Prostate Cancer

Autumn Placek&

Brooke Schmidt

What is Prostate Cancer?• Abnormal or malignant cells in the

prostate gland• It is the most common cancer in

males• The Second leading cause of cancer

death in men• Only 3% of men who have prostate cancer die from it

Prevalance

• An estimated 238,590 new cases will be diagnosed this year

• Prostate incidence increases in men up to age 70 then declines

• 1 in 4 newly diagnosed cancers each year are prostate cancer cases

• Approximately 60% of all prostate cancer cases are diagnosed in men ages 65 and older

Incidence

Signs & Symptoms

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XafG8PwRvE

H&P Assessment

• A thorough health history is necessary for screening which should include any family history of prostate or any other cancers

• Ethnicity ( African American ) increases risk

• Most prostate cancers are found on a routine physical prostate exam

• Risk assessment is based on age, ethnicity, family history, and abnormal PSA tests

Diagnostic Tests• Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)- Provider inserts a gloved

finger into the rectum to feel for hard, lumpy, or abnormal areas on the prostate.

• Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA)- biopsy is recommended if values are between 4.0-10.0. Elevated levels do not always signify cancer. Values may be elevated due to benign prostate hyperplasia and other conditions.

• Early Prostate Cancer Antigen (EPCA-2)- Serum marker that detects specific proteins that are only present in cancer cells.

• Trans rectal Ultrasound (TRUS)- If cancer is suspected then a biopsy is preformed.

• After cancer is diagnosed the patient will undergo lymph node biopsy, CT scan, & MRI to determine the extent of the disease.

Treatment• Specific management if

based on the extent of the disease.

• “Watchful Waiting” Some may choose observation with out immediate treatment since prostate cancer is slow growing with late metastasis. Men are monitored at regular intervals through DRE & PSA

• Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP)- done when an obstruction occurs.

• Surgery is the most common intervention for a cure. Most common are:

• Minimally Invasive Surgery• Open surgical technique

for radial prostatectomy (Prostate Removal)

• Laparoscopic Radial Prostatectomy is done with and with out robotic assistance

• Newer procedures include: Transrectal High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU)

• Cryosurgery

Nursing Diagnosis

Impaired Urinary Elimination-

Urinary elimination management: Maintenance of an optimum urinary elimination pattern

Sexual Dysfunction-Sexual counseling- Use of an interactive helping process focusing on the need to make adjustments to sexual

practice or to coping with a sexual event/ disorder

Situational Low Self- Esteem-Coping Enhancement- Assisting a patient to adapt to

perceived stressors, changes, or threats that interfere with meeting life demands and roles.

References

Frazier, M. & Drzmkowski, J. (2013). Essentials of human diseases and conditions. St.

Louis, MO: Elsevier Sanders

Springhart, D. P. (Educator) (2011). Prostate cancer: Signs, symptoms, & screenings [Web]. Retrieved

from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7XafG8PwRvE

National Cancer Institute. (2012, November). Seer stat fact sheets: Prostate.

Retrieved from http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/prost.html

Ignatavicius, D. D., & Workman, M. L. (2013). Medical-surgical nursing:

     Patient-centered collaborative care (7th ed.). St. Louis: Elsevier

     Saunders.