protein structure and function prediction. predicting 3d structure –comparative modeling...
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Protein Structure and Function Prediction
Predicting 3D Structure
– Comparative modeling (homology)
– Fold recognition (threading)
Outstanding difficult problem
Comparative Modeling
Comparative structure predictionproduces an all atom model of asequence, based on its alignment to oneor more related protein structures in thedatabase
Similar sequence suggests similar structure
Comparative ModelingModeling of a sequence based on known structuresConsist of four major steps :1. Finding a known structure(s) related to the sequence
to be modeled (template), using sequence comparison methods such as PSI-BLAST
2. Aligning sequence with the templates
3. Building a model
4. Assessing the model
Comparative Modeling• Accuracy of the comparative model is
related to the sequence identity on which it is based
>50% sequence identity = high accuracy
30%-50% sequence identity= 90% modeled
<30% sequence identity =low accuracy (many errors)
• Similarity particularly high in core– Alpha helices and beta sheets preserved– Even near-identical sequences vary in loops
Comparative Modeling Methods
MODELLER (Sali –Rockefeller/UCSF)
SCWRL (Dunbrack- UCSF )
SWISS-MODEL http://swissmodel.expasy.org//SWISS-MODEL.html
Protein Folds
• A combination of secondary structural units– Forms basic level of classification
• Each protein family belongs to a fold– Estimated 1000–3000 different folds
– Fold is shared among close and distant family members
• Different sequences can share similar folds
Hemoglobin TIM
Protein Folds: sequential and spatial arrangement of secondary structures
Fold classification:(SCOP)•Class:
All alphaAll betaAlpha/betaAlpha+beta
•Fold•Family•Superfamily
Basic steps in Fold Recognition :
Compare sequence against a Library of all known Protein Folds (finite number)
Query sequenceQuery sequence
MTYGFRIPLNCERWGHKLSTVILKRP...
Goal: find to what folding template the sequence fits bestGoal: find to what folding template the sequence fits best
Find ways to evaluate sequence-structure fit
Find best fold for a protein sequence: Fold recognition (threading)
Find best fold for a protein sequence: Fold recognition (threading)
MAHFPGFGQSLLFGYPVYVFGD...
Potential fold
...
1) ... 56) ... n)
...
-10 ... -123 ... 20.5
Programs for fold recognition
• TOPITS (Rost 1995)
• GenTHREADER (Jones 1999)
• SAMT02 (UCSC HMM)
• 3D-PSSM http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/~3dpssm/
Ab Initio Modeling
• Compute molecular structure from laws of physics and chemistry alone– Ideal solution (theoretically)
• Simulate process of protein folding– Apply minimum energy considerations
• Practically nearly impossible– Exceptionally complex calculations– Biophysics understanding incomplete
Ab Initio Methods
• Rosetta (Bakers lab, Seattle)
• Undertaker (Karplus, UCSC)
Predicting Protein Function
PART 2
Inferring protein function :
• Based on the existence of known protein domains
• Based on homology
Protein Domains
• Domains can be considered as building blocks of proteins.
• Some domains can be found in many proteins with different functions, while others are only found in proteins with a certain function.
• The presence of a particular domain can be indicative of the function of the protein.
DNA Binding domainZinc-Finger
Protein Domain can be defined by :
• A motif• A profile (PSSM)• A Hidden Markov Model
MOTIF
Rxx(F,Y,W)(R,K)SAQ
Profile Scoring
PROSITE
• ProSite is a database of protein domains that can be searched by either regular expression patterns or sequence profiles.
Zinc_Finger_C2H2 Cx{2,4}Cx3(L,I,V,M,F,Y,W,C)x8Hx{3,5}H
Profile HMM (Hidden Markov Model)
D16 D17 D18 D19
M16 M17 M18 M19
I16 I19I18I17
100%
100% 100%
100%
D 0.8S 0.2
P 0.4R 0.6
T 1.0 R 0.4S 0.6
X XX X
50%
50%D R T RD R T SS - - SS P T RD R T RD P T SD - - SD - - SD - - SD - - R
16 17 18 19
HMM is a probabilistic model of the MSA consisting of a number of interconnected states
Match
delete
insert
Pfam
• The Pfam database is based on two distinct classes of alignments– Seed alignments which are deemed to be
accurate and used to produce Pfam A– Alignments derived by automatic clustering of
SwissProt, which are less reliable and give rise to Pfam B
• Database that contains a large collection of multiple sequence alignments andProfile hidden Markov Models (HMMs).
• High-quality seed alignments are used to build HMMs to which sequences are aligned
InterPro
Was built from protein classification databases, such as:
• PROSITE• ProDom• SMART• Pfam• PRINTS
Uses UniProt = SWISSPROT and TrEMBL
Database and Tools for protein families and domains
• InterPro - Integrated Resources of Proteins Domains and Functional Sites
• Prosite – A dadabase of protein families and domain • BLOCKS - BLOCKS db • Pfam - Protein families db (HMM derived)• PRINTS - Protein Motif fingerprint db • ProDom - Protein domain db (Automatically generated) • PROTOMAP - An automatic hierarchical classification of Swiss-Prot
proteins • SBASE - SBASE domain db • SMART - Simple Modular Architecture Research Tool • TIGRFAMs - TIGR protein families db
Inferring protein function based on sequence homology
Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins
(COGs) Classification of conserved genes according to their
homologous relationships. (Koonin et al., NAR)
Homologs - Proteins with a common evolutionary origin
Paralogs - Proteins encoded within a given species that arose from one or more gene duplication events.
Orthologs - Proteins from different species that evolved by vertical descent (speciation).
Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins
(COGs)
Each COG consists of individual orthologous proteins or orthologous sets of paralogs from at least three lineages.
Orthologs typically have the same function, allowing transfer of functional information from one member to an entire COG.
COGS - Clusters of orthologous groups
* All-against-all sequence comparison of the proteins encoded in completed genomes (paralogs/orthologs)
* For a given protein “a” in genome A, if there are several similarproteins in genome B, the most similar one is selected
* If when using the protein “b” as a query, protein “a” in genome A is selected as the best hit “a” and “b” can be included in a COG
* Proteins in a COG are more similar to other proteins in the COG than to any other protein in the compared genomes
* A COG is defined when it includes at least three homologousproteins from three distant genomes