protecting commercial radar and communication systems
TRANSCRIPT
Outline
• Outline• Acknowledgement• About the Speaker• Reasons for Using Commercial Systems• Using Commercial Systems in Miliary• Crossing Platforms • The need to Protect• The Chinese Perspective
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• The speaker is thankful to AOC Head Quarter and the organizing team for the opportunity to speak at this prestigious conference.
Acknowledgement
About the Speaker
ContactsWork
Teaching Leader RolesProfessional Activities
Publications Voluntary Works
ContactsName: LEE Kar HengEmail: [email protected], [email protected] Mobile: +65 9191 6893, +84 1638 006 000Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/karheng
(personal interests, thoughts, comments and reflections)
Linkedln: https://www.linkedin.com/in/karheng(professional profiles and short articles on business and entrepreneurship)
Academia: https://edithcowan.academia.edu/KarHengLee(technical papers, students’ projects, course materials of academic programs and short courses)
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/karheng1(company information of TBSS Companies and Partners)
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• TBSS Group (Current Job)• Minister of Home Affairs
– Police Technology Department (Maritime)
• Defense Science and Technology Agency– Sensors
• DSO National Laboratories – Radar Systems
• Maritime and Port Authority – Electronics and Communications
Work
• TBSS Group (Current Job)– Designed, developed and delivered professional courses:
• Electronic Warfare for the Republic of Singapore Air Force• Radar Systems for Operations and Maintenance for Raytheon
Anschuetz, Singapore• Radar System in Aviation, Maritime and Defense for Air Defense
Operations Command, Singapore Technologies and Police Technical Department
• LTE with Military Applications for Army Signal Institution• Understand EMC for Ammunition Command and DSTA
– Organzied and gave lecture on Coastal Surveillance System for the Border Defense Force, Vietnam
Work
• TBSS Group (Current Job)– Installed, Commissioned, Integrated and Tested 2 Vessel
Traffic Radars for the Port of Hai Phong, Vietnam– Installed, Commissioned, Integrated and Tested 3 Vessel
Traffic Radars for the Port of Cai Mep, Vietnam– Installed, Commissioned, Integrated and Tested 1 Coastal
Surveillance Radar and AIS Transponder for the Vietnam Navy– Designed and Developed Radar/AIS data fusion software
module for the Vietnam Navy– Installed, Commissioned, Integrated and Tested 2 Radar
Training Systems (PSR and FMCW) for Vietnam Military Academy
Work
• TBSS Group (Current Job)– Installed, Commissioned, Integrated and Tested 1 Surface
Movement Radar for the Civil Port Authority, Pakistan
Work
Professional Activities• Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)§ Member, 1995 – present§ Secretary, Education Chapter, IEEE Singapore Section, 2006
– 2007§ Chairman, Education Chapter, IEEE Singapore Section, 2008
– 2009§ Chairman, Education Chapter, IEEE Singapore Section, 2015
– present§ Member, Educational Activities Board, IEEE Region 10
Professional Activities• Association of Old Crows (AOC)§ Member, 2015 – present§ President, AOC Singapore Chapter, 2016 –
present • Institute of Technical Education
• Curriculum Reviewer - Entreprenuership for Innovation, 2016
• Vietnamese Association in Singapore (VAS)§ Senior Advisor, Science and Technology, 2015
- present• Inderscience Publishers§ Article Reviewer, 2015 – Present
Publications1. K. H. Lee and M. S. Leong, “A Study on Coupling Effect Between
Antennas Installed on a Common Structure”, IEEE Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, 1999.
2. K. H. Lee, “Antenna Coupling”, B.Tech(Hons) Project Report, NUS, 1999.
3. K. H. Lee, S. A. Hamilton and M. S. Leong, “A Tri-Band Circular Polarized Microstrip Antenna”, IEEE APS/URSI Intl. Conf., 2002.
4. K. H. Lee, “A Simulation of Tracking Algorithms Used in Radar Data Processing”, M.Sc Dissertation, University of Sheffield, 2001.
5. K. H. Lee, “Design and Development of Broadband and Multiband Antennas”, M.Eng Research Thesis, NUS, 2003.
6. J. W. Teo and K. H. Lee, “The Propagation Properties Of Electromagnetic Waves In The Application Of Through-Wall Radar Sensors”, NUS Science Research Congress, 2003.
Publications7. X. Q. Tan and K. H. Lee, “A Study on Data Fusion Techniques Used in
Multiple Radar Tracking”, NUS Science Research Congress, 2004.
8. B. Moh and K. H. Lee, “A Study on the use of Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar in the Detection of Swimmers”, NUS Science Research Congress, 2005.
9. K. Li, T. S. Tan, J. Tan and K. H. Lee, “Taxi on The Way”, ScilabTEC International Conference, France, 2015.
10.K. H. Lee, “Tutorial on Radar System Engineering”, IEEE Advanced Technologies for Communications, Vietnam, 2015.
11.K. H. Lee, “Engineers can be Good Entrepreneurs Too”, IEEE Education Chapter, Singapore Section, 2016.
12.K. H. Lee, "EW & Cyber - The Importance of Joint Space", Electronic Warfare Asia, Malaysia, 2016.
Reasons for Using Commercial Systems
• The current hot topics is the military use of commercial satellites– “Industry is certainly leading the way with
tremendous capacity — terabytes in orbit — and if DoD isn’t in line to access that, that is a problem,” (Joe Vanderporten, director of the Air Force Space and Missile Systems Center’s Pathfinder office)
Reasons for Using Commercial Systems
• The implementation of Beidou Navigation Satellite System (北斗卫星导航系统)
Reasons for Using Commercial Systems
• Military technology used to be ahead of commercial sector technology
• Military domain faces challenges that are more stringent than those in the commercial domain
• There has been a growing trend over the past 25 years for the increasing use of commercial technologies, techniques, and equipment to solve problems in the military domain
Reasons for Using Commercial Systems
• Reductions in military spending and research and development led to military community lags the state of the art at times
• The commercial domain advances due to its enormous advantage of economy of scale
• Interest in and use of commercial technologies has been steadily increasing within the military community
Reasons for Using Commercial Systems
COMMERCIALDOMAIN
MILITARY DOMAIN
COMMERCIALDOMAIN
MILITARY DOMAIN
Budgetary Realities
Need for Agility
Budgetary Realities
Need for Agility
Features & capabilities
Affortability
Features & capabilities
Affortability
• Some reasons for the increasing use of commercial systems, technology and equipment
Reasons for Using Commercial Systems
• Some reasons for the increasing use of commercial systems, technology and equipment– Life cycle
• Large-scale troop deployments are on the decline• Small-scale specialized force deployments are on the rise• Large-scale war are replacing with asymmetric warfare • Asymmetric threats are far more agile than large nation-state
players of previous decades• Military requires faster adaptation and anticipation• Acquisition cycles must be fast and agile• Commercial technologies are more suitable for this model than
specialized military-specific solutions
Reasons for Using Commercial Systems
• Some reasons for the increasing use of commercial systems, technology and equipment– Cost
• Military-specific equipment is more costly equipment• Cost is NOW a strong forcing function
– Feature Set• Commercial equipment are usually more superior in performance
Reasons for Using Commercial Systems
• Limited spectrum space‒ Spectrum congestion is a growing problem‒ It increasingly limits operational capabilities due to
• increasing deployment and bandwidth of wireless communications
• use of network-centric and unmanned systems• need for increased flexibility in radar and communications
spectrum to improve performance and to overcome sophisticated countermeasures
Reasons for Using Commercial Systems
• Limited spectrum space‒ Radar and communications consume most of the
highly spectrum below 6 GHz (the S-Band2 - 4 GHz)• Radar
‒ Ground or naval-surface‒ Electronically steered phased array‒ Multifunction – combines air surveillance, air tracking, non-
cooperative target identification, and optionally, weather monitoring
• Communications system‒ Ground or naval-surface‒ Military system type: MANET/LTE‒ Commercial system type: Small-cell broadband
Using Commercial Systems in Military
• Advantages of COTS Mobile Systems– Mobile operation basic to system– LOS limitation compensation by many commercial BS– Wide use of COTS leads to lower cost
• Advantages of Digital Communications– Digital hardware is cheaper– Error protection and correction – Easy to add on– Digital transmission easy to scramble with encryption
Using Commercial Systems in Military
• Advantages of COTS Radar‒ Frequency Diversity (FD) processing to de-correlate
sea clutter‒ reduce small target fluctuation and loobing effect‒ improving the long-range detection
‒ Auto-Adaptive Sensitivity Control (ASC) to provide automatic two-dimensional STC
‒ eliminating the need for operator setting of the radar during normal operation
‒ Pulse-to-pulse integration to improve signal-to-noise ration for improved
Using Commercial Systems in Military
• Advantages of COTS Radar‒ Small target detection (swimmer detection)‒ Digital FTC and sweep-to-sweep correlation‒ Affordable and flexible solutions‒ Easy to operate and install‒ Very minimum maintenance
• Advantages of COTS Cellular– Spread spectrum coding provides effective anti-
jamming and low probability of intercept– Easy to be adapted with security
Using Commercial Systems in Military
• The Network Centric Oriented SystemField Deployable LTE C2S
Ground Control Stations
Small Group LTE
C2 Center
Battlefield conferencing, video & data
Service
request
Platform/sensor
commands
Platform
/senso
r comman
ds
Remote
Senso
rs
Using Commercial Systems in Military
• The Network Centric Oriented System• In the recent years, COTS communications/sensor
equipment have been used extensively in military• This gives C2 enhanced capabilities in terms of situation
awareness• The information are coming from
– Airborne assets– Ground stations – Mobile stations– Personal platform
• Great situation awareness and speedy understanding leads to higher chance of victory
Using Commercial Systems in Military
• The CONECT– Specifications
• COmbat Network Communications Technology• One of the most important upgrades• More communication data links • Better voice links• Full-color LCD displays with real-time intelligence feeds
overlaid on moving maps• State-of-the-art computing network• Retarget a weapon or mission parameters in flight
Using Commercial Systems in Military
• The CONECT– Open System Architecture (OSA)
• Utilized Open Mission System (OMS)
• Non-proprietary mission system architectural standard
• Lockheed Martin Sniper Pod has already been integrated into B-25 CONECT for distribution and storage of digital images to CONECT displays
• Security issues with OSA?
Using Commercial Systems in Military
• Exelis to provide COTS radar for military airfields– "U.S. military air traffic control experts needed a
commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) precision-approach radar to replace the AN-FPN-63(V) radar. They found their solution from Exelis, a subsidiary of Harris Corp. in Van Nuys, Calif. Officials of the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division in Lakehurst, N.J., announced a $70.3 million contract to Exelis to provide 42 COTS precision-approach radar systems; 21 are for the U.S. Army, 16 are for the Navy, and five are for the U.S. Air Force."
Using Commercial Systems in Military
• COTS radar for coastal surveillance– Commercial coastal surveillance radars are gaining
spots in naval bases and portsInstallation, Commissioning, Testing and Integration of a commercially available Coastal Surveillance Radars for a Military Organization for surveillance and base security.
The radar comes dual-transceiver, frequency-diversity and MTI capabilities, with embedded tracker, whose track information will be sent to a C2 software.
Using Commercial Systems in Military
• Shared resources– Government use of commercially available systems in
common areas of interest• vessel traffic system• vessel traffic radars• air traffic control system• surface movement radars
Using Commercial Systems in Military
• The EW space – SPECTRUM (as long as one can transmit or receive wirelessly, that is the space)
The spectrum is becoming complex and with cyberspace, a war could be lost due to ignorance.
Picture Credit: Forbes
Crossing Platforms• Spin Off (early days)
– military industries were more technologically advanced than the civilian ones
– the process of spinning off took place without additional efforts or investments
• Dual Use (80s)– Some military products used for civilian aims and
vice versa – Use of production and process technologies to
produce military goods in commercial factories– Use of military developed technologies for improving
or producing, commercial goods
Crossing Platforms• Problem Faced by Dual Use Concept
– military products considered for dual-use did not match the cost and quality standards needed in high-tech commercial fields
– difficult for the military to buy commercial products without reforming the overall system of military specifications and military procurement
– a number of technologies were already used both in commercial and military industries
Crossing Platforms• Commercial-Military Integration (CMI) [4]
– Proposed by Jacques S. Gansler (90s)• former Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition,
Technology and Logistics • first holder of the Roger C. Lipitz Chair in Public Policy and
Private Enterprise• the third ranking civilian at the Pentagon from 1997 to
2001– increasing availability of cheaper high tech and more
advanced commercial components– the chances offered by innovative systems of flexible
manufacturing system • integrate several productions, or several production lines,
in the same plant
Crossing Platforms• Commercial-Military Integration (CMI)
– high level of commonality were existing in high tech sectors among military and civilian needs
– large number of technology transfers from commercial to military fields were increasingly observed in the most advanced industries
Crossing Platforms• The Singapore Approach
–Then Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense, Dr Tony Tan, in one of his speeches [4] mentioned that
"The three pillars underpinning Singapore's ability to harness technology for defense purpose are the SAF's highly educated personnel, a "versatile" local
defense industry and the Defense Science and Technology Agency (DSTA)."
Crossing Platforms• The Singapore Approach - DSTA [5]
– DSTA is a statuary board established in April 2000 to strengthen technology acquisition and management
– The Agency is responsible for • procuring SAF equipment and services • managing defense R&D• developing SAF infrastructure
– Design authority for all C4I systems (hardware and software) for all platforms including dual-use and use of commercial systems for military
Crossing Platforms• The Singapore Approach - DSO [3]
– "MINDEF will establish a Directorate of Research and Development and incorporate the DSO National Laboratories as a not for profit company."
– "DSO National Laboratories, which will continue to be abbreviated as DSO, will operate from 1 Apr 97 as the R&D Service Provider for MINDEF and the SAF."
Need to Protect?• Information Sharing
MAIN CONTROL CENTER
REGION CONTROL CENTER
REGION CONTROL CENTER
REGION CONTROL CENTER
REMOTE SURVEILLANCE
SITE
REMOTE SURVEILLANCE
SITE
REMOTE SURVEILLANCE
SITE
Other Government
Agencies, Departments,
Units
Information sharing at Main or Region Control Center, receiving end
can be configured as an operator station.
Data tapping at Remote Surveillance Site, receiving end can be configured as a server to process the data.
Information sharing source depends on geometrical
differences and objectives
Need to Protect?• Data sources from military sensors are projected • Radar and communications are equiped with EW
capabilities• What about data generated from commercial
radar?• What about commercial communication system?• During peace time operations, what is the
reliance level on commercial radar and/or commercial communication systems?
• During war time, is the reliance required?
Need to Protect?• Many military and commercial equipment rely
and are controlled by software presently• Use communication, data link and navigation
systems which transmit critical information over the spectrum
• High possibility that enemy to take down receivers, corrupt the software and applications
• Attacks on public utilities, key installations, classified storage via cyber space or spectrum
• Taking Over of Air Defense System– North Koreans were building a nuclear bomb facility
in Syrian– The IAF took over the Syria’s ADS in the 2007 attack– The Syrian ADS was placed with a logic-bomb such
that the radars would not function (went off actually) during the attack
– The radar did not return any attack aircraft, namely, F-15 Eagles and F-16 Falcons
– The facility was bombed
Need to Protect?
Need to Protect?• Cyber attacks on power grid
– Power outage on 23 Dec 2015 in Western Ukraine– Attack was launched by skilled and stealthy
strategists and hackers by penetrating into the network and destroyed with DOS and malware
– The SCADA systems was compromised by overwritten firmware on critical devices at the substations
– Did not response to remote command from authorized operators
– Was it Russia?
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Need to Protect?
• Issues and problems
Cyber Operations
SIGINT
EW
Eavesdropping
CNO
CNEES
Multidiscipline effects (can achieve EW/CNO
and SIGINT effects)
Combined EW and CNO effects
Personal message delivery
Web, spam, email
Leaflets, false targets
Traditional CNO (DOS
attacks, malware, viruses)
Traditional EW (directed energy,
force protect, brute-force
jamming
Spoofing, telecasts
PSYOP Deception
Protocol-based
attacks
Need to Protect?
• Issues and problems– Cyber operations are now largely operating with the
spectrum (wireless)– EW manipulates the spectrum – Spectrum – you can’t see it, you can’t touch it,… but
you live and fight in it…..– In the joint space/shared systems, the spectrum is
the common fighting space– One can have very comprehensive cyber defense and
attack methodologies
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Need to Protect?
• Issues and problems– If you lost your spectrum, a cheap digital jammer can
humble your expensive advanced systems and comprehensive methodologies
– The convergence cannot be prevented BUT……– Military and commercial systems are physically
largely speaking AND ……– They depend on each other in today’s warfare
Need to Protect?
• The only way to ensure seamless and fluid flow of operations in the shared systems is that of CLEARING ALL THE RED TAPES! – Define the space clearly– Define the operations in peace time
• EW and CO as separate entities with information sharing and sense making
– Define the operations during war• Details on how observations are shared, how information
flow seamlessly from physical layers (via EMS) to network and application layers (Cyber)
The Chinese Perspective
• An article, with post comments, published on a Chinese website:– “一位军事专家曾断言:“如果第三次世界大战打响,获胜的一方必然是善于控制、驾驭电磁空间的一方。”
– It means • “If there will be a 3rd world war, the winner shall be the
one who can control and manage the EMS.”
– The Chinese acknowledge the presence of cyberspace, recognize the importance of joint space and focus on the EMS
The Chinese Perspective• Published on a Chinese military magazine, an
article discusses on the warfare concept of the USA– “… 他们认为“电子战主要是通过控制射频频谱进行,以使美军及其盟国能自由操作射频系统,包括雷达和无线电通信,同时干扰对手阻止其使用这种作战方式 …”
– It means• The US military believes that EW is to control the EMS so
that they can control transmitting stations freely with their allies, these include radar and radio transmitters
• It also means that they can interfere the enemy and stop them from using the same tactic …
The Chinese Perspective
• Published on a Chinese military magazine, an article discusses on the warfare concept of the USA– “… 频谱战包括电子战、网络战、光电对抗和导航战等诸多形式,这些战争形式交织重叠在一起,构成一个频谱战整体 …”
– It means• The "spectrum war” includes many forms of electronic
warfare, network warfare, optoelectronics confrontation and navigation warfare, these overlaps have resulted to a whole new spectrum of warfare …
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The Chinese Perspective• Published on a Chinese military magazine, an
article discusses on the warfare concept of the USA– “… 美军希望通过进行频谱战,力争控制无线电通信、雷达、光电传感器、GPS卫星导航、精确授时、数据网络和电磁频谱的方方面面,同时阻止对手拥有这些能力 …”
– It means• … US hopes that through the spectrum war, they will be
able to control radio communication, radar, photoelectric sensors, GPS satellite navigation, precision timing, data networks and all aspects of the EMS, while preventing the opponents from these capabilities …
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The Chinese Perspective
• Published on a Chinese military magazine, an article discusses on the warfare concept of the USA– “… 频谱战融合了电子战、网络战,光电对抗及其他可以感知环境、通信、导航、目标瞄准的技术…”
– It means• … The new spectrum converges electronic warfare and
network warfare, and other optoelectronic techniques …
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Once Again, Need to Protect?
• Military and defense have the power over the use of civilian systems such as radar systems, communication systems, …
• How reliable are these system in terms of being cyber-attacked or monitoring unknowingly?
• Is there a need to also have EW and CO covering these critical civilian systems that are used by the military?
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[1] G. Goebel (2015, May 1), B-51 in the Modern Era [Online], Available: http://www.airvectors.net/avb52_3.html
[2] G. Fields (2014, January 14), Phased Array Radar at the Intersection of Military and Commercial Innovation [online], Available: http://www.microwavejournal.com/articles/21278-phased-array-radar-at-the-intersection-of-military-and-commercial-innovation
[3] MINDEF (1997, March 14), Corportisation of DSO [online], Available: https://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/press_room/official_releases/nr/1997/mar/14mar97_nr.html
References
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[4] G. Perani, "Military Technologies and Commerical Applications: Public Policies in NATO Countries", Centro Studi di Politica Internazionale, July 1997.
[5] E. Goldman and T. Mahnken, "Singapore and the Revolution in Military Affairs" in The Information Revolution in Military Affairs in Asia, Palgrave MacMillan, 2004, pp. 185-208.
References
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[6] W. L. Sharp, “Electronic Warfare”, Joint Publication 3-13.1, 25 January 2007.
[7] Maj M. E. Poole (2015 August ), Cyber Electronic Warfare [Online], Available: https://www.mca-marines.org/gazette/2015/08/cyber-electronic-warfare#
[8] J. Loerch (2016, February 1), What We Have is a Failure to Communicate [online], Available: http://www.afcea.org/content/?q=Article-what-we-have-failure-communicate
References
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[9] 春天的初蕾 (2015 November 24), 电子战与电子战部队:新型作战力量之九 [online], Available: http://bbs.tianya.cn/post-20-615307-1.shtml
[10] 姚远 (2015 November 13), 美空军着手打造仿真频谱战战场,频谱战是什么, 中国国防报, 军事特刊
[11] K. Zetter (2016 March 16), Inside the Cunning, Unprecedented Hack of Ukraine’s Power Grid [online], Available: https://www.wired.com/2016/03/inside-cunning-unprecedented-hack-ukraines-power-grid/
References
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[12] B. Thomas-Noone (2016 August 24), Electronic Warfare in the South China Sea [online], Available: http://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2016/08/24/electronic_warfare_in_the_south_china_sea_109745.html
[13] D. Cenciotti (2016 August 5), Things Heat Up Near South China Sea: Two US Aircraft Carriers, B-52S and EA-18G Growler Detachment [online], Available: https://theaviationist.com/2016/06/19/things-heat-up-near-south-china-sea-two-u-s-aircraft-carriers-b-52s-and-ea-18g-growler-detachment/
References