastida

■ “SAR” Clade ■ Unikonta

Parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Excavata

Diatoms

Golden algae

Brown algae

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Forams

Cercozoans

Radiolarians

“S

AR

” c

lad

e

Stra

men

op

iles

Alv

eo

late

sR

hiz

aria

ns

Gre

en

alg

ae

Red algae

Chlorophytes

Charophytes

Land plants

Arc

ha

ep

lastid

a

Slime molds

Tubulinids

Entamoebas

Nucleariids

Fungi

Un

iko

nta

Choanoflagellates

Animals

Am

oe

bo

zo

an

sO

pis

tho

ko

nts

Figure 28.UN06a

Eukaryote

Supergroup Major GroupsKey Morphological

Characteristics Specific Examples

Excavata

“SAR” Clade

Giardia,

Trichomonas

Phytophthora,

Laminaria

Pfiesteria,

Plasmodium,

Paramecium

Globigerina

Diplomonads and

parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Kinetoplastids

Euglenids

Modified mitochondria

Stramenopiles

Diatoms

Golden algae

Brown algae

Alveolates

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Rhizarians

Radiolarians

Forams

Cercozoans

Spiral or crystalline rod in-

side flagella

Hairy and smooth flagella

Membrane-enclosed sacs

(alveoli) beneath plasma

membrane

Amoebas with threadlike

pseudopodia

Trypanosoma,

Euglena

Figure 28.UN06b

Eukaryote

Supergroup Major GroupsKey Morphological

Characteristics Specific Examples

Archaeplastida

Unikonta

Porphyra

Chlamydomonas,

Ulva

Mosses, ferns,

conifers,

flowering

plants

Amoeba, Dictyostelium

Choanoflagellates,

nucleariids,

animals, fungi

Red algae

Amoebozoans

Slime molds

Tubulinids

Entamoebas

Opisthokonts

Green algae

Land plants

Phycoerythrin (photosyn-

thetic pigment)

Plant-type chloroplasts

(See Chapters 29 and 30.)

Amoebas with lobe-

shaped or tube-shaped

pseudopodia

(Highly variable; see

Chapters 31–34.)

Figure 28.UN06Eukaryote

Supergroup Major Groups

Key Morphological

Characteristics Specific Examples

Excavata

“SAR” Clade

Archaeplastida

Unikonta

Giardia,

Trichomonas

Phytophthora,

Laminaria

Pfiesteria,

Plasmodium,

Paramecium

Globigerina

Porphyra

Chlamydomonas,

Ulva

Mosses, ferns,

conifers,

flowering

plants

Amoeba, Dictyostelium

Choanoflagellates,

nucleariids,

animals, fungi

Diplomonads and

parabasalids

Euglenozoans

Kinetoplastids

Euglenids

Modified mitochondria

Stramenopiles

Diatoms

Golden algae

Brown algae

Alveolates

Dinoflagellates

Apicomplexans

Ciliates

Rhizarians

Radiolarians

Forams

Cercozoans

Red algae

Amoebozoans

Slime molds

Tubulinids

Entamoebas

Opisthokonts

Green algae

Land plants

Spiral or crystalline rod in-

side flagella

Hairy and smooth flagella

Membrane-enclosed sacs

(alveoli) beneath plasma

membrane

Amoebas with threadlike

pseudopodia

Phycoerythrin (photosyn-

thetic pigment)

Plant-type chloroplasts

(See Chapters 29 and 30.)

Amoebas with lobe-

shaped or tube-shaped

pseudopodia

(Highly variable; see

Chapters 31–34.)

Trypanosoma,

Euglena

Fig. 28-UN6

If the mitochondria and chloroplasts in

eukaryotic cells resulted from endosymbiosis,

what features might we expect these

organelles to contain?

A. a plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosomes

B. a plasma membrane, nucleus, and ribosomes

C. nucleus, DNA, and ribosomes

D. a plasma membrane, nucleus, and cilia

E. nucleus, ribosomes, and cilia

Trypanosoma, a kinetoplastid, is the causative agent of

a) HIV/AIDS

b) Malaria

c) Giardiasis

d) Trichomoniasis

e) Sleeping sickness

Which of the following most likely

arose from endosymbiosis?

A. nuclear membrane and Golgi apparatus

B. ER and chloroplasts

C. chloroplasts and mitochondria

D. mitochondria and Golgi apparatus

Fig. 28-UN6a

Fig. 28-UN6b

Fig. 28-UN6c

Fig. 28-UN6d

Fig. 28-UN6e