PROSPECTS AND CONSTRAINTS OF THE USE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DRRArnob Bormdoi

Research Associate, GIC

CONTENTS

¢ DEFINATION OF TERMS

¢ REMOTE SENSING SATELLITES

¢ USE OF RS IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF DDR

¢ SOME PROBLEMS

¢ SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

NATURAL PROCESS

HUMAN SUFFERING

10+People are killed

100+people are affected

A state of emergency is declared

International assistance is called for

www.emdat.be

DEFINATION OF TERMS

Term Definition

Hazard A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. This event has a probability of occurrence within a specified period of time and within a given area, and has a given intensity.

Disaster A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

Elements-at-risk Population, properties, economic activities, including public services, or any other defined values exposed to hazards in a given area.

Exposure Degree to which the elements-at-risk are exposed to a particular hazard.

Vulnerability The conditions determined by physical, social, economic and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. Can be subdivided in physical, social, economical and environmental vulnerability.

Capacity The positive managerial capabilities of individuals, households and communities to confront the threat of disasters.

Risk The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses resulting from interactions between hazards and vulnerable conditions.

Summary of definitions related to disasters, hazards and vulnerability. Based on UN-ISDR (2004)

VARIOUS TYPES OF HAZARDSTypes Hazards

Geological Hazards

Earthquake LandslideTsunami Dam burstVolcanic eruption Mine Fire

Water & Climatic Hazards

Tropical CycloneCloudburstFloodsHeat & Cold waveDroughtSnow AvalancheHailstorm

Environmental Hazards

Environmental pollutions DesertificationDeforestationPest Infection

Biological Human / Animal Epidemics Food poisoningPest attacks

Chemical, Industrial,Nuclear

FireOil spillRadioactive fallout

THE STATE OF BEING WEAK

helps to determine the impact of a hazard on a population

•Social•Economical•Environmental•Physical

Since 1950, the cost of natural disasters worldwide has increased dramatically.

(Graph by Robert Simmon, based on data courtesy EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database (www.em-dat.net) Université Catholique de Louvain—Brussels, Belgium)

(Wilches-Chaux, 1989) identifies eleven different sub types of vulnerability

VULNERABILITY

¢ The expected degree of loss experienced by the elements at risk for a given magnitude of hazard (Landslide Hazard and Risk, editors Glade, T. et al, 2006).

¢ The degree of loss to a given element or set of elements within the area affected by a hazard. It is expressed on a scale of 0 (no loss) to 1 (total loss) (Landslide Risk Management, editors Hungr et al, Balkema, 2005).

¢ The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazard (DRMP, Distt. Sialkot, DDMA, November, 2008).

ROLE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGIES

¢ Navigation : Positioning

¢ Telecommunications

¢ Earth Observation

¢ Scientific

- Mapping extent of disaster

- Damage assessment

- Relief coordination

- Evacuation

Disaster relief

- Catalogues with spatial component

- Hazard assessment

- Elements at risk mapping

- Vulnerability assessment

- Risk assessment

- Spatial Decision Support Systems

Disaster Mitigation

- Disaster plans

- Anomalies in a time series

- Forecasting & Early warning

- Monitoring of an ongoing situation

Disaster preparedness

- Post-disaster census

- Identification of reconstruction sites

- Update hazard, vulnerability and risk data bases

Disaster recovery

CONTRIBUTION OF RS AND GIS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

DIFFERENT SATELLITES

https://www.fas.org/irp/imint/docs/rst/Sect21/Sect21_1.html

EMERGENCY RESPONSE

EMERGENCY RESPONSE

Emergency satellite observationTopo sheetLocal knowledgeVisual Interpretation, overaly on topo sheet, add feature using local knowledgeMaps are light and can send by fax ..

RIVER FLOOD ANALYSIS

RIVER FLOOD ANALYSIS

EMERGENCY OBSERVATION

December 26, 2004

January 01, 2004

Kalutara, Sri Lanka, Quick bird

March 14, 2011

March 1, 2007

Rikuzentakata, Iwate Prefecture, Japan, ASTER

EMERGENCY OBSERVATION

Dong Muang Airport

Planes

Thailand, October 31, 2011,The Advanced Land Imager, (EO-1)

RAPID FLOOD DAMAGE ASESSMENT

A HUMAN DISASTER

The Zaatari refugee camp,northern Jordan near the border with Syria, ASTER

July 19, 2013

September 27, 2012

May 30, 2009

HEAT WAVE

Temperature Anomalies across China between August 5 and August 12, 2013, MODIS

Can be used as early wariningPrepared for Power shortagesPrepared for human causalities (elderly)Damage to crops…..

DROUGHT (A CASE STUDY FROM ASIA)

Legend

irrigation

severe

moderate

slight

no drought

Rainfall Trend Analysis (Met Data)

Drought Risk Reduction needs to be implemented

Suitable areas for Agricultural development

WATER STRESS OBSERVATION

Rainfall Variability Analysis (Met # TRMM)

Ground observation (20years) closely matches with TRMMCombine with crop maps/crop calendar provides agriculture risk

RAINFALL FROM TRMM

Batticalo District

•January 09, 2011: 317 mm •January 10, 1913: 320 mm

LANDSLIDE

EARTHQUAKE

Bridge damaged

El Progreso, HondurasMay 30, 2009, Formosat-2

Emergency mapping

Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov

REHABILITATION

July 30, 2011

August 12, 2010September 10, 2009September 7, 2008September 21, 2007September 2, 2006August 14, 2005

August 11, 2004August 25, 2003July 21, 2002August 19, 2001August 16, 2000July 29, 1999

August 27, 1998July 23, 1997August 21, 1996August 19, 1995September 1, 1994August 29, 1993

August 26, 1992September 9, 1991September 22, 1990September 3, 1989August 31, 1988August 29, 1987

September 11, 1986July 22, 1985June 17, 1984May 22, 1983August 18, 1982August 23, 1981

Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov

Natural rehabilitation after the 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens

EARLY WARNING

Landslide covered the Philippine village of Guinsaugon, 2,500 residents killed

(Photo courtesy Lance Cpl. Raymond D. Petersen III, U.S. Marine Corps.)

http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/

Real-time applications

Adler’s and Hong’s satellite-based landslide-prediction products are available online and contain data from 2002 through the present. They are updated in “real time,”allowing anyone on the web to determine if an area is receiving particularly intense rainfall or if it has reached a critical level of accumulation.

FIRE WARNING (MODIS FIRE PRODUCTS)

Morning (TERRA) Afternoon (AQUA)

Red areas indicate fires near the city of Johannesburg, South Africa.

(Photograph copyright Global Heritage Fund)

FIRE WARNING (MODIS FIRE PRODUCTS)

DUST STORM

Dust storm on October 21, 2012Eritrea, MODIS

Massawa Channel

Eritrea

Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov

THE RETREATING GLACIERS

(Photographs copyright Jürg Alean and Michael Hambrey Glaciers, Online.)

Retreat of the Muir glacier. The front face of the glacier is marked by the arrow in each image, and moved more than 7km between 1973 and 1986.

(Image courtesy Dorothy Hall, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center)

Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov

GLOF STUDIES

The main objectives of the study were to-�Find a relationship between the lake outburst and remotely sensed data (surface temperature of the lake from MODIS 8 day composite)�Find the development/change of the lake area over the yearsThe secondary objectives were-�Estimation of the volume of the lake�Estimation of glacier movements

GLOF STUDIES

‧ The outbursts take place if the temperature of the lake surface is more than 10 C.

‧ The critical lake surface and volume before an outburst found was 3 km2 and 0.06 km3.

‧ The Southern Inylchek Glacier tongue is quite stable. The movements of this tongue from 1975 to 2010 is about 1 km.

‧ From 1975 to 1990, the Northern Inylchek Glacier tongue retreated about 1.18 km (@80 m/y), and from 1990 to 2003 tongue advanced about 3.32 km (@250 m/y). Results show that the North tongue was active till 2003 but now it is quite stable.

PREPAREDNESS

March 11, 2011 EarthquakeJapan

PROBLEMS

¢ Not many value added products are available immediately for early response

¢ Accuracy of products pose a question (temporal/spatial)

¢ Early warning of hazard such as geotechnical

¢ Vulnerability mapping is an extensive work at a finer scale,

¢ Flood warnings (not a basin wise approach)

¢ Accuracy of DEM is not sufficient

¢ Data sharing (what are these problems)

¢ A gap between science and application

¢ Gaps in policy and implementation

THE ROLE OF SB ORGANIZATIONS

¢INCREASED COLLABORATION

¢AWARENESS GENERATION THROUGH TRAINING ACATIVITIES AND RESEARCH

¢VALUE ADDITION OF PRODUCTS

SUMMARY

¢Prospect of Satellite Data

ó Large Area

ó Continuity

ó Scale

ó Cost Effective

ó Derived Information

ó Inaccessible Area

OUTCOME: GIS DATABASE

OUTCOME: FIELD VERIFICATION OF PAST FLOOD

Flooding map extracted from specific GIS database

OUTCOME: VERIFIED FLOOD MAP

Flooding detail of small area (providing for S&R team)

District Committee

S&R team

Health center

Heath center of commune

Enegy store

Important water tank

Flooded areaDistrict boundary

LEGEND

OUTCOME: PRODUCT TO SUPPORT LOCAL AGENCIES