props presentation
TRANSCRIPT
The Influence of Gender Differences
on Expectations and Memory for Social
Feedback
Jazmine Vega, Jessica I. Lake, Naomi Eisenberger, Gregory A. Miller, Cindy Yee-Bradbury
Background What has previous literature suggested?
1
1. Background
• Females have greater acute change in cortisol levels in response to social rejection, than males.
(Galli et al., 2011)
• Females have stronger brain activation in anticipation of social rewards, than males.
(Stroud et al., 2002)
• Females have better recall for emotional events when anticipating the event will happen, than males.
(Spreckelmeyer et al., 2009)
“ In order to extend on previous research,
our current experiment wanted to specifically focus on the mechanism
driving this underlying gender difference in response to social feedback.
Anticipation of
Personalized
Social Feedback
Reception of
Personalized
Social Feedback
Anticipation of
Personalized
Social Feedback
Reception of
Personalized
Social Feedback
Anticipation of
Personalized
Social Feedback
Memory of Person
Giving Feedback
Affective
Response to
Feedback
Reception of
Personalized
Social Feedback
Anticipation of
Personalized
Feedback
Memory for
Person Giving
Feedback
Affective
Response to
Feedback
How does this
differ among men
and women?
What we expect
• Females will generally report feeling worse after rejected and better after accepted, than males.
• Females will generally have better memory for
people that rejected (and anticipated would reject) them than accepted (and anticipated would accept) them, than males.
• Males will show no memory bias or affective
response to anticipation and reception of social feedback.
Methods How did we test our research hypotheses?
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2. Methods
Participants • n = 37 • 24 Females • 18-31 years old • UCLA Undergrads • SONA System *Participants with overall memory performance <60% were excluded.
Design • 2 x 2 x 2 Mixed-groups ANOVA
design
• Cue Type (Likely to Accept, Likely to Reject) x Feedback Type (Acceptance, Rejection) x Gender of Participant (Female, Male)
• Interested in Memory and Self-Reported Feelings
2. Methods: Procedure
Day 1: • Filled out profile and had picture taken
• Told that other students at collaborating universities
would decide whether or not they would want them on their team for a cooperative computer game
• Told they would receive the feedback of students who
rated them on their next visit
• Rated the profiles of other “study participants”
2. Methods: Procedure
Day 2: Phase 1
2. Methods: Procedure
Day 2: Phase 2
• Participants viewed photos of individuals they
have previously seen and individuals they have never seen before.
• Participants completed this task at their own
pace, but were asked to respond quickly and accurately.
Participants were asked to decide if the pictured individual is:
Definitely Old - Possibly Old - Possibly New - Definitely New
Results What did we find?
3
3. Results: Self-Reported Feelings
Feedback Type x Cue Type,
p < .001
Feedback Type x Gender,
p < .05
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Acceptance Cue Rejection Cue
Acceptance
Rejection*
Self
-rep
ort
ed
Feelin
gs
Cue Type
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Female Male
Acceptance
Rejection
Gender of Participant
Self
-rep
ort
ed
Feelin
gs
*
3. Results: Memory
Feedback Type x Cue Type Feedback Type x Gender, p < .05
Gender of Participant
0
20
40
60
80
100
Acceptance Cue Rejection Cue
AcceptanceRejection
Fac
es
Re
me
mb
ere
d (
%)
Cue Type
0
20
40
60
80
100
Female Male
AcceptanceRejection
Fac
es
Re
me
mb
ere
d (
%)
*
Discussion What is important?
4
Reception of
Personalized
Social Feedback
Anticipation of
Personalized
Feedback
Memory for
Person Giving
Feedback
Affective
Response to
Feedback
Females are
reporting being
more sensitive to
social feedback
than males are.
Reception of
Personalized
Social Feedback
Anticipation of
Personalized
Feedback
Memory for
Person Giving
Feedback
Affective
Response to
Feedback
But males
actually
remember faces
that rejected
them more than
accepted them,
than females.
Reception of
Personalized
Social Feedback
Anticipation of
Personalized
Feedback
Memory for
Person Giving
Feedback
Affective
Response to
Feedback
????
“ • This discrepancy may comment on the way males and
females cope with social feedback.
• Males may not be aware with how they feel in response to rejection and do not confront their emotions, and so end up remembering rejection more than females do.
• Females, on the other hand, are possibly choosing to confront their emotions and this allows them to move on.
Limitations and Future Directions
What should future research consider?
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5. Limitations
• Self-report
• Participant fatigue
• Manipulation of Personalized Feedback
• Imbalance of female and male participants
5. Future Directions
• Explore gender of pictured individuals
• Explore dissociation between self-report and memory
• Strengthen personalized social feedback manipulation
References
1. Galli et. al (2011). Sex differences in the use of anticipatory brain activity to encode emotional
events. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(34),12364-12370.
2. Stroud, R. et. al (2002). Sex differences in stress responses: social rejection versus
achievement stress. Society of Biological Psychology, 52, 318-327.
3. Spreckelmeyer, N. et. al (2009). Anticipation of monetary and social reward differentially
activates mesolimbic brain structures in men and women. Social Cognitive and Affective
Neuroscience, 4(2), 158-165.
Any Questions?