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PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF OIC MEMBER COUNTRIES

SWOT OUTLOOK 2018

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ORGANISATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION

STATISTICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCH

AND TRAINING CENTRE FOR ISLAMIC COUNTRIES

STATISTICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCHAND TRAINING CENTRE FOR ISLAMIC COUNTRIES

Kudüs Cad. No:9 Diplomatik Site 06450 ORAN-Ankara, TurkeyTel: (90-312) 468 61 72-76 Fax: (90-312) 468 57 26

Email: [email protected] Web: www.sesric.org


STATISTICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCH AND

TRAINING CENTRE FOR ISLAMIC COUNTRIES (SESRIC)

PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES

OF OIC MEMBER COUNTRIES

SWOT OUTLOOK 2018

© 2018 The Statistical, Economic and Social Research and Training Centre for Islamic

Countries (SESRIC)

Kudüs Cad. No: 9, Diplomatik Site, 06450 Oran, Ankara –Turkey

Telephone: +90 (312) 468 6172

Internet: www.sesric.org

E-mail: [email protected]

All rights reserved.

The findings, interpretations and conclusions submitted in this work do not necessarily reflect

the views of SESRIC. The denominations and other information shown on any illustrative

section or figure do not imply any judgement on the part of SESRIC concerning the legal status

of any entity. Besides, it denies any responsibility for any kind of political debate that may arise

using the data presented in this publication.

The material presented in this publication is copyrighted. By the virtue of the copyright, it

claims and as it encourages dissemination of its publications for the sake of OIC Member

Countries, SESRIC gives the permission to view the material presented provided that these

materials are not going to be reused, on whatsoever condition, for commercial purposes.

For permission to reproduce or reprint any part of this publication, please send a request with

complete information to the Publication Department of SESRIC.

All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to the Publication Department, SESRIC,

at the aforementioned address.

ISBN: 978-975-6427-71-2

Cover design by Savaş Pehlivan, Publication Department, SESRIC.

For additional information regarding data issues, contact Statistics and Information Department

of SESRIC through: [email protected]

Acknowledgements

This publication was prepared by a team of the Statistics and Information Department at

SESRIC led by Zehra Zumrut SELCUK, Director of Statistics and Information Department, and

consisting of Atilla KARAMAN and Davron ISHNAZAROV. The work was conducted under

the general guidance of H.E. Amb. Musa KULAKLIKAYA, Director General of SESRIC.

First published in 2011 and followed by its second issue in 2012, the SWOT

(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) Outlook on OIC Member

Countries has been enriched with new indicators for this new edition based on the

encouraging feedback of the readers. Before the launch of this new series in 2011,

OIC countries were articulating a need for a publication that would act as one of the

reference points towards enhancing the level of their cooperation and integration as

well as the level of their competitiveness, as a group, at both the regional and global

levels. To support these cooperation and integration efforts of the member countries,

SESRIC prepares and publishes the SWOT Outlook.

This new series by SESRIC uses a novel approach based on the SWOT methodology

to present profiles of the group of OIC countries from the perspective of strengths and

weaknesses they have, and opportunities and threats they may face in various areas.

Besides, the OIC countries as a group are compared with the world and groups of non-

OIC developing and developed countries to show where they stand and may move

towards in various areas of concern.

Titled “Prospects and Challenges of OIC Member Countries”, the 2018 issue of the

SWOT Outlook reflects the situation of the group of OIC countries in four main

sections with easily understandable explanatory texts with on-focus charts and

summary bubbles.

As for the selected indicators in the Strengths section that reflects the advantages of

the OIC countries over other groupings, the readers will be able to find analyses based

on new indicators in this year’s publication. The analyses on the core indicators in this

section have also been updated in light of the most recent data.

Including the second highest number of indicators in this present publication, the

Weaknesses section covers the difficulties, restrictions, and disadvantages of the OIC

countries in selected major areas including agriculture, education, energy, finance,

health, labour force, science and technology, transport and communication that should

be minimized and overcome to take sound steps in the development path.

PREFACE

The selected indicators from the areas of air transportation, external debt structure,

foreign direct investment, maternal/new-born/child health, mobile technology

penetration, participation finance, prevalence of tobacco use, trade, tourism and

urbanisation are also analysed in the Opportunities section. This section has the highest

number of indicators for 2018 edition. The common ground for the indicators selected is

they are to the advantage of the OIC countries if well-informed policies can be enacted

timely.

The Threats section focuses on the indicators that the trends observed for the period in

concern may hinder the progress of the OIC countries unless urgent countermeasures

are taken. The analyses carried out in this section for the selected areas of trade

imbalance in agriculture, education, food security, health workforce and financing,

research and development, sanitation, unemployment and water not only bring the

existing impediments into perspective but also shed a light on specific areas that require

concerted immediate action.

We believe that the information presented in the aforementioned sections of this

publication will be helpful in providing insight to decision makers in OIC countries to

prioritize cooperation areas among themselves and formulate sound strategies and plans

with a view to achieving higher levels of welfare and socio-economic development.

Ambassador Musa KULAKLIKAYA

Director General

SESRIC

PREFACE

STRENGTHS

Young Population 1

Crude Oil Reserves 2

Natural Gas Reserves 3

Total Reserves 4

Agricultural Products 5

Tobacco Control 6

Intangible Heritage 7

WEAKNESSES

Literacy 8

School Enrolment Rates 9

Researchers 10

Scientific Publications 11

Patenting Activity 12

High-Technology Exports 13

Technological Intensity of Exports 14

Internet Usage 15

Population Under 5 vs. Over 65 16

Age Dependency 17

Maternal and Child Health Care 18

Capacity of Hospitals 19

Labour Force Participation 20

CONTENTS

Financial Depth 21

Agricultural Productivity 22

Electricity 23

Rail Transportation 24

OPPORTUNITIES

Women in Parliaments 25

Contribution of Major Sectors 26

Urban Population 27

Foreign Direct Investment 28

External Debt 29

Cost of Contract Enforcement 30

Corporate Tax 31

Total Trade 32

Intra-OIC Trade 33

Export Diversification 34

Tourist Arrivals and Tourism Revenues 35

Air Transportation 36

Mobile Subscribers 37

Maternal, Newborn and Child Mortality 38

Prevalence of Tobacco Use 39

Protection of Global Commons 40

Official Development Assistance 41

National Feature Films 42

Participation Finance 43

CONTENTS

THREATS

Public Expenditure on Education 44

Research and Development Funding 45

Unemployment 46

Economic Cooperation and Integration 47

Trade Deficit in Agricultural and Food Products 48

Food Insecurity 49

Water Resources and Irrigation Systems 50

Deforestation a Major Concern 51

Drinking Water Resources and Sanitation Facilities 52

Health Financing 53

Health Workforce 54

Acronyms/Abbreviations 55

References 56

CONTENTS

ST

RE

NG

TH

S

OIC countries with a population of 1.79 billion people

accounted for 23.8% of the total world population in

2017.

Young population is an engine for socio-economic

development. The share of young population (0-24 age)

corresponded to 52.0% of the total OIC population in

2017, the highest ratio among the non-OIC developing

countries, developed countries and the world.

Young population with appropriate investment, improving their

skills and capacities in accordance with current and prospective

needs of the labour market, will significantly contribute to the

socio-economic development of OIC countries in the long term.

52 percent

Share of 0-24 age group

in total population in

2017

STRENGTH YOUNG POPULATION

Prospects and Challenges of OIC Member Countries: SWOT Outlook 2018

1

52.0% 41.7% 40.8%

27.9%

28.7%

29.1% 29.9%

26.2%

14.5%

20.6% 21.3%

27.1%

4.5% 8.7% 8.0% 18.7%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

OIC World Non-OIC Developing Developed

Population by Age Group, % of Total, 2017

0-24 25-44 45-64 65+

STRENGTH CRUDE OIL RESERVES

Having most of the global proven crude oil reserves, OIC

countries are in a strong position to utilise gains from these assets

for sustainable growth and development.

58.6 percent

of the global proven

crude oil reserves in 2017

Crude oil is one of the

main sources of energy

and petrochemical

products driving the

world economy.

In 2017, OIC countries

are estimated to have

964 billion barrels of

proven oil reserves,

equivalent to 58.6% of

the total global reserves.

Approximately half of the global proven crude oil reserves comprised in 6 OIC

countries.

964

1,646

464 218

OIC World Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

Proven Crude Oil Reserves, Billion Barrels, 2017

Rest of

the

World 8.0%

Canada

10.3%

Russia

4.9%

Saudi

Arabia

16.2%

Iran

9.6%

Iraq

8.7% Kuwait

6.2%

UAE

5.9%

Libya

2.9%

Other

OIC

9.1%

Venezuela

18.3%


2

Possessing most of the global proven natural gas resources, OIC

countries are in a strong position to put more emphasis on long-

term planning for the use of available resources.

Natural gas is an

important source of

energy. OIC countries

are estimated to have

a total natural gas

reserve of 4,007

trillion cubic feet,

corresponding to

58% of the global

proven natural gas

reserves in 2017.

58 percent

of the global proven

natural gas reserves in

2017

Around 44% of global proven natural gas reserves comprised in 6 OIC

countries.

4,007

6,911

2,335 570

OIC World Non-OIC Develping Developed

Proved Natural Gas Reserves, Trillion Cubic Feet,

2017

Rest of

the

World

10.2%

Russia

24.4%

USA

4.5%

Iran

17.1%

Qatar

12.4%

Saudi

Arabia

4.4% UAE

3.1%

Nigeria

2.7%

Other

OIC

14.4%

Venezuela

2.9%

Turkmenistan

3.8%

STRENGTH NATURAL GAS RESERVES


3

Total reserves of OIC countries, including gold, have

increased significantly over the last decades. The

total reserves relative to GDP were 26.4% in 2016,

compared to 12.5% and 27.4% in 1996 and 2006,

respectively.

The collective share of OIC countries in total world

reserves increased from 9% in 1996 to 13.3% in

2016.

Steady increase in the reserve position of OIC countries implies

lower vulnerability to external shocks, stronger buffers for future

incidents of crises, and greater assurances for the continuity of

external trade.

13.3 percent

Share of OIC reserves

in global reserves in

2016

STRENGTH TOTAL RESERVES

12.5%

27.4% 26.4%

9.0%

15.5% 13.3%

0%

4%

8%

12%

16%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

1996 2006 2016

Total Reserves Including Gold , % of GDP

OIC World Non-OIC Developing Developed OIC, % of World - right axis


4

Mil

let

Nig

er

Mal

i

Nig

eria

Sudan

Burk

ina

Fas

o

Chad

Sen

egal

Pak

ista

n

Ugan

da

Guin

ea

2 4 5 6 7 9 11 12 17 18

Sorg

hu

m

Nig

eria

Sudan

Nig

er

Burk

ina

Fas

o

Mal

i

Cam

eroon

Chad

Egyp

t

Yem

en

2 3 9 11 12 13 15 19 20

Cocoa

Bea

ns

Cote

d'I

voir

e

Indones

ia

Cam

eroon

Nig

eria

Togo

Ugan

da

Sie

rra

Leo

ne

Guin

ea

1 3 4 5 11 14 17 18

Ca

ssa

va

Nig

eria

Indones

ia

Moza

mb

ique

Cam

eroon

Sie

rra

Leo

ne

Ben

in

Cote

d'I

voir

e

1 4 10 12 14 17 19

Na

tura

l

Ru

bb

er

Indones

ia

Mal

aysi

a

Cô

te

d'I

voir

e

Nig

eria

Cam

eroon

Gab

on

Guin

ea

2 6 9 12 16 17 20

Pa

lm O

il

Indones

ia

Mal

aysi

a

Nig

eria

Cam

eroon

Cote

d'I

voir

e

Guin

ea

Ben

in

1 2 4 7 12 16 20

Tea

Turk

ey

Indones

ia

Iran

Ban

gla

des

h

Ugan

da

Moza

mb

ique

5 7 11 12 13 18

Wh

ea

t

Pak

ista

n

Turk

ey

Kaz

akhst

an

Iran

Egyp

t

Uzb

ekis

tan

8 11 13 15 17 20

Ric

e

Indones

ia

Ban

gla

des

h

Pak

ista

n

Egyp

t

Nig

eria

3 4 10 14 15

Su

ga

r

Turk

ey

Egyp

t

Iran

Moro

cco

5 8 11 14

Ba

rle

y

Turk

ey

Kaz

akhst

an

Iran

8 14 15

Coff

ee

Indones

ia

Ugan

da

Cô

te

d'I

voir

e

4 10 15

Notwithstanding the low level of

development in the agriculture

sector and the relatively low

share of OIC countries in the

global agricultural production, a

significant number of OIC

countries were ranked among the

top 20 producers of some major

agricultural products worldwide

in 2016.

To further leverage on the

strength of OIC countries in

the production of these

commodities, it is also

important to increase value-

added and, therefore, their

competitive advantage.

Many OIC

countries are among

top 20 producers

of major agricultural

products

STRENGTH AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTS


5

STRENGTH

WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is the primary global

tobacco control instrument, containing legally binding obligations for its Parties.

Through providing thorough targets on tobacco control policies and legislations, it

aims at reducing both demand and supply of tobacco products. WHO introduced

package of measures “MPOWER” in order to guide countries toward

implementation of effective strategies. All OIC countries except Indonesia,

Palestine and Somalia have signed or ratified the WHO’s FCTC.

Many OIC countries implemented complete or moderate policies across the 7

MPOWER measures and were ranked among the highest achieving countries in

the world. In particular, 14 OIC countries implemented complete while 30 had

moderate policies on enforcing bans on tobacco advertising.

TOBACCO CONTROL

Strong legislative and administrative commitment provides a

conducive environment for curbing the prevalence of tobacco use

and, thus, will ensure a healthier OIC population in the future.

10

1 5 3

24

13

9

17

8 16

27

12

18

19

16

16

2 18

7 27

15 10

30

14 12

5 9 12 14

3

048

121620242832364044485256

M

Monitor

P

Protect from

tobacco smoke

O

Offer help to quit

tobacco use

W

Warn about the

dangers of tobacco

W

Anti-tobacco mass

media campaigns

E

Enforce bans on

tobacco

advertising

R

Raise taxes on

tobacco

Implementation of Tobacco Control Policies in OIC

No data Data for either adults or youthData for both adults and youth Periodic data for both adults and youthNo policy or weak policy Minimal policiesModerate policies Complete policies


6

The Intergovernmental Committee for the

Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage decides

annually whether or not to inscribe the nominations of

cultural practices and expressions of intangible

heritage on the UNESCO’s Lists of Convention for the

Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. A

heritage element should be traditional, contemporary,

inclusive, socially cohesive, representative and

community-based to be included in these lists.

OIC countries should endeavour for protecting and introducing

their cultural heritage to develop intercultural dialogue as well as

transfer them to the next generations.

Since 2008, 112 heritage items of OIC countries have been inscribed in the

intangible heritage lists. These 112 heritage items constitute 26% of total number

of inscribed items (429) all over the world. When the number of countries

inheriting these elements are analyzed, 112 heritage items manifest in 40 OIC

countries which account for 36% of 112 countries with intangible heritage

elements on the Convention’s Lists.

112

40

429

112

# of Elements # of Countries

Intangible Heritage, 2008-2016

OIC World

26 percent

Share of heritage elements in

world total as of

2016

STRENGTH INTANGIBLE

HERITAGE


7

WE

AK

NE

SS

ES

Measuring the capacity to provide the generations with

opportunities to acquire the basic intellectual skills, literacy

rate shows the effectiveness of primary education system.

With an average adult literacy rate of 70.9%, OIC countries

lagged far behind the averages of the world (80.9%) and non-

OIC developing countries (84.7%). Meanwhile, the youth

literacy rates are comparably higher than adult literacy rates

in OIC countries. On average, 80.9% of youth are literate

which is, however, again below the world average (88.2%)

and average of non-OIC developing countries (91.0%).

The gap between the OIC and rest of the world in terms of literacy

rate clearly indicates that OIC countries should invest more in

primary education in order to improve literacy, especially among

the women and youth.

70.9 percent

Average adult

literacy rate

LITERACY

There is a large disparity across genders among OIC countries compared to other

country groups. On average, out of 100 adult women, only 65.3 can read and write while

76.8 of male population are literate. Besides, the discrepancy in female literacy rates

between the averages of OIC (65.3%) and the world (77.3%) is quite critical.

WEAKNESS

70

.9%

65

.3%

76

.8%

80

.9%

77

.8%

77

.8%

80

.9%

77

.3%

84

.7%

88

.2%

86

.6%

86

.6%

84

.7%

81

.8%

87

.7%

91

.0%

90

.1%

90

.1%

97

.2%

96

.7%

97

.6%

99

.5%

99

.6%

99

.6%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Total, Adult Female, Adult Male, Adult Total, Youth Female, Youth Male, Youth

Literacy Rate, 2016


* Latest year available between 2000 and 2016


8

Based on the data available from 1999 to 2016, the

average Net Enrolment Rate (NER) in primary schools

was 82.8% in the OIC countries compared to the world

average of 87.3% and the non-OIC developing and

developed countries averages of 88.3% and 96.5%,

respectively.

Education is a key part of human development and given the low

enrolment rates at all levels, OIC countries should take necessary

steps to improve their position.

24.8 percent

Average GER in tertiary

schools

SCHOOL ENROLMENT

RATES WEAKNESS

As to the average NER in secondary schools, OIC countries recorded an

enrolment rate of 57.8% compared to the world average of 66.5%, and the non-

OIC developing and developed countries averages of 65.7% and 93.9%,

respectively. The average Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) in tertiary schools was

24.8% in the OIC countries compared to the world average of 36.1% and, the non-

OIC developing and developed ccountries averages of 33.8% and 76.2%,

respectively.

82.8%

57.8%

24.8%

87.3%

66.5%

36.1%

88.3%

65.7%

33.8%

96.5% 93.9%

76.2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Primary NER Secondary NER Tertiary GER

Enrolment Rates, %, 2016*


* Latest year available between 1999-2016


9

OIC countries, on average, employed 631 researchers

per million people, which were equal to approximately

one-tenth of developed countries’ average (6,472) and

almost one third of world average (1,673).

On the other hand, OIC countries are more gender

equitable in terms of researchers. Women in the OIC

represent around 37.1% of the total researchers, which

is significantly higher than the averages of the world

(31.6%) and the developed countries (27.4%), but lower

than the average of the non-OIC developing countries

(41.4%).

To foster innovation and promote scientific and technological

development, effective policies should be designed and

implemented to increase the quantity and quality of human

capacity in OIC countries.

631 researchers

per million people*

RESEARCHERS WEAKNESS

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

0

1,400

2,800

4,200

5,600

7,000


Researchers*

Researchers per Million People Female Researchers, % of Total Researchers - right axis

* Latest year available between 1997 and 2016


10

The low level of published articles indicates inadequate levels of

scientific research and academic activity in OIC countries and

necessitates more investment in R&D and higher education.

181 thousand

Articles published in

2016

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS WEAKNESS

OIC countries, as a whole, published 181,366 articles in

2016 compared to 20,268 articles in 2000. Although there

is more than eight-fold increase during this period, the

total number is still below the articles published by some

individual countries in the world.

Nearly (43%) of these articles

originated from only two member

countries: Iran (22.5%) and

Turkey (20.1%). Together with

Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Egypt,

and Pakistan, these six countries

accounted for 73.1% of the total

number of published articles in

OIC countries.

Iran

22.5%

Turkey

20.1%

Saudi

Arabia

8.9%

Malaysia

8.1%

Egypt

7.6%

Pakistan

5.9%

Others

26.9%

Distribution of Articles by

OIC Countries, 2016

0

100

200

300

400

500

Th

ou

san

ds

Number of Published Articles* 2000 2016

*In journals that are covered by Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Social Science Citation

Index (SSCI), and Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI).


11

The low level of patenting activity in OIC countries reflect the

lack of adequate spending on R&D and insufficient

infrastructure for innovation and technological

advancement.

1.75 percent

Share in global

patent applications*

PATENTING ACTIVITY WEAKNESS

With a total of 54,603 patent applications, OIC

countries accounted for only 1.75% of the world

total. Meanwhile, the China, USA, Japan, and

Republic of Korea were home to 79% of the global

patent applications.

China, 42.79%

USA, 19.36% Japan, 10.18%

South Korea, 6.68%

Germany, 2.17%

OIC, 1.75%

Other Developed,

5.50%

Other Developing,

6.27%

Regional Patent

Offices, 5.30%

Distribution of World Total Patent Applications by Filling

Office*

* Latest year available between 2000 and 2016.


12

OIC countries, as a group, accounted for only 3.4% of

the world total high-technology exports in 2016,

lagging far behind many individual countries.

Around 81.3% of the total high-technology exports of

OIC countries originated from Malaysia. Only 5

countries, namely Malaysia, Indonesia, Turkey,

Kazakhstan and Saudi Arabia, accounted for almost

95% of the total high-technology exports of all OIC

countries.

Low share of OIC countries in world total high-technology

exports reflects the weak production base in this field and the

low levels of R&D in OIC countries.

3.4 percent

HIGH-TECHNOLOGY

EXPORTS WEAKNESS

Share of OIC countries

in the world total high-tech

exports in

2016

China

24.9% Other

Developing

11.0%

Germany

9.5%

USA

7.7%

Singapore

6.4%

S. Korea

6.0%

France 5.2% Other

Developed

25.8%

OIC

3.4%

High-Technology Exports, %

of the World Total 2016*

Malaysia

81.3%

Indonesia

5.8%

Turkey

3.2%

Kazakhstan

3.0%

Saudi

Arabia

1.6% Other

OIC

5.2%

High-Technology Exports of

OIC Countries, % of OIC

Total 2016*

*2016 or Last Year Available


13

Special efforts should be made to increase the share of high

technology intensive manufactures and to reduce the dependency

on mineral fuels and primary commodities in exports.

16.7 percent

Share of high-tech

intensive manufactures in

total exports in

2016

Higher technological intensity in exports generally

offers better prospects for future economic growth.

Trade in high-technology products has also positive

spill-over effects on skills and knowledge-intensive

activities. In 2016, globally 23 countries were dependent

on oil and gas exports for over 50% of their total exports

and 16 of them were OIC countries.

TECHNOLOGICAL INTENSITY

OF EXPORTS WEAKNESS

From 2005 to 2016, an increase from 13.9% to 16.7% was observed in the share

of exports of high-skill technology intensive manufactures of OIC countries.

Moreover, both the share of medium-skill technology intensive manufactures

increased from 6.1% to 9.1% and the share of low-skill technology intensive

manufactures rose from 2.9% to 3.4% over the period under consideration. On

the other hand, share of mineral fuel exports, which barely changed from 2005

to 2014, dramatically fell from 56.7% in 2014 to 39.8% in 2016.

Non-fuel primary

commodities

Labour-intensive and

resource-intensive

manufactures

Low-skill and

technology-intensive

manufactures

Medium-skill and


manufactures

High-skill and


manufactures

Mineral fuels

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Unclassified Products


14

The infrastructure development for wider Internet access

should be prioritized as information access offers vast

opportunities for development of knowledge-based economy.

31 Internet users

per 100 people in

2016

INTERNET USAGE WEAKNESS

On average, only 31 out of 100 people in the OIC

countries were Internet users in 2016, a level which was

still significantly lower than the averages of the world

(45.7), and of the non-OIC developing countries (42.9).

The gap with the developed countries has critically

widened over the last decade, making it more difficult

for OIC countries to catch up with these countries.

31.0

45.7

42.9

83.0

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Internet Users per 100 People, 1990-2016



15

Following the world trends, the

proportional increase of the

elderly population aged 65 and

over in the OIC countries is

accompanied by the decrease in

the proportion of children below

age 5.

Such changes in the population structure in OIC countries will

bring population replacement rate down. It will also lead to

greater public expenditures on healthcare, pension as well as the

other social spending's for elderly.

9.6

percent

Proportion of population

over 65 in 2050

9.2

percent

Proportion of population

under 5 in 2050

17.1%

6.6%

3.5%

17.3%

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100

Young Children (under 5) vs. Elderly (over 65),

% of Total OIC Population, 1970 – 2100

Under 5 Over 65

projection estimation

POPULATION

UNDER 5 vs. OVER 65 WEAKNESS

This trend is expected to accelerate from 2020 and onwards. In 2050, proportion

of elderly in total population will reach 9.6% and first time in the history

overpass the children aged 0-5 with 9.2% in OIC countries.


16

Age dependency ratio is generally used to assess the

burden on the productive part of the population. The

average age dependency ratio in OIC countries was

estimated at 62.2% in 2017 that was higher than the

averages of the world (52.8%), developed countries

(53.8%) and non-OIC developing countries (49.3%).

Despite still having a higher age dependency ratio,

OIC countries witnessed a rapid decrease in the ratio,

significantly higher compared with the experience of

the non-OIC developing countries and the world over

the last decade.

As high age dependency ratio in OIC countries will lead to a

pressure on social security systems and threaten their

sustainability, the current falling trend should be sustained

through appropriate policies.

62.2

percent

Average age

dependency ratio in

2017

AGE DEPENDENCY WEAKNESS

76.1% 75.1%

62.2%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1997 2007 2017

Age Dependency Ratio, %



17

Based on the last year available (LYA)

data from 2000-2015, only 54% of total

pregnant women in OIC countries

benefited from 4 antenatal check-ups

recommended by WHO.

The LYA data from 2005-2016 shows

only 64% pregnant women in OIC

countries received assistance from a

skilled health worker while giving birth

compared to 78% in the world.

The low coverage of preventive health measures indicates low

penetration of health care services, poor capacity of health care

system, and lack of proper initiatives to increase the coverage of

these services.

63 percent Births with

skilled health personnel

assistance*

54 percent

of pregnant women

received 4-antenatal

check-ups*

54% 60% 60%

96%

OIC World Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

Antenatal Care Coverage,

At Least 4 Visits, % of

Total, LYA 2000-2015

64%

78% 83%

99%

OIC World Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

Births Attended by Skilled

Health Personnel, % of

Total, LYA 2005-2016

79% 86% 89%

96%

OIC World Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

DTP3 Immunization

Coverage among 1-Year-

Olds, % of Total, 2015

MATERNAL AND CHILD

HEALTH CARE WEAKNESS

Immunization against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) also remained low in OIC

countries with 79% of children being immunized in 2015 compared to 86% in the world.


18

Insufficient capacity of hospitals indicates weak physical health

infrastructure and, hence, inadequate coverage and low quality of

health care services.

11 Hospital Beds

per 10,000 population*

11

28 27

56

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

OIC World Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

Hospital Beds per 10,000

Population

10

38

24

10 6 6

EAP ECA LAC MENA SA SSA

Hospital Beds per 10,000

Population

Latest year available between 1996 and 2014

HOSPITAL CAPACITY WEAKNESS

Number of hospital beds is an important indicator of

the overall capacity of a health care system.

The availability of hospital beds remained

comparatively very low in OIC countries as there were,

on average, only 11 hospital beds for 10,000

population compared to the world average of 28 beds

in the same period. Among the OIC regions, the

availability of hospital beds was over the world

average only in the Europe and Central Asia (ECA)

region with 38 beds per 10,000 population.


19

In 2016, the average labour force participation rate

(LFPR) in OIC countries was estimated at 58.7%

which was lower than that of non-OIC developing

countries (65%) and the world average (62.8%). OIC

LFPR average for males was recorded at 77.5% that

was slightly lower and higher than the averages of

non-OIC developing countries (77.9%) and the world

(76.1%) respectively.

However, the average female LFPR in the OIC

countries was only 39.5% which was 10% percentage

points lower than the world average (49.5%).

Low labour force participation rates in OIC countries,

particularly for women, indicate the inadequate utilisation of

economically active population which, in turn, adversely affects

the level of economic output.

58.7

percent

Labour force

participation rate in

2016

58.7%

39.5%

77.5%

62.8%

49.5%

76.1%

65.0%

51.9%

77.9%

59.9% 53.1%

67.1%

Total Female Male

Labour Force Participation Rate, %, 2016


LABOUR FORCE

PARTICIPATION WEAKNESS


20

This situation clearly indicates that the financial sector in OIC

countries is lagging behind their counterparts in other

developing as well as developed countries in terms of the

provision of sufficient liquidity to the economy.

68.2 percent

Average volume of broad

money to GDP in

2016

A commonly used metric for determining the degree of

financial deepening is the ratio of broad money to

GDP. A higher ratio is generally associated with

greater financial liquidity and depth.

The average volume of broad money relative to the

GDP of OIC countries was recorded at 68.2% in 2016,

compared to 125.4% in the world, 139.8% in non-OIC

developing countries and 126.1% in developed

countries.

FINANCIAL DEPTH WEAKNESS

48.6%

95.2%

57.3%

105.7%

50.9%

97.2%

81.5%

108.8%

68.2%

125.4%

139.8%

126.2%


Ratio of Broad Money to GDP

1996 2006 2016


21

2.4 tonnes

of cereal production per

hectare in

2016

Low agricultural productivity reflects the inadequate use of

technology, including those in irrigation, and skilled labour

force in agricultural activities, posing a serious fragility towards

food supply amid rapidly increasing OIC population.

The land productivity in OIC countries, in terms of

cereals, fruits and vegetables production per hectare of

harvested land, increased from 1.7 to 2.4 tonnes, from

8.0 to 10.7, and from 11.1 to 13.2 tonnes, respectively,

between 1990 and 2016. Yet, these figures were still

lower than the average land productivity for these

three products in non-OIC developing countries (4.3,

14.6 and 20.7 tonnes, respectively) and developed

countries (6.1, 14.9 and 31.0 tonnes, respectively) in

2016. Meanwhile, the world averages were 4.2, 13.9

and 20.1 tonnes, respectively.

AGRICULTURAL

PRODUCTIVITY WEAKNESS

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

OIC

Worl

d

No

n-O

IC D

ev

Dev

elo

ped

OIC

Worl

d

No

n-O

IC D

ev

Dev

elo

ped

OIC

Worl

d

No

n-O

IC D

ev

Dev

elo

ped

Yield in Major Agricultural Products, Tonnes per

Hectare Area Harvested

1990 2000 2010 2016


22

The low levels of electricity generation and consumption

constitute a serious hindrance to economic and social

development in OIC countries.

21 percent

of the total population

without access to

electricity

1,182

2,855 2,095

8,824

1,355

3,123 2,332

9,378

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

OIC World Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

Electricity Consumption

and Generation, Kwh per

Capita

Consumption

Generation

79.0% 85.3% 84.4%

100%

OIC World Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

Access to Electricity,

% of Population

ELECTRICITY WEAKNESS

Only 79% of the total population in OIC countries

have access to electricity, compared to 85.3% in the

world and 84.4% in non-OIC developing countries.

With 1,182 kwh the average electricity consumption

per capita in OIC countries was equal to nearly 41.4%

of the world, 56.4% of non-OIC developing countries,

and just 13.4% of developed countries. Meanwhile,

average electricity generation per capita was around

1,355 kwh in OIC countries in the same year.


23

OIC countries should improve their rail network in

accordance with the increase in their population as well as

prioritise the development of the sector as it is one of the most

effective transportation modes.

68.8 kilometres

of rail lines

per million people

in 2015

The rail transportation is one of the main facilitators of

economic development through enhancing trade and

mobility of production inputs.

In terms of rail network density per million people,

OIC countries recorded a decrease from 74.3 km in

2006 to 68.8 km of total rail lines in 2016, which was

less than non-OIC developing countries 111.7 km and

the world 160.2 km in 2016.

RAIL TRANSPORTATION WEAKNESS

74.3 68.8

174.7 160.2 120.3 111.7

519.6 483.7

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

2006 2016

Total Rail Lines, km per Million People

2006* vs. 2016*


Last year available (1997-2006) and (2007-2016)


24

OP

PO

RT

UN

IT

IE

S

WOMEN IN PARLIAMENTS OPPORTUNITY

Significant progress to be recorded in representation of women in

parliaments will strengthen the OIC countries' efforts in gender

equality and contribute to broader participation into decision making

processes.

19.1 percent

Proportion of women in

total parliamentary seats

in 2017

Since 2000, OIC countries accomplished a significant

progress in terms of women’s representation in

politics. Proportion of seats held by women in

national parliaments grew from 7.3% in 2000, to

19.1% in 2017. However, OIC countries as a group

have been lagging far behind the non-OIC developing

countries, world and developed countries.

7.3

11.2 14.4

19.1

13.9 16.5

19.3

23.6

14.3 17.0

19.7

23.7

19.5 22.1

24.8

29.6

2000 2005 2010 2017

Proportion of Seats Held by Women in National

Parliaments (Single or Lower House), %


Over the period observed, non-OIC developing countries demonstrated a growth

from 13.9% to 23.6%. Similarly, the world average values increased from 14.3%

to 23.7%. Developed countries had the highest proportion of women

representation in the national parliaments during the whole period under

consideration, particularly in 2017, 29.6% of the parliamentary seats in

developed countries have been held by women.


25

CONTRIBUTION OF MAJOR

SECTORS OPPORTUNITY

Labour force shifts from agriculture and other labour-intensive

primary activities to the services sector are critical for stronger

growth and employment performance.

44.7 percent

of labour force worked

in services sector in

2016

Between 2000 and 2016, OIC countries, as a group,

experienced a shift from agriculture to services sector

oriented economies both in terms of employment

share and contributions to GDP.

In 2016, 44.7% of the labour force in OIC countries

was employed in the services sector that generated

54% of the GDP.

45.5% 42.1% 38.5% 35.5%

16.6% 17.4% 18.8% 19.9%

37.9% 40.4% 42.7% 44.7%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 2005 2010 2016

Employment Distribution By

Sector in OIC Countries

Agriculture Industry Services

12.0% 10.7% 11.0% 10.5%

40.2% 42.8% 41.2% 35.5%

47.8% 46.5% 47.7% 54.0%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2000 2005 2010 2016

Value Added by Sector

in GDP of OIC Countries

Agriculture Industry Services


26

URBAN POPULATION OPPORTUNITY

Rapid growth in urban population necessitates effective urbanisation

policies and long-term infrastructure planning in order to have

better, healthier and safer cities that will foster OIC-wide trade and

commerce.

878 million people

live in urban areas in

2016

Urbanization, the demographic transition from rural to

urban, is associated with shifts from an agriculture-based

economy to mass industry, technology, and services.

Today more than half of the world population lives in

urban areas. In parallel, the OIC countries also follow this

global trend.

The total urban population of OIC countries increased

significantly from 536 in 2000 to 878 million in 2016. As

a result, the share of population residing in urban areas in

total population increased from 41.7% in 2000 to 49.6% in

2016.

41.7%

49.6% 46.5%

54.3%

40.6%

49.9%

77.4% 82.0%

2000 2016

Population Residing in

Urban Areas, % of Total


536

878

2000 2016

Urban Population of OIC

Countries, Million People


27

Since 1991, inward Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to OIC

countries increased until reaching a peak in 2008 (US$ 165.2

billion) when the financial crisis hit the world economy. With the

crisis, inward FDI decreased to US$ 135.3 billion in 2009.

Numbers slightly fluctuated afterwards and dropped to US$ 96.4

billion in 2016, as a results of decrease in the global FDI flows,

OIC accounted for only 15.1% of the developing countries and

5.2% of the world inward FDI in that year.

Increasing share of OIC countries in global total FDI flows

indicates growing attractiveness of OIC countries for foreign

investors and improvement in economic and regulatory

landscape.

9

times higher FDI flow

compared to 1991

in 2016

Outward FDI from OIC countries also followed a similar trend. After a sharp decline from

US$ 71.1 billion to US$ 36 billion from 2008 to 2009, it gradually recovered to US$ 61.5

billion by 2015 but then dropped sharply to 24.4 billion in 2016. This translated into 6.2%

and 1.6% shares in developing countries and world outward FDI in 2016, respectively.

FOREIGN DIRECT

INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY

0%

20%

40%

60%

0

25

50

75

100

Outward FDI Flows, US$, 2016 OIC (US$ Billions) OIC (% of Developing, right)OIC (% of World, right)

UA

E,

15

.7

Sau

di

Ara

bia

, 8

.4

Qat

ar,

7.9

Mal

aysi

a, 5

.6

Turk

ey,

2.9

Top 5 OIC Countries by Outward

FDI, Billion US$, 2016

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

0

50

100

150

200

Inward FDI Flows, US$, 2016 OIC (US$ Billions) OIC (% of Developing, right)OIC (% of World, right)

Turk

ey,

12

.0

Mal

aysi

a, 9

.9

Kaz

akhst

an,

9.1

UA

E,

9.0

Egyp

t, 8

.1

Top 5 OIC Countries by Inward

FDI, Billion US$, 2016


28

Debt ratios are useful tools for assessing the sustainability of

a country's debt burden. In 2016, total external debt stock

(EDS) of OIC countries as percentage of their total GDP was

recorded at 35.7%. Although, this ratio was much lower than

in 1996 (51.2%) and 2006 (32.1%) values, it was still higher

than the average of non-OIC developing countries (23.9%)

for year 2016.

Decreasing external debt stocks relative to both GDP and

exports is indicative of strengthening international positions of

OIC countries and sustainability of their debt service

obligations, which will ultimately improve investor sentiment.

35.7 percent

Ratio of external debt

stock to GDP in

2016 The size of EDS relative to exports was also on decline in OIC countries. This ratio was

recorded at 172.5% in 1996 -- below the empirically tested debt sustainability threshold

of 200%. Since then, the average EDS-to-exports ratio in OIC countries decreased

significantly to 89.6% in 2006 but grew afterwards and reached to 152.5% in 2016.

Besides, it was still considerably higher than the average of non-OIC developing

countries (103.8%) in 2016.

EXTERNAL DEBT OPPORTUNITY

51.2%

31.0% 32.1%

22.0%

35.7%

23.9%

OIC Non-OIC Developing

External Debt Stock, %

of GDP

1996 2006 2016

172.5%

157.5%

89.6%

69.6%

152.5%

103.8%

OIC Non-OIC Developing

External Debt Stock, %

of Exports

1996 2006 2016


29

Cost of enforcing a contract as a percent of claim value

in the OIC countries in 2016 (36.7%) is higher than the

world average (33.9%) but lower than that of the

developing countries (37.2%).

Although it is higher compared to the developed

countries’ average (21.6%), OIC countries as a group

demonstrated most influential progress through

declining from 40.1% in 2010 to 36.7% in 2016.

Reduction in the cost of contract enforcement motivates foreign

companies for engaging in contractual relationships with the local

companies. Thus, it serves to increase the confidence in doing

business across the OIC countries.

36.7 percent

Cost of enforcing

contracts as a % of claim

2016

677 679 618 637

633 649

493 548

2010 2016

Enforcing Contracts Days

OIC World

Non-OIC Developing Developed

40.1

36.7 35.2 33.9

37.9 37.2

21.2 21.6

2010 2016

Cost of Enforcing

Contracts, % of Claim

OIC World


COST OF CONTRACT

ENFORCEMENT OPPORTUNITY

Meanwhile, time required to enforce contracts is longest across the OIC countries.

However, the increase from 2010 to 2016 was restricted to only 2 days while the

other groups recorded higher values in the same period.


30

OIC countries as a group had the highest level of

corporate tax rates to profit (53.5%) in 2010. There has

been substantial improvements across the OIC

countries that lead to narrowing the gaps in tax rates

over the period observed. In 2016, corporate tax rate in

OIC counties on average were 42%, compared to

40.6%, 40.1% and 39.3% in the world, non-OIC

developing and developed countries respectively.

Decrease in taxes for enterprises in the OIC countries spur

business activities for private sector and attract more

investments from abroad.

11.2 percentage points

Corporate taxes reduced

between 2010 and 2017

CORPORATE TAX OPPORTUNITY

Ratio of total tax to profit went down by 11.2 percentage points in OIC countries

from 2010 to 2017 compared to the average decrease; in the world at 7.0

percentage points, in non-OIC developing countries 6.8 percentage points and in

developed countries only 1.0 percentage points.

53.5

42.3 47.5

40.5

46.7

39.9 40.4 39.3

2010 2017

Total Tax Rate, % of Commercial Profits



31

Positive trend has been observed in total trade to GDP ratio of OIC

countries. It indicates that the OIC countries became more

integrated to the world economy while it also reflects more trade

openness.

64 percent

Share of the trade in

total GDP in

2016

INCREASING TOTAL

TRADE OPPORTUNITY

Total trade (sum of exports and imports) of OIC

countries as a percentage of GDP decreased from

66.4% in 2000 to 63.9% in 2016. Over the period

observed indicator was above 70% on average and

peaked at 79.9% in 2008.

Overall, OIC average was higher than that of the world,

non-OIC developing and developed countries by

around 8 to 17 percentage points in 2016.

66.4%

79.9%

63.9%

54.1%

47.3%

56.2%

2000 2005 2010 2016

Total Trade, % of GDP



32

Steady increase in intra-OIC trade presents significant potentials

to be utilized, particularly after the OIC Trade Preferential

System becomes operational.

20 percent

Share of intra-OIC trade in

total OIC trade in

2016

14.7% 14.6% 15.4%

16.1% 17.3% 17.6%

16.9% 17.4% 17.9% 18.0%

19.8% 20.0%

0%

3%

6%

9%

12%

15%

18%

21%

24%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Bil

lion

US

$ Intra OIC Trade Intra-OIC Trade, % of Total Trade - right axis

INTRA-OIC TRADE OPPORTUNITY

Intra-OIC trade shows the level of economic

integration among the OIC countries. After

witnessing a sharp fall in 2009, total merchandise

trade among the OIC countries rebounded to US$708

billion in 2013 but dropped to US$575 billion in

2016.

From 2005 to 2016, the share of intra-OIC trade in

OIC total trade increased from 14.7% to 20.0%.


33

The concentration of exports in few items increases

the vulnerability of countries to fluctuations in

international prices and other external shocks in

international markets Herfindahl Index shows the level

of export diversification. A country with highly

diversified export portfolio will have an index close to

zero, whereas a country which relies on a few export

items will have a value close to one.

Export diversification generates a potential to develop competence

over a broader range of manufactured products.

0.23

Average of the export

concentration index in

2015

EXPORT

DIVERSIFICATION

OPPORTUNITY

OIC countries become increasingly more diversified and relieve from high

dependence on few export items. The simple average of export concentration

index in OIC countries was around 0.32 in 2005, but it decreased to around 0.23

in 2015, indicating increased diversification in export products.


34

The number of tourist arrivals in the OIC countries increased steadily since 2000

and reached 174.3 million in 2016, which corresponded to 8.9% of the world’s

total tourist arrivals. Similarly, the number of intra-OIC tourist arrivals increased

to 67.7 million in 2017 from 18.4 million in 2000. Also, the share of intra-OIC

tourist arrivals in total OIC international tourist arrivals increased from 24.2% in

2000 to 38.8% in 2016. Tourism receipts earned by OIC countries reached US$

147.4 billion in 2016, corresponding to 10.8% of the world’s tourism receipts.

Increasing number of tourist arrivals and tourism revenues will

lead to higher economic growth, new employment opportunities

and spur activities in related sectors. Intra-OIC tourism should be

further encouraged via visa arrangements, joint programmes and

promotional materials on tourism.

TOURIST ARRIVALS AND

TOURISM REVENUES

OPPORTUNITY

37.3

80.8

133.4 147.4

6.7%

10.0%

12.4%

10.8%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

0

50

100

150

200

2000 2005 2010 2016

US

$ B

illi

on

s

Tourism Receipts

OIC OIC % in the World - right axis

18.4 31.1 43.8 67.7 76.0

120.5

178.5 174.3

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

0

50

100

150

200

2000 2005 2010 2016

Mil

lio

n T

ou

rist

s

Number of Tourist Arrivals

Intra-OIC, Number of Arrivals OIC

Intra-OIC % in Total OIC - right axis OIC % in the World - right axis


35

OIC countries carried 36.4 billion ton/km of air freight in

2016 with a share of 18% in the world total. Compared to

2000, OIC countries’ value of freight carried via air

transport recorded an increase of 448% in 2016.

In 2016, the number of air passengers in OIC countries

was estimated at 517 million with a share of 14% in world

total. Compared to 2000, the number of air passengers of

OIC countries showed a 478% increase in 2016.

Air transport industry is one of the fundamental drivers of

global socio-economic development. OIC countries should

continue investing in air transport industry on a sustainable

basis to create employment, support tourism, and stimulate

international trade.

14 percent

of the air passengers

carried in the world in

2016

AIR TRANSPORTATION OPPORTUNITY

448

165

292

123

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

Ind

ex 2

00

0=

10

0

Air Freight Ton/km, Indexed

Growth by Group, 2000-2016

OIC

World

Non-OIC Developing

Developed

221

478

151

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

20

13

20

14

20

15

20

16

Ind

ex 2

00

0=

10

0

Air Passengers Carried,

Indexed Growth by Group,

2000-2016

OIC

World

Non-OIC Developing

Developed


36

Growth in access to mobile technologies offers an opportunity,

especially for the rural areas of OIC countries, to facilitate

integration with the urban areas and enhance access to services of

public and private sectors.

97 mobile

subscribers

per 100 people in

2016

MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS OPPORTUNITY

On average, 97 out of 100 people in the OIC countries

subscribed to a mobile service in 2016, a value similar

to that of the non-OIC developing countries and

slightly lower than the world average of 101.

The gap with the developed countries can be

narrowed over the medium term since the growth in

mobile subscribers in the OIC countries has shown a

more rapid growth since 2005.

101

97

123

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016

Mobile Subscribers per 100 People, 1995-2016


97


37

OIC countries must build on these positive trends and strive hard

to enhance the implementation of proven and cost-effective

preventive measures to minimize the avoidable maternal,

newborn and child death burden.

38.4 percent

decrease in

maternal mortality

per 100,000

live births

44.2 percent

decrease in

infant mortality

per 1,000

live births

529

369 346

11

326

216 182

9

OIC World Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

Maternal Mortality Ratio

per 100,000 Live Births

1995 2015

78 61 60 6

43 32 29 4

OIC World Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

Infant Mortality Ratio


1995 2015

116 87 84

8 60 43 38

5

OIC World Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

Under-5 Mortality Ratio


1995 2015

MATERNAL, NEWBORN

AND CHILD MORTALITY

OPPORTUNITY

Between 1995 and 2015, OIC

countries witnessed

significant improvement in

maternal health conditions and

maternal mortality rate

declined from 529 deaths per

100,000 live births in 1995 to

326 deaths in 2015,

corresponding to a decrease of

38.4%.

A similar trend was visible in case of newborn and child health. In OIC

countries, infant mortality rate declined from 78 deaths per 1,000 live births in

1995 to 43 deaths in 2015, corresponding to an impressive decline of 44.2%. On

the other hand, under five mortality rate declined from 116 deaths per 1,000 live

births in 1995 to 60 in 2015, corresponding to a decline of 48.2%.


38

Tobacco use is strongly associated with incidence of major non-

communicable diseases (NCDs) like cardiovascular diseases,

cancers and respiratory diseases. Therefore, low prevalence of

tobacco use in OIC countries indicates an opportunity to curb the

incidences of NCDs.

23 percent

prevalence of tobacco use

among adults in

2015

42%

34% 33%

25%

3% 6%

5%

17%

23% 21% 20%

22%


Prevalence of Tobacco Use among Adults, % , 2015

Male Female Total

PREVALENCE OF

TOBACCO USE

OPPORTUNITY

In 2015, the prevalence of tobacco use among adults of

the OIC countries was 23% with tobacco use being

more common among men (42%) compared to the

women (3%). Tobacco prevalence in OIC countries

stayed slightly over the averages of the world and other

country groups.

OIC countries accounted for 23% of the total, 25% of

male and 10% of female adult tobacco users in the

world, respectively.


39

Lower contribution to deterioration of global commons puts

the OIC countries in a stronger position in negotiations on

global commons and directing new investments according to

the requirements of the international conventions

40 percent

lower per capita CO2

emissions than the world

average

2015

PROTECTION OF GLOBAL

COMMONS

OPPORTUNITY

The average Carbon Dioxide Emissions (CO2)

emissions per capita of OIC countries was

estimated at 2.7 metric tonnes, which was

lower than the world average (4.6) and

averages of both non-OIC developing

countries (4.0) as well as developed countries

(10.5) in 2015.

2.0

3.9

2.4

12.5

2.7

4.6 4.0

10.5


CO2 per Capita, Metric Tonnes

2000 2015


40

Official Development Assistance (ODA) with the grant

element of at least 25% is the source of aid with the

main goal of promoting wellbeing of the people and

economic development of the recipient countries.

Group of individual OIC countries benefited from

around US$ 55.8 billion influx of ODA in 2016.

Between 1990 and 2016, OIC countries received

approximately 49.3% of the total bilateral ODA.

ODA is significant source of finance and instrument for

development in OIC countries. Many studies proved ODA as an

effective tool in poverty alleviation as well as for assisting

developing countries to achieve higher results in public

education and health sectors.

49.2 percent

of the total ODA

disbursements was allocated

to OIC countries during

1990-2016

OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT

ASSISTANCE

OPPORTUNITY

In per capita terms, ODA disbursements to OIC countries was US$ 32.5, which

was higher compared to the non-OIC developing countries US$ 10.9, and the

world US$ 17.0.

27

.3

16

.1

12

.0

37

.9

27

.2 3

2.5

12

.4

10

.6

7.7

16

.5

16

.1

17

.0

7.3

8.7

6.1

8.7

11

.9

10

.9

26

.0

7.9

34

.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2016

ODA per Capita, Current US$



41

NATIONAL

FEATURE FILMS OPPORTUNITY

The support given to national and regional film industries

will enrich the cultural diversity of cinema production. This

will also help to overcome the geographical divide between

big players and small domestic markets.

18.4 Percent

Share in

global films produced

in 2015

Based on the last year available data from the period 1997 and 2015, a total of 1,839

feature films were produced in 33 OIC countries. This constituted 18.4% of the global

film production while the shares of developed and non-OIC developing countries in the

world were 41.6% and 39.8%, respectively.

National cinema is part of an international marketplace,

characterised by a cross-border flow of talent and a global

circuit of festivals and awards. Promisingly, the national

film industries in OIC countries are getting stronger

compared to one decade ago. Producing nearly 1,000

feature films, Nollywood of Nigeria was not only the

leading film producer within OIC region but also ranked

second in the world following Bollywood of India.

1,839

4,156 3,977

OIC Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

Number of National Feature

Films Produced, 2015*

137

86 85 80

Nigeria

(2011)

Turkey

(2015)

Indonesia

(2012)

Iran

(2015)

Malaysia

(2015)

Top 5 OIC Countries with

Highest Number of Films

Produced* 997

* Last year available data from 1997 and 2015


42

PARTICIPATION

FINANCE OPPORTUNITY

Participation finance is emerging as an alternative source of finance in

addressing major development challenges faced by many OIC countries.

Yet, greater convergence as well as harmonisation of regulatory

standards among OIC countries is needed to improve long-term growth

prospects of the industry.

259 percent

Increase in the size of

participation finance

since 2007

Despite the recent adverse developments in the global financial system, the growth of

the industry remains uninterrupted and strong. OIC countries with their predominant

share in global participation finance industry assets, continue to be major epicentres of

growth.

Participation finance, mostly referred to as Islamic or

interest-free finance, is a system whereby the financial

institutions offer financial services based on the principle

of shared risk and reward. The value of global assets of

participatory finance industry more than tripled from US$

639 billion in 2007 to US$ 2,293 billion in 2016.

639 822

1,036 1,139

1,357

1,631 1,813

1,981 2,143

2,293

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Size of Global Islamic Financial Assets

(in Billion US$, 2007-2016)


43

TH

RE

AT

S

T H R E AT PUBLIC EXPENDITURE

ON EDUCATION

Setting sound priorities while allocating public resources is highly critical for promoting equitable economic growth and welfare. Governments need to focus more on policies that will promote human capital formation for achieving knowledge-based economies.

3.9 percent

Share of GDP allocated

to public expenditure

on education*

At the individual country

level, only 13 OIC

countries allocated

higher spending to public

education than the world

average.

On average, government spending on education

accounted for 3.9% of GDP in OIC countries while the

averages of the world and non-OIC developing

countries were 4.9% and 4.8%, respectively.

3.9%

4.9% 4.8% 5.0%

OIC World Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

*Latest year available between 2000-2016

Public Expenditure on Education 2016*, % of GDP

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

Public Expenditure on Education* in OIC Countries, % of GDP



44

Today, 64.3% of the global R&D expenditures was spent by

developed countries, of which 26.7% by the USA, 17% by

the EU, and 9% by Japan.

OIC countries accounted for only 3.7% of the world total

Gross Domestic Expenditures on R&D (GERD), or 10.4%

of the total GERD of developing countries.

Low GERD indicates inadequate levels of scientific research and

academic activity in OIC countries, which necessitates more

investment and cooperation in R&D and higher education.

3.7 Percent

share in

world total GERD*

For OIC countries with

available data, the average

R&D expenditures per

capita are calculated as

around US$ 55.4, which is

well below the average of

the world, US$ 285, and of

the developing countries,

US$ 140.

T H R E AT R&D FUNDING 5

5.4

28

5.3

13

9.6

1,1

80

.0 1,8

28

.4

1,7

03

.9

1,5

64

.4

1,5

62

.9

1,5

35

.5

63

9.2

60

5.7

41

4.3

34

4.3

23

1.5

19

7.8

98

.5

87

.5

78

.9

72

.4

54

.8

46

.2

45

.8

43

.8

42

.3

39

.1

27

.1

21

.6

13

.6

12

.6

12

.3

11

.5

10

.6

9.3

8.8

8.5

7.3

7.2

5.7

4.2

4.0

3.8

3.1

2.6

2.0

OIC

Worl

d

Non-O

IC D

ev

Dev

eloped

Sin

gap

ore

(2014)

Sw

itze

rlan

d (

2012)

Sw

eden

(2015)

US

A (

2015)

Aust

ria

(2015)

Qat

ar (

2012)

UA

E (

2015)

Sau

di A

rabia

(2013)

Mal

aysi

a (2

015)

Kuw

ait

(2013)

Turk

ey (

2014)

Om

an (

2015)

Gab

on (

2009)

Egypt

(2015)

Tunis

ia (

2015)

Iran

(2012)

Moro

cco (

2010)

Bah

rain

(2014)

Jord

an (

2008)

Kaz

akhst

an (

2015)

Aze

rbai

jan (

2015)

Bru

nei

(2004)

Pal

esti

ne

(2013)

Uzb

ekis

tan (

2015)

Alb

ania

(2008)

Pak

ista

n (

2015)

Sen

egal

(2010)

Mal

i (2

010)

Nig

eria

(2007)

Sudan

(2005)

Indones

ia (

2013)

Ugan

da

(2010)

Alg

eria

(2005)

Iraq

(2015)

Kyrg

yzs

tan (

2015)

Moza

mbiq

ue

(2015)

Togo (

2014)

Taj

ikis

tan (

2015)

Burk

ina

Fas

o (

2009)

Gam

bia

(2011)

GERD per Capita (Current PPP US$) for Selected Countries*

* Last year available between 2004-2015

USA

26.7%

China

21.7%

EU

(Developed)

17.0%

Other

Developed

11.6%

Other Non-

OIC

Developing

10.3%

Japan

9.0%

OIC

3.7%

GERD* (% of World)


45

.

7.4 percent

Unemployment rate in

2015

T H R E AT UNEMPLOYMENT

A higher unemployment rate indicates the existence of

systematic problems in the labour market. Over the period

observed, both total and youth unemployment rate in OIC

countries as a group was above the world and non-OIC

countries averages. As of 2015, total unemployment rate of

OIC countries was measured at 7.4%, which was higher

compared to the averages of non-OIC developing countries

(4.9%), the world (5.7%) and developed countries (6.7%).

Increasing unemployment rates, especially among the youth, is a

threat that should be dealt through adoption and

implementation of effective labour policies towards job creation.

The OIC average youth unemployment rate decreased from 16.3% in 2000 to

16.2% in 2015, which was above the averages of developed countries (14.1%),

the world (12.7%) and significantly higher than non-OIC developing countries

(11.1%).

7.8% 9.1%

7.8% 7.4% 7.5%

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020f

Unemployment Rate,

Ages 15+

OIC

World

Non-OIC Developing

Developed16.3%

19.2%

16.0% 16.2% 16.3%

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020f

Youth Unemployment

Rate, Ages 15-24


46

Though it has been adopted in 1990, the Framework

Agreement on Trade Preference System (TPS-OIC)

entered into force in 2002. As of November 2017, it has

been signed by 40 members and ratified by only 30

members.

Adopted in 2005, the Protocol on the Preferential Tariff

Scheme (PRETAS) entered into force in 2010. So far, it

has been signed by 33 members and ratified by only 17

members.

The slow pace of ratification of the Trade Preferential System

(TPS-OIC) and the associated trade agreements by the member

countries during the last two decades is a clear indication of the

lack of political will, which is necessary for any economic

cooperation and integration scheme.

Only 30 of the OIC countries ratified

the Framework Agreement

on Trade Preferential

System

T H R E AT ECONOMIC COOPERATION

AND INTEGRATION

Adopted in 2007, the TPS-OIC Rules of Origin entered into force in 2011. So far, it has

been signed by 32 member and ratified by only 17 members.

40

30

33 32

17

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

TPS-OIC Agreements, Number of Countries with Signatures

and Ratifications

TPS-OIC Signature TPS-OIC Ratification PRETAS Signature

PRETAS Ratification Rules of Origin Signature Rules of Origin Ratification


47

Increasing trade deficit in agricultural and food products implies

more dependence on imports and aid for feeding the increasing

population. Well-devised strategies for increasing productivity in

the agricultural sector are urgently needed.

Trade deficit

in agricultural and

food products

QUADRUPLED since

2000

-120

-100

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

US

$ B

illi

on

s

Trade Balance of OIC Countries

in Agricultural and Food Products

Agriculture Trade Balance

Food Trade Balance

The trade deficit in agricultural products in general and

food products in particular has increased rapidly over the

past decade and, despite a short-lived improvement during

the global financial and economic crisis, it is still growing.

Trade deficit in both agricultural and food products has

more than quadrupled from their levels around US$ 23

billion in 2000 to more than US$ 91 billion and US$ 101

billion respectively in 2013.

T H R E AT TRADE DEFICIT IN AGRICULTURAL

AND FOOD PRODUCTS


48

A significant portion of OIC population is suffering from

undernourishment whereas nearly half of OIC countries are

unable to produce sufficient food to meet their domestic demands.

This necessitates long-term programmes to address major

constraints and challenges facing agricultural development and,

thus, food security in these countries.

28 Low income food deficit

countries in

2015

194 million

Undernourished people in

2015

11.8% 12.5% 12.9%

Prevalence of Undernourishment (% of

Population), 2015

OIC World Non-OIC Developing

In 2015, there were around 194

million undernourished people

in the OIC countries,

corresponding to 11.8% of their

total population. OIC countries

accounted for over 26.5% of the

total undernourished people in

the world.

The situation remained critical in 28 OIC countries which are ranked among 56 low

income food deficit countries (LIFDCs) in the world.

T H R E AT FOOD INSECURITY


49

The shortage of water resources and inefficient

irrigation systems constitutes a serious challenge and

threat for OIC countries, particularly to those which are

located in the driest regions of the world.

Over the last two decades, the average per capita total

renewable water resources in OIC countries decreased

to 4,209 m3 which was significantly lower than the

world average of 7,453 m3.

Adoption of long-term programmes to cope with water scarcity as

well as prudent water management policies to promote investment

in water-saving irrigation systems are urgently needed.

61.7 percent

decrease in per capita

renewable water

resources

6,124

9,319 10,059 10,402

4,209

7,454 8,243

9,389

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

OIC World Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

Total Renewable Water Resources, m3 per capita

1993-1997 2013-2017

T H R E AT WATER RESOURCES


50

The total forest area of OIC countries was estimated

3.91 and 3.64 million kilometer square for the years

2005 and 2015, respectively. The share of forest area

owned by OIC countries corresponds to 9.7% and

9.1% of the world total for respective years.

On the other hand, the share of forest resources in in

total land area was estimated at 12.3% and 11.4% for

the years 2005 and 2015, respectively, which are

remarkably lower than the world averages.

Forest resources have significant importance from both ecological

and economic point of view. Already limited available forest

resources of the OIC countries call for action and necessary

precautions should be taken to prevent deforestation.

6.9 percent

of the forest area has

been lost since 2005

3.91 3.64

40.24 39.83

26.64 26.45

9.69 9.74

9.7% 9.1%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2005 2015

Mil

lio

n S

q K

m

Forest Area OIC World


12.3%

31.0%

39.6%

31.6%

11.4%

30.7%

39.3%

31.8%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

OIC World Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

Forest Area as % of

Land Area

2005

2015

T H R E AT DEFORESTATION A MAJOR

CONCERN


51

In 2015, the average percentages

of population without access to

improved drinking water

resources and sanitation facilities

in OIC countries were 16.7% and

38.7%, respectively, which are

both above the world averages.

A significant portion of the OIC population lacks access to

improved water resources and sanitation facilities, which are

essential for dignified lives and healthy resources.

666 million

people with no access to

improved sanitation

facilities in

2015

286 million

people with no access to

improved water

resources in

2015

16.7%

9.4% 8.8% 0.4% 0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%


Percentage of Population without Access to Improved

Drinking Water Resources, 2015 or LYA

38.7%

32.8%

37.9%

0.4% 0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%


Percentage of Population without Access to Improved

Sanitation Facilities, 2015 or LYA

T H R E AT DRINKING WATER RESOURCES

AND SANITATION FACILITIES


52

Health financing is a critical component of health

care systems and share of resources for health

shows not only the importance of health in the

national development agenda but also explains the

status of health equity, transparency and

accountability.

Heavy reliance on out of pocket health spending has serious

social and economic implications, especially for the low

income and poor people.

4.5 percent

of GDP spent on health in

2015

T H R E AT HEALTH FINANCING

In 2015, total expenditures of OIC countries on health accounted for only 4.5% of

their GDP compared to 9.8% in the world and 5.6% in non-OIC developing

countries. Due to low coverage of social security and public/private health

insurance schemes, out of pocket health spending remained the major source of

health financing in OIC countries with a share of 38.8% of total health

expenditures. For 20 OIC countries, out-of-pocket health spending accounted for

more than 50% of the total health expenditures in 2015.

4.5%

9.8%

5.6%

12.8%

OIC World Non-OIC developing Developed

Expenditure on Health,% of GDP, 2015


53

The number of physicians and nurses/midwives per

10,000 population in the OIC Countries were only 8.2

and 16.6, respectively, compared to the world averages

of 14.9 physicians and 32.4 nurses/midwives.

Among the regions of OIC, situation remained more

critical in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa where

number of health workers per 10,000 population was

recorded at 10.1 and 14.7, respectively.

Insufficient health workforce in OIC countries indicates low levels

of healthcare capacity and services, a threat which necessitates

encouraging development of more skilled human capital in the

fields of medicine and healthcare.

24.8 health workers

per 10,000

population*

T H R E AT HEALTH WORKFORCE

Based on the WHO’s threshold of 23 health workforce (total of physicians and

nurses/midwives) per 10,000 population, 29 OIC countries are currently facing a

health workforce crisis.

8.2 14.9 13.9 30.3 16.6

32.4 23.9

95.9

OIC World Non-OIC

Developing

Developed

Health Workforce* per 10,000 Population Nurses and midwives (per 10,000 people) Physicians (per 10,000 people)

Health Workforce Threshold (23 per 10,000 people)



54

ACRONYMS/ ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviation Long Title

EAP East Asia and Pacific

ECA Europe and Central Asia

DTP Diphtheria, Tetanus and Pertussis

EDS External Debt Stock

EU European Union

FCTC Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GERD Gross Domestic Expenditures on R&D

LAC Latin America and Caribbean

LFPR Labour Force Participation Rate

LIFDC Low Income Food Deficit Countries

MENA Middle East and North Africa

OIC Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

PPP Purchasing Power Parity

R&D Research and Development

SA South Asia

SSA Sub-Saharan Africa

TRWR Total Renewable Water Resources

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization

US$ United States Dollar

WHO World Health Organisation


55

REFERENCES & SOURCES

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre, (CDIAC)

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/tre_coun.html

Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, AQUASTAT,

http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/data/query/index.html

Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, FAOSTAT,

http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL

Global Islamic Finance Report, 2017, http://www.gifr.net/gifr_2017.htm

International Labour Organization (ILO), ILOSTAT,

http://www.ilo.org/ilostat/

International Trade Centre (ITC), Trade Map,

http://www.trademap.org/Index.aspx

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),

Query Wizard for International Development Statistics (QWIDS),

https://stats.oecd.org/qwids

Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the

Organization of the Islamic Cooperation (COMCEC), Member States that

Signed / Ratified the TPS-OIC Agreements, http://www.comcec.org/en/wp-

content/uploads/2016/12/LoS.pdf

U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA),

https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/

United Nations Commodity Trade (UNCOMTRADE) Statistics,

https://comtrade.un.org/data/


56

REFERENCES & SOURCES

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

Statistics, http://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/Index.html

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population

Division, World Population Prospects 2017 Revision,

https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/

United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

(UNESCO), Institute for Statistics (UIS), http://data.uis.unesco.org/

United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

(UNESCO), Intangible Cultural Heritage,

http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/lists?type=00005#tabs

World Bank, Doing Business, http://www.doingbusiness.org/Custom-

Query

World Bank, World Development Indicators (WDI),

http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=world-

development-indicators

World Health Organisation (WHO), Global Health Expenditures Database,

http://apps.who.int/nha/database/ViewData/Indicators/en

World Health Organisation (WHO), Global Health Observatory,

http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.imr

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Intellectual Property

(IP) Statistics Data Centre, http://ipstats.wipo.int/ipstatv2/index.htm

World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO), Compendium of Tourism

Statistics (CD-ROM Version), 2017 December


57

PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES OF OIC MEMBER COUNTRIES

SWOT OUTLOOK 2018

developmentcooperation

analyses

Outlook health

Opportunities

integration

agriculture

perspective

Weaknesses

technology

Strengths

education

reflectsThreats finance

levels

SESRIC

trade

maternal/new-born/child

countermeasures

competitiveness

aforementioned

understan

dable

socio-economic

transportation

communication

participation

disadvantages

opportunities

urbanisation

unemployment

difficulties

articulating

restrictions

impedim

ents

information

methodology

explanatory

encouraging

penetration

weaknesses

prioritize

sanitation

developing

particular

activities

advantages

strategies

prevalence

investment

advantage

providing

enhancing

portrayed

reference

achievin

g

including

minimized

structure

published

groupings

strengths

Including

situation

financing

developed

transport

formulateworkforce

imbalance

concerted

publishes

followed

on-focus

utilised

analysed

security

external

observed

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STATISTICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCH

AND TRAINING CENTRE FOR ISLAMIC COUNTRIES

STATISTICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RESEARCHAND TRAINING CENTRE FOR ISLAMIC COUNTRIES

Kudüs Cad. No:9 Diplomatik Site 06450 ORAN-Ankara, TurkeyTel: (90-312) 468 61 72-76 Fax: (90-312) 468 57 26

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prospects and challenges of oic member countries swot … · turkmenistan 3.8% strength natural gas...

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