proposed amendments to the ishwati emoyeni wind …or conclusions drawn from or based on this report...

PROPOSED AMENDMENTS TO THE ISHWATI EMOYENI WIND ENERGY FACILITY (WEF) OF SPECIAL ENERGY

PROJECT (PTY) LTD, A SUBSIDIARY OF WINDLAB SYSTEMS (PTY) LTD

TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY

15 July 2019

Ishwati Emoyeni WEF

Ekotrust CC - 2019

Contents

EXECUTIVESUMMARY....................................................................................................................i

SPECIALISTSDECLARATION...........................................................................................................iiI

TERMSOFREFERENCE..................................................................................................................iv

LIMITATIONS,ASSUMPTIONS&UNCERTAINTIES.........................................................................v

1.INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................1

2.VEGETATION..............................................................................................................................3

3.FLORA:CHECKLISTSANDREDLISTEDAND/ORPROTECTEDSPECIES.........................................8

4.FAUNA......................................................................................................................................12

5.SPATIALCOMPONENT..............................................................................................................16

6.EIAREGULATIONS....................................................................................................................20

7.ASSESSMENTOFSIGNIFICANCEOFENVIRONMENTALIMPACTSANDIDENTIFICATIONOF

MANAGEMENTACTIONS..............................................................................................................21

8.IMPACTTABLES........................................................................................................................41

9.CONCLUDINGREMARKS...........................................................................................................57

REFERENCESANDBIBILIOGRAPHY...............................................................................................64

APPENDIXA:SPECIESLISTPERHABITATTYPE.............................................................................68

AppendixB:PLANTSPECIESCHECKLISTS.....................................................................................71

APPENDIXC:ANIMALSPECIESCHECKLISTSFOR3123DEGREEGRID..........................................79

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List of figures

Figure1:SchematicrepresentationoftherelationshipbetweenthevariousIUCNRedListCategories...............9

Figure 2:Map indicatingCritical BiodiversityAreas (CBAs), Ecological SupportAreas (ESAs) andOtherNaturalAreas

(ONAs)inthevicinityoftheIshwatiEmoyeniWEFaccordingtotheWesternCapeBiodiversitySpatialPlanfor

BeaufortWest(2017).*=turbinelocation............................................................................................18

Figure3:SensitivitymapcompiledbyTodd&Skowno(2014)withamendedlayoutofturbines.......................19

Figure4:Guidetoassessingimpactsignificanceasaresultofseverity(consequence)andprobability..............23

List of tables

Table1:Summaryofthedirectandindirectimpactsandtheirattributesduringtheconstructionphase..........46

Table2:Summaryofthedirectandindirectimpactsandtheirattributesduringtheoperationalphase...........51

Table3:Summaryofthedirectandindirectimpactsandtheirattributesduringthedecommissioningphase..53

Table4:Summaryofthecumulativeimpactsandtheirattributes.......................................................................55

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

TheaimsofthisinvestigationweretodeterminewhethertheimpactsassessedintheoriginalTerrestrialEcologyreport

byTodd&Skowno(2014)arestillvalidundertheamendedspecificationsfortheproposedIshwatiEmoyeniWEF.The

proposedamendmentinvolvesareductioninthenumberofturbinesfrom65to45,butwillentailanincreaseinthe

size of the turbines and associated infrastructure. Therefore, although fewer wind turbines are proposed for the

amended development, the footprint of the turbines and accompanying infrastructure will be larger than for the

previousproposal.AccordingtothespecificationsoftheEvironmentalAuthorization(EA)in2015,theextentofhabitat

lossduetothephysicalfootprintoftheturbinesandassociatedinfrastructurewascalculatedasapproximately13ha

(Todd & Skowno 2014), whereas the wind turbines and associated infrastructure will cover approximately 53 ha

according to the amended layout. If the concrete turbine foundations are part of the hardstanding areas the

correspondingsizeswouldbe10hafortheoriginallayoutand47hafortheamendment.Theamendmenttherefore

constitutesanapproximatelyfive-foldincreaseinsizeofthefootprintoftheturbinesandassociatedinfrastructure.The

layoutoftheaccessroadswasnotprovidedforthecurrentevaluationoftheimpactoftheamendmentandtherefore

nosizeestimatecanbeprovided.

DuringthesitevisitconductedinMarch2019itwasfoundthatthehabitattypesdistinguishedbyTodd&Skowno(2014)

onsitecouldbeclearlyidentified.Thedescriptionofthehabitattypes,andconsequentlythehabitatmap,intheoriginal

reportofTodd&Skowno(2014)arethereforestillrelevanttotheamendedlayout.Thesensitivitymapisbasedonthe

habitattypesandwethereforeacceptthesensitivitymapasbeingrepresentativeofthesensitivityratingonsite.Noturbines were placed in ‘Very High’ or ‘High’ sensitivity zones, neither were any turbines placed in a CriticalBiodiversityArea(CBA)orEcologicalSupportArea(ESA).Theon-siteroadstoaccesstheturbineswillhoweverhavetocrosssome‘High’sensitivityzones(ESAs)andmitigationmeasuresneedtobestrictlyappliedinthesecases.Nodetailwasprovidedforthisassessmentastowhethertheaccessrouteonpublicroadswouldrequireanywideningof

theexistingroads.

For the current assessmentof the significanceof the impacts themethodology asprescribedby theEnvironmental

AssessmentPractitioner (AppliedScienceAssociates)wasfollowed.Adirectcomparisoncouldnotbemadewithdie

significanceoftheimpactsintheoriginalreport(Todd&Skowno2019)sincethemethodologyfollowedtoderivethe

significancewasnotidenticalinbothcases.Furthermore,theprescribedmethodologyrequiredaseparationofthedirect

impactsfromtheindirectimpacts,whichwasnotdoneintheoriginalEcologicalReport(Todd&Skowno2014).Inmany

cases therefore, the impacts mentioned in this re-assessment, were circumscribed somewhat differently from the

originalreporttoallowfortheseparationbetweendirectandindirectimpacts.Inthecurrentreport,thesectiononthe

impacts integratedallapplicable impacts listedwithintheoriginalEcologicalReport (Todd&Skowno2014)withthe

potential impacts due to the amendment. Likewise the mitigation measures mentioned in the original report are

integratedwiththoseidentifiedinthecurrentassessmentoftheamendment.

Onlythreenewimpactswereidentifiedduetotheenlargedfootprintoftheamendment.Overall,thesignificanceofthe

impacts(bothoriginalandnewlyidentified)wasscoredaslow,providedthatthemitigationmeasuresaremeticulously

applied (see summary Table A below). Increased water run-off and erosion were identified as impacts that could

potentiallyhaveahighimpactifmitigationmeasuresarenotapplied.

Overall,theroadswillhavethelargestnegativeimpactonthesite.Unfortunately,theamendedroadlayoutwasnot

providedandadetailedassessmentcouldnotbemade.

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TableA:Summaryofimpactsduringtheconstruction,operationalanddecommissioningphasesaswellascumulative

impactsbeforeandaftermitigation.Impactsascribedtotheicreasedfootprintduetotheamendmentandinbold

Impact SignificanceBeforemitigation Aftermitigation

CONSTRUCTIONPHASE

A.Directimpacts1.Lossofnaturalvegetation Moderateforentirearea

assessed,howeverHighfordirectfootprint

Lowforentireareaassessed,

howeverModeratefordirectfootprint

2.LossofSpeciesofConservationConcern(SCC) Low Low

3.Lossoffaunalhabitat Moderate Low4.Directfaunalimpact Moderate–low Low

5.Increaseddustdeposition Moderate Low6.Increasednoiseandlightlevels Moderate Low

B.Indirectimpacts

1.Establishmentofalienvegetation Low Verylow

2.Changedanimalbehaviour Moderate Low

3.Changedplantcommunitystructure Low Verylow4.Increasedwaterrun-offanderosion High Moderate

OPERATIONALPHASE

A.Directimpacts 1.Directfaunalimpact Low Low

2.Increasednoiseandchangedanimalbehaviour Low Low

B.Indirectimpacts

1.Establishmentofalienvegetation Low Verylow2.Increasedwaterrun-offanderosion Moderate Low

3.Lossoflandscapeconnectivityanddisruptionofbroad-scaleecological

processes

Low Low

DECOMMISSIONINGPHASE A.Directimpacts

1.Directfaunalmortalitiesandchangedanimalbehaviour Low Verylow

2.Increasedustdeposition Low Verylow

B.Indirectimpacts 1.Establishmentofalienvegetation Low Low

2.Increasedwaterrun-offanderosion Low Low

CUMULATIVEIMPACTS

1.Lossofvegetation,SCCandhabitatdestruction Moderate Low2.Dissectionofmountainplateauhabitat Low Low

3.CompromisingCBAs,ESAs Moderate Low

4.Reducedabilitytomeetconservationtargets Moderate Moderate

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SPECIALIST DECLARATION We,NoelvanRooyenandGretelvanRooyen,astheappointedindependentspecialists,herebydeclarethatwe:

§ actasindependentspecialistsinthisapplication;

§ performtheworkrelatingtotheapplicationinanobjectivemanner,evenifthisresultsinviewsandfindingsthat

arenotfavourabletotheapplicant;

§ regardtheinformationcontainedinthisreport,asitrelatestoourspecialistinput/study,tobetrueandcorrect;§ donothaveandwillnothaveanyfinancialinterestintheundertakingoftheactivity,otherthanremunerationfor

workperformedintermsoftheNEMA,theEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentRegulations2014,andamendments2017,andanyspecificenvironmentalmanagementact;

§ declarethattherearenocircumstancesthatmaycompromiseourobjectivityinperformingsuchwork;

§ have expertise in conducting the specialist report relevant to this application, including knowledge of the Act,

Regulationsandanyguidelinesthathaverelevancetotheproposedactivity;

§ willcomplywiththeAct,Regulationsandallotherapplicablelegislation;

§ haveno,andwillnotengagein,conflictinginterestsintheundertakingoftheactivity;

§ havenovestedinterestintheproposedactivityproceeding;

§ undertaketodisclosetotheapplicantandthecompetentauthorityallmaterialinformationinourpossessionthat

reasonablyhasormayhavethepotentialofinfluencinganydecisiontobetakenwithrespecttotheapplicationby

thecompetentauthority;ortheobjectivityofanyreport,planordocumenttobepreparedbyusforsubmissionto

thecompetentauthority;and

§ realisethatafalsedeclarationisanoffenceintermsofregulation48andispunishableintermsofsection24Fof

theAct.

Indemnityandconditionsrelatingtothisreport:Theobservations,findings,recommendationsandconclusionsprovidedinthecurrentreportarebasedonthecompilers’

bestscientificandprofessionalknowledgeandotheravailableinformation.Ifnewinformationshouldbecomeavailable

Ekotrustccreservestherighttomodifyaspectsofthereport.Thisreport(hardcopyand/orelectronic)mustnotbe

amendedorextendedwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentoftheauthor.Furthermore,anyrecommendations,statements

or conclusions drawn fromor based on this reportmustmake reference to the report. If these recommendations,

statementsorconclusionsformpartofamainreportrelatingtothecurrentinvestigation,thisreportmustbeincluded

initsentirety(asanAppendix).

Although Ekotrust cc has exercised due care in preparing this report, it accepts no liability, and by receiving this

document,theclientindemnifiesEkotrustccagainstallactions,claims,demands,losses,liabilities,costs,damagesand

expenses arising fromor in connectionwith services rendered, andby theuseof the information contained in this

document.

Signatureofspecialists: Nameofspecialist: DrNvanRooyen Prof.MWvanRooyenDate: 12June2019 12June2019

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Terms of Reference

EvaluatetheimpactsoftheproposedamendmentoftheIshwatiEmoyeniWEFontheterrestrialecologyandcomment

ontheapplicabilityoftheoriginalTerrestrial(Fauna&Flora)EcologicalImpactAssessmentReport(excludingavifauna

andbats)conductedbyTodd&Skowno(2014)totheproposedamendment.Thestudyentailed:

• Asitevisittobecomefamiliarwiththesiteandreceivingenvironment;

• DeterminewhethertheimpactsassessedintheoriginalTerrestrialEcologyreportbyTodd&Skowno(2014)

arestillvalidundertheamendedspecificationsforthedevelopment;

• Shouldchangesinimpactsbethoughtlikely,thechangesduetotheproposedamendmentwillbepresented

andhighlighted.

• Shouldadditionalimpactsbeconsideredlikelyduetotheproposedamendment,thesewillbeindicatedand

mitigationmeasuresproposed.

• Theadvantagesordisadvantagesassociatedwiththeproposedchangeswillbehighlighted.

• Maps indicatingtheCriticalBiodiversityAreasandProtectedAreasExpansionStrategy intheWesternCape

havechangedsincetheoriginalreport.Thechangedmappingwillbeincludedfortheamendment.

• Althoughtheoriginalreportmentionsspecieschecklistsofplantsandanimals,theselistswerenotavailable.

ToevaluatetheimpactoftheamendmentontheSpeciesofConservationConcern(SCC),thecurrentreport

includeschecklistsofplantsandanimalsthatcouldoccuronsite.Thesechecklists indicatetheIUCNredlist

status,ToPScategory,CITESclassification,andprotectedorspeciallyprotectedstatusaccordingtotheWestern

CapeNatureandEnvironmentalConservationOrdinance(No.19of1974),asamendedintheWesternCape

NatureConservationLawsActof2000(WCNCLA2000).

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LIMITATIONS, ASSUMPTIONS AND UNCERTAINTIES

Thefollowingassumptions,limitationsoruncertaintiesarelistedregardingtheevaluationoftheimpactsoftheproposedIshwatiEmoyeniWEFamendmentontheterrestrialecologyandtheassessmentoftheapplicabilityofthereportofTodd&Skowno(2014)totheproposedamendmentstotheIshwatiEmoyeniWEF:

• AbriefreconnaissancesitevisitwasconductedinMarch2019.Thepurposeofthesitevisitwasnottodoanin-

depth study of the vegetation and animal component, butmerely to evaluate the impact of the amended

developmentandwhethertheoriginalreportofTodd&Skowno(2014)providedafairrepresentationofthe

mostimportantecologicalfeaturesofthesite,thepotential impactsofthedevelopmentandthemitigation

measures.

• Although the report by Todd& Skowno (2014)mention lists of plants and animals found on list and from

databases,theselistscouldnotbefoundinthedocumentationprovided.Consequentlynewplantandanimal

listsweregeneratedfromdatabases,consultingtheliteratureaswellasconsultationwithlandowners.

• Theareahasbeenpoorlycollectedandthelistofplantspeciesthatcouldpotentiallyoccuronsitewastherefore

takenfromafarbroaderareathanthestudysite.

• Rareandthreatenedplantandanimalspeciesareusuallynoteasilyspottedandcaneasilybemissed.

• OnlytheturbinelayoutwaspresentedasGoogle.kmlimageforthesitevisit.Theproposedroadswerenot

indicatedatthetimeofthesitevisits.

• Cumulativeimpactsareassessedbyaddingexpectedimpactsfromtheproposedamendmenttoexistingand

proposeddevelopmentswithsimilar impacts.Accordingtotheprescribed impactassessmentmethodology,

provided by the EAP (Applied Science Associates), a 30 km radius from Ishwati Emoyeni WEF was to be

considered.Theexistingandproposeddevelopmentstobetakenintoaccountinclude:

UmsindeEmoyeniWEF REF14/12/16/3/3/2/687 Inprocess

TroubergWEF REF14/12/16/3/3/2/427 Approved

MainstreamWind&Solar REF12/12/20/1788/AM3 Approved


MainstreamWind&Solar REF12/12/20/1788 Approved

BetelgeusePVSolar REF14/12/16/3/3/2/280 Approved

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1. Introduction

EnvironmentalAuthorisation(DEAREFNo12/12/20/2351)wasobtainedin2015fortheIshwatiEmoyeniWindEnergy

FacilitynearMurraysburg in theWesternCapewithSpecialEnergyProject (Pty)Ltdtheholderof theauthorisation.

Authorisationwasgivenfor:

• upto65windturbineswithanapproximategenerationcapacityof1.8–3.3MWeachandatotalgeneration

capacityof140MW.

• concretefoundationsupto20mx20mand3mdeep;

• hardstandingareaofupto5mx5mperturbineforatransformer;

• hardstandingcranepadsofupto45mx25mperturbine;

• uptothreeadditionallaydownareasofapproximately150mx60m;

• anon-sitesubstation;

• atransformerto‘stepup’thegeneratedelectricity;

• buildinginfrastructure(operationalcontrolcentre,siteoffice,storage,ablutionwelfarefacilities);and

• roads.

The activity did however, not commence within the three years from the date of issue of the Environmental

Authorisation(2015)andanextensionoftheEAvalidityperiodwasrequestedasaresultofEskom’sdelayinfinalising

Rounds4and4.5oftheIntegratedPowerProducer(IPP)Programme.ThisdelaypreventedtheAuthorisationholder

fromsubmittingtherelevantwindenergyfacilityforconsiderationinRound5oftheIPPProgramme. In2019,thedevelopersproposethefollowingamendmentstotheproject:

• Themaximumnumberof turbineswillbereduced from65to45,withan increase inmaximumgeneration

capacityfrom1.8and3.3MWperturbine,toamaximumgenerationcapacityof6MWperturbine.

• Hubheightwillincreasefrom120mtoamaximumheightof160m,withanincreaseinrotordiameterfrom

130mtoamaximumrotordiameterof160m.

• Thetipheight,i.e.themaximumheightwhenthetipoftherotorbladeisatitshighestpointabovetheground,

willincreasefrom180mto240m.

• Thesub-stationlocationwillbeonDriefonteinfarmandnotLeeuwenfonteinaspertheEA.

• Theconcretefoundationsfortheturbinesneedtobeincreasedfrom20mx20mx3mdeepto35mx35mx

5mdeepperwindturbine.

• Forthehardstandingareas,theconcretefoundationsneedtobeincreasedfrom45mx25mto100mx70m

perturbine.

• Thethreelaydownareasneedtobeincreasedfrom150mx60mto350mx150meach.

• Transformersperhardstandingareaneedtoincreasefrom5mx5mupto7mx7mperturbine.

Although fewer wind turbines are proposed for the amended development, the footprint of the turbines and

accompanying infrastructure will be larger than for the previous proposal. According to the specifications of the

EvironmentalAuthorization(EA) in2015, theextentofhabitat lossduetothephysical footprintof theturbinesand

associatedinfrastructurewascalculatedasapproximately13ha(Todd&Skowno2014;10haifconcretefoundations

were included in the hard standing areas), whereas the wind turbines and associated infrastructure will cover

approximately53haaccordingtotheamendedlayout(47haiftheconcretefoundationsarepartoftheareacovered

bythehardstandingareas).Habitatlossduetoaccessroadswasestimatedas60habyTodd&Skowno(2014)forthe

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original layout. The layout of the access roads was not provided for the current evaluation of the impact of the

amendmentandthereforenosizeestimatecanbegiven.Sincetheareaacrosswhichtheturbinesarespreadout is

smallerintheamendedlayout,itislikelythattheroadsonsitewillcoverasmallerarea.

Intheoriginallayoutthemajorityofthewindturbineswereplacedwithinthehigh-lyinghillsandplateauxonrelatively

levelterrain.Theseareasarelessexposedtoerosion.However,someturbineswerelocatedalongtheescarpmentof

theplateauontherockydoleritesections.Intheamendedlayoutofthedevelopmenttheturbinesarestilllocatedwithin

thesamehabitattypesofTodd&Skowno(2014),althoughtheremaining45turbinesarenotnecessarilyintheexact

locationaspertheoriginallayout.

TheoriginalecologicalstudywasundertakenbyTodd&Skowno(2014)anditwasdeemednecessarytovisitthesiteto

get familiarised with the receiving environment in order to determine whether the potential impacts and their

significanceaswellastherecommendationsandmitigationmeasurespresentedintheoriginalreportarestillapplicable

totheamendedlayout.TherewerealsochangesintheNEMAEIAlegislationsince2010(NEMA2014,NEMA2017)and

changesinCriticalBiodiversityArea(CBA)mappingfortheWesternCape(WesternCapeBiodiversitySpatialPlan2017,

downloadedfrombgis.sanbi.org)thathadtobetakenintoaccounttoevaluatethesignificanceoftheimpactsofthe

proposedamendmenttotheIshwatiEmoyeniWEF.

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2. VEGETATION

2.1 Background Thesite issituatedabout21kmnorthofMurraysburg inthecentralKaroo.Thealtituderangesfrom1132minthe

lowlandsto1637mnearBasberginthenorthofthesite.TheSnyderskraalrivierdrainstheeasternpartofthesitewhile

theBrakrivierdrainsthewesternpartofthesite,alongwithnumeroussmallerdrainagelines.

ThesitefallsintheNama-KarooBiomeandmorespecificallyintheUpperKarooBioregion.Itdoesnotfallwithinany

Protected Area (NEM:PA 1998) or Centre of Endemism according to VanWyk& Smith (2001). Clarke et al. (2009)however,includedthehigh-lyingmountainseastofthesiteaspartoftheirnewlydefinedSneeubergFloristicCentreof

EndemismontheGreatEscarpment.

TheIshwatiEmoyeniWEFisnotcontainedwithinoneoftheRenewableEnergyDevelopmentZones(REDZ)(SEACSIR

2015).

2.2 Broad-scale vegetation types

AsdescribedbyTodd&Skowno(2014),threevegetationtypesofsouthernAfrica(Mucina&Rutherford2006)occuron

site:

2.2.1 EasternUpperKaroo

Thedevelopmentismostlysituatedinthisvegetationtype,whichisthelargestmappedareaofallvegetationtypesin

SouthAfrica(covering49821km2).Thehabitatconsistsofflatandgentlyslopingplains,interspersedwithhillsandrocky

areasandisdominatedbydwarfshrubs.Mudrockandsandstonearethedominantgeologicalsubstrates.Thevegetation

type is classified as 'least threatened', with about 2% of the unit transformed, although only ca. 1% is statutorilyconservedinNationalParksandnaturereserves(Mucina&Rutherford2006).Endemicplantspeciesinclude:

Aspalathusacicularissubsp.planifoliaChasmatophyllumrouxiiHertiacluytiifoliaPhymaspermumscoparium

RabieaalbinotaSalsolatetrandraSelagopersimilisSelagowalpersii

2.2.2 UpperKarooHardeveld

Thisvegetationtypecovers11734km2inSouthAfricaandischaracterisedbysteepslopesofmesas,buttsandkoppies

supportingsparse,dwarfKarooscrub.Doleritedykesandsillswithlargebouldersandstonesoftencoverthelandscape.

The vegetation type is classified as 'least threatened', with less than 1% transformed, although only about 3% is

statutorilyconserved(Mucina&Rutherford2006).Endemicplantspeciesinclude:

AdromischusfallaxAdromischushumilis

AloechloranthaAnisodonteamalvastroides

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CinerariaarctotideaCinerariapolycephalaCrassulabarbatasubsp.broomiiDelospermarobustumEuryopspetraeusGethyllislongistylaLachenaliaaurioliae

LotononisazureoidesOrnithogalumpaucifoliumsubsp.

karooparkenseSceletiumexpansumSelagomagnakarooicaStomatiumsuaveolensVellereophytonniveum

2.2.3 SouthernKarooRiviere

This vegetation type covers the rivers and other drainage lines of the central Karoo, which support thickets and

shrubland.Sincethisvegetationtypeisassociatedwithriversanddrainagelines,theareasonsiteclassifiedunderthis

vegetationtypeshouldbeconsideredassensitive.Thevegetationtypeisclassifiedas'leastthreatened',althoughonly

about1.5%isstatutorilyconserved.Some12%istransformedforcultivationandbuildingofdams(Mucina&Rutherford

2006).TheonlyendemicspeciesinthisvegetationtypeisIsolepisexpallescens.

2.3 Habitat types

On a finer scale, eight so-called ‘habitat types’ (landscapes) corresponding to areas with similar topography were

mappedbyTodd&Skowno(2014)andthesehabitatsformedthebasisfortheecologicalsensitivitymapderivedforthe

site.Thehabitattypesdonotcorrespondtoplantcommunitiesandseveralofthehabitattypescontainmorethanone

plantcommunity.DuringthesitevisitinMarch2019thesehabitattypescouldbeclearlyidentified.Thedescriptionsof

thehabitattypesintheoriginalreportofTodd&Skowno(2014)arethereforestillrelevanttotheamendedlayout.The

briefdescriptionsbelowsummarisethemainfeaturesinTodd&Skowno(2014)andareexpandedbytheobservations

madeduringtheMarch2019sitevisit.

2.3.1 MajorDrainageSystemsThese major drainage systems cover 8.6% of the area on site (mostly in the lowlands) and are a significant and

characteristicfeatureofthesite.TheMajorDrainageSystemsareclassifiedashavingaveryhighsensitivityandshould

notbedisturbed.Inaddition,Todd&Skowno(2014)mentionedthatdrainagesystemsareimportantformaintaining

theconnectivityofthelandscapeandlargerdrainagesystemsshouldalsobesufficientlybufferedtoreducedisturbance

impacts.The mapping of this habitat corresponds largely to the area mapped as Critical Biodiversity Area (CBA1)

(WesternCapeBiodiversitySpatialPlanforBeaufortWest2017).

NoturbinesareplacedwithintheMajorDrainageSystems,however,theaccessroadsmightcrossthishabitat.

AppendixAliststhemostprominentplantspeciesnotedduringtheMarch2019sitevisitperhabitat(markedbyvR).

SpeciesrecordedbyTodd&Skowno(2014)aremarkedbyT&S.Themostprominentspeciesoccurring intheMajor

DrainageSystemsinclude:Diospyroslycioides(vR;T&S)Lyciumoxycarpum(vR)

Oleaeuropeasubsp.cuspidata(T&S)

Phragmitesaustralis(vR)Searsialancea(T&S)Vachelliakarroo(vR;T&S)

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2.3.2 MinorDrainageLines

TheminordrainagelinesmappedbyTodd&Skowno(2014)cover4.9%oftheareaonsiteandrepresentthesmaller

drainagelinesspreadacrossthesite.ThehabitatwasclassifiedashavingaveryhighsensitivitybyTodd&Skowno(2014).

IntheWesternCapeBiodiversitySpatialPlanforBeaufortWest(2017)themappingoftheminordrainagelinesismore

extensiveandtheseminordrainagelineswereclassifiedasEcologicalSupportAreas(ESAs).

NoturbinesareplacedwithintheMinorDrainageLines,however,theaccessroadswillcrossthishabitat.Turbines16,39and43 lie close to theareasmappedasESAsandcaremustbe takentoavoid theESAswhenpositioning thestructuresassociatedwiththeturbines,suchasthetransformersandcranepads.

Plantspeciesoccurringinthishabitattypeinclude(seeAppendixAforamorecomprehensivelist):Asparagusspp.(vR)Atriplexvestitavar.appendiculata(T&S)Chlorisvirgata(vR)Chrysocomaciliata(vR)Diospyrosaustro-africana(vR)Diospyroslycioides(vR)Eragrostislehmanniana(vR)Feliciamuricata(vR)Lyciumspp.(vR)

Melianthuscomosus(vR)Oxalisspp.(vR)Pentziaglobosa(vR)Roeperalichtensteiniana(vR)Salsolaaphylla(T&S)Salsolarabieana(T&S)Stachysrugosa(vR)Stipagrostisnamaquensis(vR)Tribulusterrestris(vR)

2.3.3 PlainsWashesThesewashescover15.0%oftheareaonsite.Theyoccurongentlyslopingterrainonsiltysoilsandarepronetoerosion.

Plantcoveronthesewashesisgenerallylow.Thelow-lyingplainswashesaswellasthefloodplainsofthemajordrainage

systemsaresignificantinthattheseplantcommunitiesarepotentiallysuitablehabitatfortheriverinerabbitBunolagusmonticularis,which is listed asCritically Endangered.Given thehigh conservation concern surrounding this species,impactsonthehabitatforthisspeciesishighlyundesirableandthesensitivityofthehabitatwasratedashigh.

NoturbinesareplacedwithinthePlainsWashes,however,theaccessroadswillcrossthishabitat.

Plantspeciesoccurringinthishabitattypeinclude(seeAppendixAforamorecomprehensivelist):Drosanthemumlique(T&S)Lyciumcinereum(T&S)Mesembryanthemumnoctiflorumsubsp.straminea(T&S)Salsolarabieana(T&S)

2.3.4 LowlandPlains

Thishabitattypecovers7.5%oftheareaonsite.Thishabitatoccursinthewesternsectionofthesiteandwillnotbe

affectedbytheproposedwindfarmdevelopment.

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2.3.5 SteepSlopes

Thesteepslopescover16.4%oftheareaonsiteandcorrespondroughlywiththeUpperKarooHardeveldvegetation

type.Thevegetationvarieswithaspect,withdrynorth-facingslopesbeingdominatedbyperennialgrassesandwetter

south-facingslopescontainingahigherproportionofshrubsandlowtrees.Theseareasareconsideredhighlysensitive

primarilyonaccountoftheirsteepslopesandthehighriskoferosionandothersecondaryimpacts.Shelteredsouth-

facingslopesarealsousuallymoremoistthanthesurroundinglandscapeandareconsideredimportantfromaclimate

changebufferingperspective(Todd&Skowno2014).

Plantspeciesoccurringinthishabitattypeinclude(seeAppendixAforamorecomprehensivelist):Aristidadiffusa(vR;T&S)Asparagussuaveolens(vR;T&S)Boophonedisticha(vR)Chrysocomaciliata(vR;T&S)Digitariaeriantha(vR;T&S)Diospyrosaustro-africana(vR)Enneapogonscaber(vR;T&S)Eriocephalusericoides(vR;T&S)

Feliciafilifolia(T&S)Heteropogoncontortus(vR;T&S)Lyciumoxycarpum(vR;T&S)Pegolettiaretrofracta(vR)Pentziaglobosa(T&S)Pentziaincana(vR)Searsiaburchellii(vR;T&S)Themedatriandra(T&S)

Theaccessroadswillcrossthishabitat.

2.3.6 Gentleslopesandhills

Thishabitattype,covering7.9%ofthesite,isrelatedtothePlateauPlains,butischaracterisedbygentleslopesandhills.

The sensitivity of this typewasmappedby Todd& Skowno (2014) asmedium to high. There are slight differences

betweenthenorth-andsouth-facingslopeswherethelatterisabitcoolerandwetterwithahighershrubcover.

Afewturbinesarelocatedinthishabitatandtheroadswillalsotraversethehabitat.Turbine30couldberepositionedslightlytotheadjacentplateauplains.

Speciesoccurringinthishabitattypeinclude(seeAppendixAforamorecomprehensivelist):Aloebroomii(vR)Amphiglossatriflora(vR)Aristidaadscensionis(vR)Aristidadiffusa(vR)Asparagusretrofractus(vR)Asparagussuaveolens(vR)Boophonedisticha(vR)Chrysocomaciliata(vR)Delospermamultiflorum(vR)Digitariaeriantha(vR)Diospyrosaustro-africana(vR)Diospyroslycioides(vR)Eragrostislehmanniana(vR)Eragrostisobtusa(vR)Eriocephalusericoides(vR)Euryopslateriflorus(vR)

Helichrysumzeyheri(vR)Heteropogoncontortus(vR)Lacomucinaealineata(vR)Lyciumcinereum(vR)Lyciumoxycarpum(vR)Pegolettiaretrofracta(vR)Pentziaglobosa(vR)Pentziaincana(vR)Pteroniasordida(vR)Ruschiaspinosa(vR)Sarcocauloncamdeboensis(vR)Searsiaburchellii(vR)Sporobolusfimbriatus(vR)Stachysrugosa(vR)Themedatriandra(vR)Wahlenbergiathunbergiana(vR)

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2.3.7 PlateauPlains

Thishabitat is foundonthehigher lyingplateauatabout1400maltitude.Thevegetationconsistsof lowshrubland

and/oropengrasslandandthesensitivitywasratedasmedium.Thisisthedominanthabitatandcoversover30%ofthe

site.Itrepresentstheareawhereapproximatelyahalfofthewindturbineswillbeplaced.Theroadnetworktoaccess

theturbineswillalsocrosstheseplateauxplains.

Plantspeciesoccurringinthishabitattypeinclude(seeAppendixAforamorecomprehensivelist):Amphiglossatriflora(vR)Chrysocomaciliata(vR)Diospyrosaustro-africana(vR)Drosanthemumlique(vR)Eragrostislehmanniana(vR;T&S)Eriocephalusericoides(vR;T&S)Fingerhuthiaafricana(T&S)Lasiosiphonpolycephala(vR;T&S)Lyciumcinereum(vR;T&S)

Oropetiumcapense(vR)Osteospermumleptolobum(T&S)

Pentziaincana(vR;T&S)Phymaspermumaciculare(vR)Pteroniasordida(T&S)Roeperalichtensteiniana(vR;T&S)Roseniahumilis(vR;T&S)Roseniaoppositifolia(T&S)Ruschiaspinosa(vR)Sarcocauloncamdeboensis(vR)Stipagrostisciliata(vR;T&S)Stipagrostisobtusa(vR;T&S)Traguskoeleroides(vR;T&S)

2.3.8 RockyDoleriteHills

Thishabitatisrecognisedbythedoleriteoutcropsthatcreatearuggedlandscape.Somelargewoodyspeciesoccurin

thishabitat,whichhasafairlywell-developedgrasscoverinterspersedwithdwarfshrubs.Thehabitatisconsideredas

havingamediumtohighsensitivitybecausesomespeciesarerestrictedtotheserockyhills.Furthermoreitrepresents

suitablefaunalhabitat.

Severalturbinesarelocatedinthishabitat. Althoughsomedevelopmentwithinthishabitattypemaybeacceptable,

additional precautions should be exercised with regards to turbine micro-siting and avoiding sensitive

microhabitats.Turbine31,25and19weremappedwithinthisunitanditisrecommendedthattheyberepositionedto the plains adjoining the dolerite outcrops. Since the rehabilitation of this habitat is virtually impossible, therepositioningofseveralturbinesshouldbeinvestigatedviz.turbines10,21,26and35.Furthermore,theseturbineswouldalsorequireaccessroadsacrosstherockydoleritehills.TheEAgrantedin2015mentionsthat‘highvisibility’areasshouldbeavoided.Thefourturbinesmentionedabove,includingturbine12,areseeminglyalsothosethataremostvisible.Plantspeciesoccurringinthishabitattypeinclude(seeAppendixAforamorecomprehensivelist):

Aristidadiffusa(vR;T&S)Asparagussuaveolens(vR;T&S)Buddlejaglomerata(vR;T&S)Cadabaaphylla(T&S)Dicerothamnusrhinocerotis(vR)Digitariaeriantha(vR;T&S)Diospyrosaustro-africana(vR)Diospyroslycioides(vR)Ehretiarigida(T&S)Eragrostiscurvula(vR)

Eriocephalusericoides(vR;T&S)Erogrostislehmanniana(vR;T&S)Feliciafilifolia(vR;T&S)Heteropogoncontortus(T&S)Lacomucinaealineata(vR)Nenaxmicrophylla(T&S)Pentziaglobosa(vR;T&S)Searsiaburchellii(vR;T&S)Themedatriandra(vR;T&S)

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3. FLORA: CHECKLISTS AND RED LISTED AND/OR PROTECTED SPECIES

Thestudyareahasbeenverypoorlycollectedbotanically.Intheimmediatevicinityofthesite(31.6°–31.8°and23.5°–

23.9°)only17plantspecies(thetermspeciesisusedhereinageneralsensetodenotespecies,subspeciesandvarieties)

are listedon theSouthAfricanBiodiversity Institute’swebsite (SANBI:newposa.sanbi.org–accessed6March2019)

(AppendixB).The3123Dquarterdegreegrid,lists174speciesandthefulldegreegridcovering3123A,B,C&Daround

Murraysburgresultedinalistof449plantspecies(AppendixB).Amongthereasonsforthepoorcollectionarethelack

ofaccessroutesandtheabsenceofconservationareas,sincemostbotanicalspecimensarecollectedalongroadsorin

conservationareas.The list for the fulldegreegrid isassumed toprovidea representative listof species that could

potentiallyoccurinthestudyarea.Thehighmountainstotheeastofthesitehavebeenbetterexploredbotanicallyin

thepastandforthe3123B&Dplus3124A&Cgridscombined,681speciesarelisted.

IntheirreportTodd&Skowno(2014)mention448plantspeciesfromthefourquarterdegreesquares3123DA,DB,DC

andDDextractedfromSANBI’sdatabase.However,thisnumberofspecieswasderivedforthefull3123degreegridand

notforthefourquarterdegreesin3123D.Furthermoreonp.12-3ofthereportthequarterdegreeisincorrectlygiven

as3124.

TheSouthAfricanThreatenedSpeciesProgrammewebsite(redlist.sanbi.org)ofSANBI;theNationalForestsAct(ActNo.

84of1998);theNationalEnvironmentalManagement:BiodiversityAct(ActNo.10of2004);CITES(2018)appendices;

andthelistsofprotectedplantspeciesoftheWesternCapeNatureandEnvironmentalConservationOrdinance(No.19

of1974,asamended2000)wereconsultedtoclassifythespeciesinthestudyareaintotherelevantIUCNorprotected

categories(AppendixB).

Ofthe418specieslistedinAppendixB(Bryophyteswereexcluded)forthefull3123degreegrid(3123A,B,C&D),72

species (18%) are protected by some or other legislation. Appendix B does not list the bryophytes, since no IUCN

evaluationisavailable.

3.1 IUCN Red listed species

FortheIUCNCategories,thefollowingdefinitionswereapplied(seeFigure1).ThecoloursinFigure1wereappliedtothechecklistofplantsandanimalsinSections4and5aswellasAppendicesBandC.

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Figure1:SchematicrepresentationoftherelationshipbetweenthevariousIUCNRedListCategories.

ThreatenedSpeciesandSpeciesofConservationConcern(SCC)ExtinctCategories:

• Extinct(E):AspeciesisExtinctwhenthereisnoreasonabledoubtthatthelastindividualhasdied.SpeciesshouldbeclassifiedasExtinctonlyonceexhaustivesurveysthroughoutthespecies'knownrangehavefailedtorecordanindividual.

• ExtinctintheWild(EW):AspeciesisExtinctintheWildwhenitisknowntosurviveonlyincultivationorasanaturalizedpopulation(orpopulations)welloutsidethepastrange.

ThreatenedCategories:

• CriticallyEndangered(CR):AspeciesisCriticallyEndangeredwhenthebestavailableevidenceindicatesthatitmeetsatleastoneofthefiveIUCNcriteriaforCriticallyEndangered,indicatingthatthespeciesisfacinganextremelyhighriskofextinction.

• Endangered(EN):AspeciesisEndangeredwhenthebestavailableevidenceindicatesthatitmeetsatleastoneofthefiveIUCNcriteriafor

Endangered,indicatingthatitisfacingaveryhighriskofextinction.

• Vulnerable(VU):AspeciesisVulnerablewhenthebestavailableevidenceindicatesthatitmeetsatleastoneofthefiveIUCNcriteriaforVulnerable,indicatingthatitisfacingahighriskofextinction.

NotThreatenedCategoriesbutofconservationconcern:

• NearThreatened(NT):AspeciesisNearThreatenedwhenavailableevidenceindicatesthatitnearlymeetsanyoftheIUCNcriteriaforVulnerable,andisthereforelikelytobecomeatriskofextinctioninthenearfuture.

• DataDeficient(DD):AtaxonisDataDeficientwhenthereisinadequateinformationtomakeadirect,orindirect,assessmentofitsriskofextinctionbasedonitsdistributionand/orpopulationstatus.Ataxoninthiscategorymaybewellstudied,anditsbiologywellknown,but

appropriatedataonabundanceand/ordistributionarelacking.

NotThreatenedCategories:

• LeastConcern(LC):AspeciesisLeastConcernwhenithasbeenevaluatedagainsttheIUCNcriteriaanddoesnotqualifyforanyoftheabovecategories.SpeciesclassifiedasLeastConcernareconsideredatlowriskofextinction.Widespreadandabundantspeciesaretypically

classifiedinthiscategory.

• NotEvaluated(NE):AtaxonisNotEvaluatedwhenitishasnotyetbeenevaluatedagainstthefiveIUCNcriteria.Thiscategoryoftenappliestoalienspecies.

AdditionalCategoriesidentifiedbytheThreatenedSpeciesProgrammeinSouthAfrica

• CriticallyRare:AspeciesisCriticallyRarewhenitisknowntooccuratasinglesite,butisnotexposedtoanydirectorplausiblepotentialthreatanddoesnototherwisequalifyforacategoryofthreataccordingtooneofthefiveIUCNcriteria.

• Rare:Aspecies isRarewhenitmeetsat leastoneoffourSouthAfricancriteriaforrarity,but isnotexposedtoanydirectorplausible

potentialthreatanddoesnotqualifyforacategoryofthreataccordingtooneofthefiveIUCNcriteria.Thefourcriteriaareasfollows:

o Restrictedrange:ExtentofOccurrence(EoO)<500km2,OR

o Habitatspecialist:SpeciesisrestrictedtoaspecializedmicrohabitatsothatithasaverysmallAreaofOccupancy(AoO),typically

smallerthan20km2,OR

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o Lowdensitiesofindividuals:Speciesalwaysoccursassingleindividualsorverysmallsubpopulations(typicallyfewerthan50

matureindividuals)scatteredoverawidearea,OR

o Smallglobalpopulation:Lessthan10000matureindividuals.

NoIUCNredlistedspecieswereencounteredduringthesitevisit.Withinthefull3123degreegridthereisonlyone

IUCNredlistedspeciesaccordingtotheSouthAfricanThreatenedSpeciesProgramme(redlist.sanbi.org)ofSANBI:

Isolepisexpallescens VU

ThefollowingisanextractfromtheRedListofSouthAfricanPlants:

Isolepis expallescens is ‘a range-restricted habitat specialist, known from three locations and potentiallythreatened by habitat loss and degradation due to overgrazing and shale gas extraction. It is potentiallythreatenedbyhabitatdegradation,particularlyerosion,asaresultofoverstockingofrangelands.Itsdistributionrangealsofallswithintheareaearmarkedforshalegasextraction,whichislikelytoleadtoextensivehabitatlossanddegradation.Thisspeciesisknownfromonlythreecollections,butitsdistributionrangeisbotanicallyverypoorlyexplored. It isa localizedhabitatspecialist,andcurrentrecordsindicatethat it isendemictotheNuweveldMountains’.

Data Deficient (DD) and Near Threatened (NT) species are not classified as threatened according to the IUCN

classification,butareconsideredtobeofconservationconcerninaSouthAfricancontext.NoDDorNTspecieswereencounteredduringthesitevisit.OnlyoneDataDeficient(taxonomical)islistedforthe3123degreegrid:

Crassulabarbatasubsp.broomii DDT

Althoughthe lossofaSpeciesofConservationConcerngenerallydoesnotalterthepatternsorprocessesofnatural

systems,inthesensethatenvironmentalfunctionsandprocessestemporarilyorpermanentlycease,thelossofaspecies

isneverthelessregardedasofgreatbiologicalimportance.

Note:Boophonedistichaisnolongerlistedas‘Declining’buthasaLeastConcernstatusaccordingtotheThreatenedSpeciesProgrammeofSANBI.

3.2 Protected species

Sixty-sevenplantspecieswithinthefull3123degreegridarelistedasprotected(Schedule4)accordingtotheWestern

CapeNatureConservationLawsAmendmentAct(2000)(WCNCLA)(seeAppendixB).MostoftheseSchedule4species

aremembersoftheAizoaceae(36species),Iridaceae(11species)orApocynaceae(8species).ItshouldbenotedthattaxonomicgroupsmentionedasprotectedintheTodd&Skowno(2014)reportrefertotheNorthernCapeNatureConservationAct(NCNCA2009)insteadofthoseprotectedintheWesternCape(WCNCLA2000).

FifteenSchedule4protectedspecieswererecordedduringthesitevisitinMarch2019:

Aloebroomii(Asphodelaceae)

Boophonedisticha(Amaryllidaceae)

Chasmatophyllummusculinum(Aizoaceae)Cyanchumorangeanum(Apocynaceae)

Delospermamultiflorum(Aizoaceae)Drosanthemumlique(Aizoaceae)

Gomphocarpustomentosus(Apocynaceae)Mesembryanthemumcoriarium(Aizoaceae)

Moraeapolystachya(Iridaceae) Plinthuskarrooicus(Aizoaceae) Ruschiaspinosa(Aizoaceae)

Syringodeacf.concolor(Iridaceae)

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Tetragoniaechinata(Aizoaceae) Trichodiademacf.attonsum(Aizoaceae)

Tritonialaxifolia(Iridaceae)

NospeciesthatareprotectedwithintheNationalEnvironmentalManagement:BiodiversityAct(ActNo.10of2004)

(NEMBA2013ToPSlist)arelistedforthe3123fulldegreegridandnonewerefoundonsite.

3.3 CITES appendices

EightAppendixIIspecieswerelistedincludingAnacampserosspecies,AloebroomiiandEuphorbiaspecies.AppendixIIlistsspeciesthatarenotnecessarilynowthreatenedwithextinction,butthatmaybecomesounlesstradeisclosely

controlled.

3.4 National Forests Act (Act No. 84 of 1998) - Protected Tree Species

Onenationallyprotectedtreespecies,i.e.Bosciaalbitrunca,islistedforthefull3123degreegrid.Itwashowever,notrecordedonsite.

3.5 Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (Act No. 43 of 1983) (CARA) and the National Environmental Management Act (Act No. 10 of 2004) (NEM:BA 2014, 2016)

Anumberofalienandinvasivespeciesarelistedforthe3123degreegrid.Alienspecieswithaninvasivecategorisation

willhavetobecontrolledduringtheconstructionandoperationalstagesoftheWEF.Alieninvasivespecieslistedfor

the3123degreegridlistedintermsofsections70(1),71(3)and71Aincludethefollowing:

Argemoneochroleuca(Category1b)(observedonsite) Atriplexlindleyisubsp.inflata(Category1b) Opuntiaficus-indica(Category1b)(observedonsite)

Opuntiastricta(Category1b)Salsolakali(Category1b)(observedonsite)

Atriplexnummularia(Category2)(observedonsite) Loliummultiflorum(Category2)

Loliumperenne(Category2)

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4. Fauna

Specieslists(thetermspeciesisusedhereinageneralsensetodenotespecies,subspeciesandvarieties)ofthefaunal

componentweresourcedforthe3123degreegridfromtheAnimalDemographyUnit,UniversityofCapeTownwebsite

(http://vmus.adu.org.za)andsupplementedbyrelevantliteraturetodeterminetheconservationstatus.Birdandbat

speciesareassessedbyotherspecialists.

4.1 Mammals

Thesitefallswithinthedistributionrangeof49terrestrialmammals(http://vmus.adu.org.za)(batsexluded),indicating

thatthemammaliandiversityatthesite ispotentiallyhigh.Eightadditionalspecieswereeitherrecordedduringthe

currentsitevisit,byTodd&Skowno(2014),orconfirmedaspresentby landowners inthe immediatevicinityofthe

IshwatiEmoyeniWEFproposeddevelopment(AppendixC).

4.1.1 IUCNthreatenedmammalspeciesthatcouldoccurintheenvirons,include:

RiverinerabbitBunolagusmonticularis CR(confirmedbylandowner)

MountainreedbuckReduncafulvorufulafulvorufula EN(confirmedbylandowner)

Spotted-neckedotterHydrictismaculicollis VU(confirmedbylandowner)LeopardPantherapardus VUlistedbyTodd&Skowno(2014)aspotentiallypresent

Black-footedcatFelisnigripes VU(confirmedbylandowner)

ThedistributionoftheriverinerabbitBunolagusmonticulariscoincideswiththestudyarea.TheriverinerabbitislistedasCriticallyEndangeredandisregardedasthemostthreatenedmammalinSouthAfrica.Thereisaconfirmedsighting

betweenthesiteandtheN1,suggestingthatthereisareasonabletohighpossibilitythatitmaybepresent,atleast

withinthewesternplainsofthesite(Todd&Skowno2014).Thetransmissionlineonthewesternplainsmaytherefore

havean impactonthisspecies.However, the lowterrestrial footprintofthetransmission line isnot likelytoposea

significantthreattothisanimal(Todd&Skowno2014).

Furthermore, the large floodplains of the Snyderskraalrivier are known habitat for the riverine rabbit (landowner

information).Mostofthedevelopmentisonthehigherplateauxofthehillsandmountainsandthereisalowlikelihood

oftheriverinerabbitbeingaffectedbythedevelopmentonthehighplateauxandhills,sincethehabitatoftheriverine

rabbitincludesopentodenseriparianvegetationondeepalluvialsoilsalongseasonalrivers.However,thespeciesmay

beaffectedbytheaccessroutestothesite,butnomapoftheaccessroadswasprovidedforthisassessment.

Althoughtheleopardandblack-footedcathaveaverywidedistributionandhabitatpreference,thesespeciesareusually

sparselydistributedanditislikelythattheycan/dooccurwithintheregion.Furthermore,theleopardisanadaptiveand

mobilespeciesandwillmoveawayattheonsetofhumanactivities.Itshomerangeislarge,whichindicatesthatthe

effectofthedevelopmentwouldbelow.Theblack-footedcatisnocturnal,whichwouldreduceinteractionwithhuman

activityinthearea.

Thesiteliesonthewesternboundaryofthehistoricaldistributionofthemountainreedbuckandthisspecieshasbeen

reportedaspresentaccordingtoalandowner.Thisspeciesiswidely,butpatchily,distributedwithinsouthernAfrica.It

isrestrictedtograss-coveredridgesandhillsidesinbrokenrockycountryorhigh-altitudegrasslands.Itisdependenton

steepslopes,awell-developedgrass layerandsomescatteredwoodycovertoevadepredators.AccordingtoRowe-

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Rowe(1983)themountainreedbuckfavoursslopeswithagradientof20°ormore. Inregionswherecover is locally

moreabundantinlowervalleysthanonupperslopesandridges,itoftenprefersthelowerslopes.Theyavoidtheopen

conditionswithnocoverassociatedwiththesummitsofmountainousareasaswellasdensewoodycover(Mason1977;

Oliveretal.1978;Skinner&Chimimba2005).Theyalsooccurindryhillyareas(suchastheNamaKaroo),utilisingsteep

slopesandthebasesofhillsforgrazing.Theextentofavailableslopesforpredatorevasionisregardedasanindicator

ofthequalityoftheirterritory(Dunbar&Roberts1992).Thepreferenceofthemountainreedbuckforsteepslopesand

avoidanceof plateauxwould indicate that theWEF infrastructureon theopenplateau areaswould largely prevent

overlapwiththehabitatpreferenceofthemountainreedbuck.Theconstructionphaseofthefacilitywouldposethe

greatestthreattothisspecies.

Asightingofthespotted-neckedotterwasmadeatthelargedamontheneighbouringfarmBadsfonteinandconfirmed

bythesightingofthewebbedandclawedspoor.Distributiondataonthespotted-neckedotterareunsatisfactoryandit

isacceptedthattheIUCNstatusofthespeciesasVulnerablemighthavetoberevisedifmoredatabecomeavailable.

Spotted-neckedottersarethoughttoinhabitfreshwaterhabitatswherewaterisnotsilt-laden,andisunpolluted,and

richinsmallfishes.However,anecdotalobservationssuggesttheycanoccur,andcanbecommon,inrelativelypolluted

rivers.ItispredominantlydiurnalandveryaquaticinnaturecomparedtotheCapeclawlessotter.Adequateriparian

vegetation,intheformoflonggrass,reeds,orbushes,isalsoessentialtoprovidecover.Thespotted-neckedotterdoes

co-existwith the Cape clawless otter along rivers andwhile there is dietary overlap, it seems to bemore of a fish

specialist.Theproposeddevelopmentisunlikelytohaveanimpactonthespotted-neckedotter.

4.1.2 NotthreatenedIUCNlistedmammalspeciesthatcouldoccuronsite:AfricanstripedweaselPoecilogalealbinucha NT

BrownhyaenaParahyaenabrunnea NT

CapeclawlessotterAonyxcapensis NT(confirmedbylandowner)FybosgoldenmoleAmblysomuscorriae NT

GreyrhebokPeleacapreolus NT(confirmedbylandowner)

HoneybadgerMellivoracapensis NTLittledale’swhistlingratParotomyslittledalei NT

SouthernAfricanhedgehogAtelerixfrontalis NT(confirmedbylandowner)

SpectacleddormouseGraphiurusocularis NT

4.1.3 WesternCapeprotectedmammalspecies

Twenty-twooftheseterrestrialmammalspecies(batsexcluded)areSchedule2protectedspeciesintheWesternCape,

withtheriverinerabbitbeingtheonlySchedule1species(AppendixC).

Schedule1species(SpeciallyProtectedSpecies)Bunolagusmonticularis Riverinerabbit

Schedule2species(ProtectedSpecies)Antidorcasmarsupialis Springbok

Atelerixfrontalis SouthernAfricanhedgehog

Crociduracyanea Reddish-graymuskshrewCrociduraflavescens GreaterRedmuskshrew

Crocidurafuscomurina Tinymuskshrew

Felisnigripes Black-footedcatMellivoracapensis Honeybadger

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Myosorexvarius Forestshrew

Orycteropusafer Aardvark

Oryxgazella GemsbokOtocyonmegalotis Bat-earedfox

Parahyaenabrunnea Brownhyena

Peleacapreolus GreyrhebokPoecilogalealbinucha Africanstripedweasel

Protelescristata Aardwolf

Raphiceruscampestris SteenbokRaphicerusmelanotis Capegrysbok

Reduncafulvorufulafulvorufula MountainreedbuckSuncusinfinitesimus Leastdwarfshrew

Sylvicapragrimmia Commonduiker

Tragelaphusstrepsiceros GreaterkuduVulpeschama Capefox

4.2 Reptiles

Thirty-onereptilespeciesarelistedforthe3123degreegridandthesecomprise5tortoisesandterrapins;11snakes;7

lizardsandskinks;1chameleon;1rockmonitor;and6geckos(AppendixC).Importanthabitatsforreptilesincludethe

drainagelines,cliffsandrockydoleriteoutcrops.Slow-movingreptilesarevulnerabletopredationwhencrossingopen

areasandthepresenceoftheaccessroadswouldpotentiallyincreasethepredationriskofmanyspeciesmovingover

theseareas.Thedevelopmentisnotlikelytohaveasignificantimpactonthemajordrainagelinesandcliffs,however

severalturbinesarelocatedintherockydoleriteoutcrops,andtheseturbinesandassociatedinfrastructurewillhavean

impactonreptiles.

Theonlyreptilespecieswithastatushigherthanleastconcernisthekaroopadloper(Chersobiusboulengeri),whichisclassifiedasNT(AppendixTableC).

AccordingtotheWCNCLA(2000)alllizards,alltortoisesandturtles(exceptthoselistedinSchedule1)andmanysnake

generaareSchedule2protectedspecies(AppendixC).Intotal23ofthe31reptilespecies(77%)areprotected.

Afroedurakarroica Karooflatgecko

Agamaaculeataaculeata CommongroundagamaAgamaatra Southernrockagama

Bradypodionventrale EasternCapedwarfchameleon

Chondrodactylusbibronii Bibron'sgeckoDasypeltisscabra Rhombicegg-eater

Duberrialutrixlutrix SouthAfricanslug-eater

Chersobiusboulengeri KaroopadloperHomopusfemoralis Greaterpadloper

Karusasauruspolyzonus KaroogirdledlizardLamprophisaurora Aurorahousesnake

Lamprophisguttatus Spottedhousesnake

Pachydactylusmariquensis MaricogeckoPachydactylusoculatus Goldenspottedgecko

Pedioplanislaticeps Karoosandlizard

Pedioplanislineoocellatapulchella CommonsandlizardPedioplanisnamaquensis Namaquasandlizard

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Pelomedusasubrufa Centralmarshterrapin

Psammobatestentorius Tenttortoise

Pseudaspiscana MolesnakeStigmochelyspardalis Leopardtortoise

Trachylepiscapensis Capeskink

Trachylepissulcatasulcata WesternRockskinkTrachylepisvariegata Variegatedskink

4.3 Amphibians

Nineamphibianspeciesarelistedforthe3123degreegrid(AppendixC).Importantareasforamphibiansincludethe

majordrainagelinesatthesiteaswellasnumerousearthendamsscatteredacrossthesite.Few,ifany,naturalpansare

present.Themajorthreattoamphibiansfromthedevelopmentislikelytobefromerosion,resultinginsiltationofthe

drainagesystemsandpollutionduringtheconstructionphaseofthedevelopment.

None of the frog species have an IUCN red list status, however, all frog species are Schedule 2 protected species

accordingtotheWCNCLA(2000).

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5. Spatial component

5.1 National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (Act No. 10 of 2003)

Thestudyareaisnotlocatedinaprotectedarea.

5.2 National Protected Areas Expansion Strategy (NPAES)

ThestudyareaisnotlocatedinanareaearmarkedbyNPAES.

5.3 National list of ecosystems that are threatened and in need of protection

Allthreevegetationtypes(Mucina&Rutherford2006)onsitearelistedasLeastThreatened.

5.4 Western Cape Critical Biodiversity Areas Map of 2017 (CBAs)

The2009WesternCapeCBAmapproducedfortheCentralKarooDistrictMunicipalitybySkownoetal.(2009),wasusedbyTodd&Skowno(2014)fortheassessmentoftheIshwatiEmoyeniWEF.TheIshwatiEmoyeniamendmentshould

however,beevaluatedintermsofthereviseddelineationofCBAs,ESAsandONAsof2017(WesternCapeBiodiversity

SpatialPlan2017fromSANBIBGISwebsite)(Figure2).

5.4.1 CriticalBiodiversityAreas(CBAs)Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs) are required to meet biodiversity targets for species, ecosystems or ecological

processesandinfrastructure.CBAsareregardedasareasofhighbiodiversityandecologicalvalueandneedtobekept

inanaturalornear-naturalstate,withnofurtherlossofhabitatorspecies.

Althoughtheboundariesof theriverinecorridoraroundtheSnyderskraalrivierhavebeenchangedsomewhat in the

WesternCapeBiodiversitySpatialPlan(2017),thehabitatisstillclassifiedasCriticalBiodiversityArea(CBA1).Thesmaller

degradedsectionswithintheriverinecorridorweremappedasCBA2.Furthermore,themappingofCBA1swasexpanded

toincludesectionsoftheMajorDrainageSystemshabitatdistinguishedbyTodd&Skowno(2014)ontheplateauon

DriefonteinandsectionsofsomeMajorDrainageLinesonLeeuwenfontein.TheSnyderskraalrivierisconsideredtobea

priorityriverreachundertheNFEPA.

DevelopmentwithinCriticalBiodiversityAreasisnotencouraged.AccordingtotheWesternCapeBiodiversitySpatial

PlanHandbook(Pool-Stanvlietetal.2017)permissible landusesarethosethatarecompatiblewithmaintainingthe

naturalvegetationcoverofCBAsinahealthyecologicalstate,andthatdonotresultinlossordegradationofnatural

habitat.UndesirablelandusesinterrestrialCBAsarethosethatcauselossofnaturalhabitatorecosystemfunctionality,

suchas:(i)miningorprospecting;(ii)intensiveagriculture(cultivation)orplantationforestry;(iii)residential,commercial

or industrial developments; (iv) game-proof fences in CBA corridors; (v) linear infrastructure that disrupts the

connectivityofCBAcorridors;and(vi)extensiveorintensivegrazingthatresultsinspeciesdiversitybeinglostthrough

selectiveorover-grazing(Pool-Stanvlietetal.2017).

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TheproposedWEFdoesnotconstituteanyofthelandusesconsideredtobeundesirableinaCBAaccordingtoPool-Stanvlietetal.(2017).TheWEFisimbeddedinfarmlandthatisusedforextensivelivestockfarmingandthislanduseisacceptable inaCBA(Pool-Stanvlietetal.2017).Sincethedevelopment footprint issmall, the lossofhabitatorspecieswillbelimited.Furthermore,theamendedlayoutoftheturbinesavoidstheCBAsandit isonlytheaccessroadsthatcouldaffecttheCBA.

5.4.2 EcologicalSupportAreas(ESAs)

EcologicalSupportAreas(ESAs)arenotessential formeetingbiodiversitytargets,buttheyplayan importantrole in

supportingthefunctioningofProtectedAreasorCBAsandareoftenvitalfordeliveringecosystemservices.ESAsneed

tobemaintained in at least a functional andoftennatural state, but some limitedhabitat lossmaybe acceptable.

MappingoftheEcologicalSupportAreas(ESA1&2)changedsubstantiallysince2009.In2009,theRockyDoleriteRidges

andSteepSlopeshabitats(Todd&Skowno2014)wereclassifiedasESAs,butarecurrentlyclassifiedasOtherNatural

Areas(ONAs).TheminordrainagelineswereclassifiedasESAsinthe2017version.

TheamendedlayoutoftheturbinesavoidstheESAsanditisonlytheaccessandmaintenanceroadsthatcouldaffecttheESAs. It is importantthat theamendmentof the IshwatiEmoyeniWEFshouldnotcompromisethe functional(natural)stateoftheESAsasrequiredbytheconservationplanoftheWesternCape(Pool-Stanvlietetal.2017).Withpropermitigation,theshortlengthsofroadshouldnotcompromisetheirfunctioningasitisnotlikelytodisruptthebroad-scaleconnectivityofthelandscapeorotherwisealterlandscape-levelecologicalprocesses.

5.4.3 OtherNaturalAreas(ONAs)

OtherNaturalAreas(ONAs)havenotbeenidentifiedasapriority,butretainmostoftheirnaturalcharacterandperform

arangeofbiodiversityandecologicalinfrastructurefunctions.LanduseguidelinesforTerrestrialOtherNaturalAreas

(ONAs)arenotrequiredtomeetbiodiversitytargets.Accordingtothelayoutoftheturbines(providedinMarch2019),

the45turbinesarelocatedinONAs.Positionsofthecranepadsandtransformersateachturbinewerenotprovided

andinsomeinstancescarewillhavetobetakenthatthesedonotencroachintoadjacentdrainagelines.

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Figure 2:Map indicatingCritical BiodiversityAreas (CBAs), Ecological SupportAreas (ESAs) andOtherNaturalAreas

(ONAs)inthevicinityoftheIshwatiEmoyeniWEFaccordingtotheWesternCapeBiodiversitySpatialPlanforBeaufort

West(2017).*=turbinelocation.

Legend:

5.5 Sensitivity map Weaccept thesensitivitymappresented inTodd&Skowno(2014)asa fair representationof thesensitivityonsite

(Figure3).ThemajordrainagesystemsarecharacteristicfeaturesofthesiteandhaveaVeryHighsensitivity.Duetothe

mountainousnatureofthearea,alargepartofthesiteconsistsofsteepslopesthatareconsideredashavingaHigh

sensitivity on account of the high risk of erosion should these areas be disturbed as well as the higher diversity

characteristicofslopesandrockyareas.Althoughnotalltherockydoleritehillsaresteep,someareveryruggedand

theseareasareconsideredimportantduetotheiraboveaverageplantandanimaldiversity.Therockydoleritehillswere

thereforeclassifiedbyTodd&Skowno(2014)ashavinga‘MediumtoHigh’sensitivity.Thegentleslopesandhillswere

alsoclassifiedashavingaMediumtoHigh sensitivitybyTodd&Skowno (2014). Thehigh-lyingplainhasamedium

sensitivityasanimaldiversityisrelativelylowandtheriskofsecondaryimpactsisalsolow.

Asageneralguidelinethesesensitivityratingsareinterpretedasfollows:

• Verylowsensitivityisusuallyapplicabletohabitatsthathavebeentransformed,especiallybyhumanactivities.

NewWEFstructurescanbeplacedhere.

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• Lowsensitivitymeansthesensitivityshouldnothaveaninfluenceonthedecisionabouttheproject.However,

anyprotectedspeciesmaynotberemoved/destroyedwithoutapermit.WEFstructurescanbeplacedhere,

subjecttotherelevantmitigationmeasuresbeingimplemented.

• Mediummeansasensitivityratingthatisrealandsufficientlyimportanttorequiremanagement,e.g.mitigation

measures,managementorprotectionoftherare/threatenedfaunaandflora,protectionofaspecifichabitat

onthepropertyand/orrehabilitation.

• Highmeansasensitivityratingwherethehabitatshouldbeexcludedfromanydevelopment.Thiswouldimply

noturbines,cranepads,constructioncampsorsubstations.Roadsshouldberestrictedtoaminimum,butare

essentialtoreachthemountainplateauxwherethebulkofthedevelopmentwilloccur.Whereverpossible,

existingroadsshouldbeused,butifnewroadsareessential,itisimperativethatthemitigationmeasuresare

implemented.

• Veryhighmeansasensitivity rating that should influence thedecisionwhetherornot toproceedwith the

project.Theseareasexcludeallturbines,cranepads,constructioncamp,substationandroads.

Noneoftheturbinesarelocatedinthe‘VeryHigh’or‘High’sensitivityzones.Approximatelyonehalfoftheturbinesfall

within theareamappedasof ’Medium’sensitivity,andtheotherhalfas ‘MediumtoHigh’sensitivitysensuTodd&

Skowno(2014).

Figure3:SensitivitymapcompiledbyTodd&Skowno(2014)withamendedlayoutofturbines.

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6. EIA regulations

TheEIARegulationsListingNoticesof2010wererepealedin2014whennewregulationsandlistingswerepublished

undertheNationalEnvironmentalManagementAct(NEMA2014).However,theseregulationswereamendedin2017

(NEMA2017),undertheNationalEnvironmentalManagementAct,(ActNo.107of1998).ListingNotice1(GRNNo.327),

ListingNotice2(GRNNo325)andListingNotice3(GRNNo324)ofthe2017Regulationslistactivitiesthatmayrequire

EnvironmentalAuthorisationprior tocommencementof thatactivityand identifycompetentauthorities in termsof

sections24(2)and24DoftheAct.

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7. Assessment of significance of environmental impacts and identification of

management actions

Although fewer wind turbines are proposed for the amended development, the footprint of the turbines and

accompanying infrastructure will be larger than for the previous proposal. According to the specifications of the

EvironmentalAuthorization(EA) in2015, theextentofhabitat lossduetothephysical footprintof theturbinesand

associatedinfrastructurewascalculatedasapproximately13ha(Todd&Skowno2014),whereasthewindturbinesand

associated infrastructure will cover approximately 53 ha if the amended specifications are applied. If the concrete

turbinefoundationsarepartofthehardstandingareasthecorrespondingsizeswouldbe10hafortheoriginallayout

and47hafortheamendment.Theamendmentthereforeconstitutesaca.five-foldincreaseinsizeofthefootprintoftheturbinesandassociatedinfrastructure.Furthermore,sincethelocationofalmostallturbineswaschangedinthe

amended layout (whichwillnecessitatenewroads) itbecomesdifficult to separate impacts that shouldbeascribed

entirelytotheamendmentfromthosealreadyconsideredfortheEA.

ThefollowingsectionintegratesallapplicableimpactslistedwithintheoriginalEcologicalReport(Todd&Skowno2014)

withthepotentialimpactsidentifiedduetotheincreasedsizeofthefootprintandrepositioningoftheturbines.This

sectionisnotintendedasareviewofthereportbyTodd&Skowno(2014),butasasummaryofallimpacts.Impactsdue

totheincreasedsizeofthefootprinthavebeenclearlymarked.Theimpactshavebeenrearrangedandinsomecases

redefined to allow for the separation between direct and indirect impacts, which was not included in the original

EcologicalReport(Todd&Skowno2014).Adirectcomparisoncouldnotbemadebetweendiesignificanceoftheimpacts

intheoriginalreport(Todd&Skowno2019)andthecurrentre-assessmentsincethemethodologyfollowedtoderive

thesignificancewasnotidenticalinbothcases.

Eachoftheimpactsisbrieflydescribedbelowintermsofthenature;proposedmitigationmeasures;andthesignificance

of the impactwithoutandwiththemitigationmeasuresapplied.Thecriteriausedfor theassessmentarecertainty,

severity (intensity andduration), direction (negative, neutral or positive) and scale (extent). The information in this

sectionissummarisedinTables1,2,3&4.

7.1 Introduction

AspertheDEATGuideline5,thefollowingmethodologywasappliedtoassessimpacts(providedbytheEAP,Applied

ScienceAssociates).Theidentificationofpotentialimpactsincludesimpactsthatmayoccurduringtheconstructionor

operational phases of the proposed development. The assessment of impacts includes direct, indirect as well as

cumulativeimpacts.

• Directimpactsareimpactsthatarecauseddirectlybytheactivityandgenerallyoccuratthesametimeandat

theplaceoftheactivity.Theseimpactsareusuallyassociatedwiththeconstruction,operationormaintenance

ofanactivityandaregenerallyobviousandquantifiable.

• Indirectimpactsofanactivityareindirectorinducedchangesthatmayoccurasaresultoftheactivity.These

impactsincludeallthepotentialimpactsthatdonotmanifestimmediatelywhentheactivityisundertakenor

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whichoccuratadifferentplaceasaresultoftheactivity.

• Cumulativeimpactsareimpactsthatresultfromtheincrementalimpactoftheproposedactivityonacommon

resource when added to the impacts of other past, present or reasonably foreseeable future activities.

Cumulativeimpactscanoccurfromthecollectiveimpactsofindividualminoractionsoveraperiodoftimeand

canincludebothdirectandindirectimpacts.Thecumulativeimpactsareassessedbyidentifyingotherwind

andsolarenergyprojectproposalsandotherapplicableprojects,suchasconstructionandupgradeofelectricity

generation,andtransmissionordistributionfacilitiesinthelocalarea(i.e.within30kmoftheproposedIshwati

WEF)thathavebeenapproved(i.e.positiveEAhasbeenissued)oriscurrentlyunderway.• Natureofimpact-thisreviewsthetypeofeffectthataproposedactivitywillhaveontheenvironmentand

includeswhatwillbeaffectedandhow?

• Spatialextent–Thesizeoftheareathatwillbeaffectedbytherisk/impact:

• Sitespecific(withinboundariesofsiteandimmediatelyadjacenttoprojectsite)

• Local(<10kmfromsite)

• Regional(<100kmofsite)

• National

• International(e.g.GreenhouseGasemissionsormigrantbirds).

• Duration–Thetimeframeduringwhichtherisk/impactwillbeexperienced:

• Veryshortterm(instantaneous;lessthan6months)

• Shortterm(lessthan1year)

• Mediumterm(1to10years)

• Longterm(theimpactwillceaseaftertheoperationallifeoftheactivity(i.e.theimpactorriskwilloccur

fortheprojectduration))

• Permanent(mitigationwillnotoccurinsuchawayorinsuchatimespanthattheimpactcanbe

consideredtransienti.e.theimpactwilloccurbeyondtheprojectdecommissioning).

• Probability–Theprobabilityoftheimpactoccurring:

• Extremelyunlikely(littletonochanceofoccurring)

• Veryunlikely(<30%chanceofoccurring)

• Unlikely(30-50%chanceofoccurring)

• Likely(51–90%chanceofoccurring)

• VeryLikely(>90%chanceofoccurringregardlessofpreventionmeasures).

• Consequence–Theanticipatedseverityoftheimpact:

• Extreme(extremealterationofnaturalsystems,patternsorprocesses,i.e.whereenvironmentalfunctions

andprocessesarealteredsuchthattheypermanentlycease)

• Severe(severealterationofnaturalsystems,patternsorprocesses,i.e.whereenvironmentalfunctionsand

processesarealteredsuchthattheytemporarilyorpermanentlycease);

• Substantial (substantial alteration of natural systems, patterns or processes, i.e. where environmental

functionsandprocessesarealteredsuchthattheytemporarilyorpermanentlycease)

• Moderate (notable alteration of natural systems, patterns or processes, i.e. where the environment

continuestofunctionbutinamodifiedmanner)

• Slight (negligible alteration of natural systems, patterns or processes, i.e. where no natural

systems/environmentalfunctions,patterns,orprocessesareaffected).

• Significance–Todeterminethesignificanceofanidentifiedimpact/risk,theconsequenceis"multiplied"by

probability (qualitatively as shown in Figure 4 below). Will the impact cause a notable alteration of the

environment?

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Figure4:Guidetoassessingimpactsignificanceasaresultofseverity(consequence)andprobability.

• Verylow(therisk/impactmayresultinveryminoralterationsoftheenvironmentandcanbeeasilyavoided

byimplementingappropriatemitigationmeasures,andwillnothaveaninfluenceondecision-making)

• Low (the risk/impact may result in minor alterations of the environment and can be easily avoided by

implementingappropriatemitigationmeasures,andwillnothaveaninfluenceondecision-making)

• Moderate (the risk/impactwill result inmoderate alteration of the environment and can be reduced or

avoided by implementing the appropriate mitigation measures, and will only have an influence on the

decision-makingifnotmitigated)

• High(therisk/impactswillresultinamajoralterationtotheenvironmentevenwiththeimplementationon

theappropriatemitigationmeasuresandwillhaveaninfluenceondecision-making)

• Very high (the risk/impacts will result in very major alteration to the environment even with the

implementationontheappropriatemitigationmeasuresandwillhaveaninfluenceondecision-making,i.e.

theprojectcannotbeauthorisedunlessmajorchangestotheengineeringdesignarecarriedouttoreduce

thesignificancerating).

• Confidence–Thedegreeofconfidenceinpredictionsbasedonavailableinformationandspecialistknowledge:

o Low

o Medium

o High

• Ranking-Withtheimplementationofmitigationmeasures,theresidualimpacts/risksarerankedasfollowin

termsofsignificance:

o Verylow=5;o Low=4;o Moderate=3;o High=2;ando Veryhigh=1.

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7.2 Impacts during the construction phase and their significance 7.2.1 DirectimpactsduringtheconstructionphaseLossofnaturalvegetationNature:Naturalvegetationwillbeclearedfornewaccessroads,upgradingofexistingtracks,laydownsites,constructionsite,substation, turbines, transformerpadsandcranepads.Although the total footprint isestimatedatabout50ha for the

turbinesandassociatedinfrastructureandprobablymoreforroads,thisisdistributedacrossawideareaandavarietyof

differentvegetationtypesandhabitatsarelikelytobeaffected.Sensitivehabitatssuchasdrainagelineswillbeaffected

primarilybyroadconstruction.Theremovalofnaturalvegetationwillresultinmanynegativeeffectse.g.alossofindividuals

ofprotectedand/orendemicspecies,itwillalsobeaccompaniedbyalossoffaunalhabitat.Overall,thismayleadtoaloss

ofbiodiversity.Vegetationlossisalsoinvariablyassociatedwithincreasedwaterrun-offandbothwaterandwinderosion.

Withinthefootprintofthedevelopmenttheimpactonvegetationwouldbesitespecific,butofsevereintensityandlong-

termasthemajorityofclearedareasarerequiredforroadsandotherinfrastructurethatwillnotberehabilitated.Beyondthe footprint, environmental functions and processes should however, not be altered and the intensity is rated asmoderate.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• A preconstruction walk-through of the development footprintfor the purpose of turbine and crane pad

micrositingisessentialandwasmentionedasaconditionintheEA.

• Vegetationclearanceshouldbeconfinedtothefootprintofthedevelopmentandunnecessaryclearanceshouldbe

avoided.

• Ensurethattemporaryusearease.g.laydownareasandconstructioncamp,arelocatedinareasoflowsensitivity.

• Footprintsoftheturbines,cranepads,roads,constructionandsubstationlocationsshouldbeclearlydemarcated.

• Allno-goareas(e.g.drainagelines)inproximitytothedevelopmentfootprintshouldbedemarcatedandlabelled.

• Preconstruction environmental induction for all construction staff on site to ensure that basic environmental

principlesareadheredto.Thisincludesawarenessastonolittering,appropriatehandlingofpollutionandchemical

spills,avoidingfirehazards,minimizingwildlifeinteractionsandremainingwithindemarcatedconstructionareas.

• Allvehiclesaretoremainondemarcatedroadsandnodrivingintheveldshouldbeallowed.

• Nocollectionof‘fuelwood’shouldbeallowedonsite.

• Nofiresshouldbeallowedonsite,exceptwhereafiremanagementplanisbeingimplemented.

• TheECOistoprovidesupervisionandoversightofvegetationclearingactivitiesandotheractivitieswhichmaycause

damagetotheenvironment,especiallyattheinitiationoftheproject,whenthemajorityofvegetationclearingis

takingplace.

• River/streamcrossings shouldbeplaced in areaswithout extensivewetlands andpreferably in rocky areas

wheretheriskofdisruptionanderosionislow.Allriver/streamcrossingsshouldbeinspectedaspartofthe

preconstructionwalk-throughtoensurethattheoptimalandacceptablelocationshavebeenchosenforriver

crossings.Specificguidelinesofaquaticspecialistshouldbefollowed.

• River/streamcrossingsshouldbespecificallydesignednottoimpedeordisruptthedirectionandflowofthe

water.Specificguidelinesofaquaticspecialistshouldbefollowed.

• Noplantsmaybetranslocatedorotherwiseuprootedordisturbedforrehabilitationorotherpurposewithout

expresspermissionfromtheECO.

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Significancewithoutandwithmitigationmeasures:

ParameterThisre-assessment Todd&Skowno(2014)*

Withoutmitigation Withmitigation Withoutmitigation Withmitigation

Status Negative Negative

Extent Sitespecific Sitespecific

Duration Long-term Long-term

Intensity Severe(withinfootprint)

Medium(withinentireareaassessed)

Severe(withinfootprint)

Low(withinentireareaassessed)

Probability Verylikely Verylikely

Consequence Severe(withinfootprint)

Moderate(withinentireareaassessed)

Substantial(withinfootprint)

Moderate(withinentireareaassessed)

Significance High(withinfootprint)Low(withinentireareaassessed)

Moderate(withinfootprint)Low(withinentireareaassessed)

Moderate Moderate-Low

*Discussedaspartofimpactsonvegetationandprotectedplantspeciesresultingfromconstruction.

ThelossofplantSpeciesofConservationConcern(SCC)Nature:Thelossofvegetationfornewaccessroads,upgradingofexistingtracks,constructionsite,substation,turbinesandcranepadsmaycausealossofindividualsofSCC.NothreatenedspecieswererecordedduringtheMarch2019sitevisitand

nonewere reportedbyTodd&Skowno (2014).Provinciallyprotectedplant species suchasmembersof theAizoaceae

(vygies), Apocynaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Iridaceae and aloes are likely to fall within the development footprint andwill

consequentlybedestroyed.Astheprotectedspeciesatthesitearenotthreatenedspecies,thelossofindividualsandhabitat

ofthesespeciesisnotlikelytothreatenthelocalorregionalpopulationsofthesespecies.Thelossofsomeindividualsof

SCCs isunlikely toalter thepatternsorprocessesof thenatural system, in thesense thatenvironmental functionsand

processeswilltemporarilyorpermanentlycease.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:

• Apreconstructionwalk-throughtoeachofthedemarcatedaccessroads,constructionsite,substation,turbinesand

cranepadstoassessthepresenceofSCCisproposed.Placementofinfrastructureshouldbedoneinsuchawayas

tominimisetheimpactonSCCs.


ParameterThisre-assessment Todd&Skowno(2014)*

Withoutmitigation Withmitigation Withoutmitigation WithmitigationStatus Negative Negative



Intensity Low Low

Probability Likely Likely

Consequence Moderate Moderate

Significance Low Low Moderate Moderate–Low*Discussedaspartofimpactsonvegetationandprotectedplantspeciesresultingfromconstruction.

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Thelossoffaunalhabitat(Impactaddedduetolargerfootprint)Nature:Thevariousmicro-habitatscreatedalongthehills,plateauxandslopesallowforavarietyoffaunalspeciestoinhabit

thisregion.Thelossofthevegetationduetothelargerfootprint,newaccessroads,upgradingofexistingtracks,constructionsite,substation,turbinesandcranepadswillbeaccompaniedbyalossoffaunalhabitat.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Vegetationclearanceshouldbeconfinedtothefootprintofthedevelopmentandunnecessaryclearanceshouldbe

avoided.

• Footprintsoftheturbines,cranepads,roads,constructionandsubstationlocationsshouldbeclearlydemarcated.

• Developmentshouldavoidrockyoutcrops.Theseoutcropsmaybefavouredhabitatforreptilesandotherspecies

(e.g.dassies)sincetheyofferprotectionfrompredators.


ParameterThisre-assessment Todd&Skowno(2014)



Duration Long-termtopermanent Long-term

Intensity High Medium

Consequence Substantial Moderate

Probability Verylikely Likely

Significance Moderate Low - -

DirectfaunalimpactNature:Faunalmortalitiesmaybecausedbygroundworksatthefootprintoftheinfrastructure,constructionvehiclesor

otheroperationalactivities.Faunalmortalitiesmayalsobecausedbyelectricalfences,shouldtheybeerectedaroundthe

constructionsiteandsubstation.Inparticularslow-movingspeciessuchastortoises,mightbepronetothesemortalities.

Fatalitiesmightalsoarisewhenanimalsingestwastematerialorbecomeensnaredinwires.

Largermoremobilefaunasuchasantelopeandlargerpredatorswillmostlikelymoveawayfromareasofhighactivityduring

theconstructionphase.Smallerfaunaarelesscapableofmovingawayandmayseekshelterdownburrowsandothershelter

sites.Thelargenumberofpersonnelon-siteduringconstructionandtheimprovedaccess(roads)totheareawouldalsopose

ariskofpoachingaswellaspersecutionoffaunasuchassnakes.Theredlistedfaunawhichmayoccuratthesitearehowever

shyspecieswhichoccuratalowdensityanditisunlikelythatanyoftheredlistedfaunawouldbedirectlyencounteredby

peopleatthesite.

Itispossiblethattheriverinerabbitoccursonthewesternplainsofthesiteandalongthepowerlineroute.However,the

footprintofthepowerlineintheriverinerabbit’shabitatshouldbefairlysmall.Theriverinerabbitcouldalsooccuralongthe

floodplainsoftheSnyderskaalrivierintheeast.Thepotentialpresenceoftheriverinerabbitshouldbeconsideredifthisroute

istobewidenedorupgraded.


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• Constructioncrew,inparticularthedrivers,shouldundergoenvironmentaltrainingtoincreasetheirawarenessof

environmentalconcerns.Althoughallroadkillscannotbeavoided,theincreasedawarenessofdriversshouldbe

abletoreducethenumberoffatalities.Thecrewshouldalsobemadeawareofnotharmingorcollectingspecies

suchassnakes,tortoisesandowlswhichareoftenpersecutedoutofsuperstition.

• Properwastemanagementproceduresshouldbeinplacetoavoidlitter,foodorotherforeignmaterialfromlying

aroundandtoremoveallwastematerialfromthesite.

• Noactivity,includingnightdriving,shouldbeallowedatthesitebetweensunsetandsunrise.

• Speedlimitsshouldbesetonallroadsonsite.

• Personnelshouldnotbeallowedtoroamintotheveld.

• Ensurethatcablingandelectricalinfrastructureatthesiteisburiedsufficientlydeeplytoavoidbeingexcavated

by fauna and that where such infrastructure emerges above-ground that it is sufficiently protected from

gnawinganimalssuchasporcupinesandspringhare,whichmayseeksuchmaterialout.

• Anydangerousfauna(e.g.snakes,scorpions)thatareencounteredduringconstructionshouldnotbehandled

ormolested by construction staff and the ECO or other suitably qualified persons should be contacted to

removetheanimalstosafety.

• Holesandtrenchesshouldnotbeleftopenforextendedperiodsoftimeandshouldonlybedugwhenneeded

forimmediateconstruction.Trenchesthatmaystandopenforsomedays,shouldhaveplaceswheretheloose

materialhasbeenreturnedtothetrenchtoformanescaperamptoallowanyfaunathatfallintoescape.

• Ifthereisanypartofthesitethatneedstobelitatnightforsecurityreasons,thenthisshouldbewithlow-UV

emittingtypeswhichdonotattractinsects.

Additionalmitigationmeasurestobeconsidered:• Should electrical fences be erected it must be done according to the norms and standards of the Nature

ConservationAuthoritiesintheWesternCape.

• AllinstancesofillegalcollectionshouldbereportedtotheNatureConservationAuthorities.

• Accesstothesiteshouldbestrictlyregulatedtoreducetheopportunitiesforpoaching.





Duration Short-term Short-term

Intensity Medium Medium

Consequence ModeratetoSubstantial Moderate


Significance LowtoModerate Low Moderate Low

Increaseddustdeposition

Nature:Increaseddustdepositionmayharmphysiologicalprocessesofplantsandaffectthefauna.Increaseddustlevelsare

largelytemporaryandprimarilyapplicabletotheconstruction(anddecommissioning)phases.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Excessivedustcanbereducedbysprayingwaterontothesoil.

• Othersuitabledustcontrolmitigationmeasurescanalsobeconsidered.

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Intensity Medium Low


Probability Likely Unlikely

Significance Moderate Low Moderate Low

Increasednoiseandlightlevels

Nature:Constructionactivitieswillincreasenoiseandlightlevelsatthesite.Theelevatedlevelsmayalterthebehavioural

patternsofsomeanimals.Increasednoiseandlightlevelsassociatedwiththeconstructionphase,aretemporary.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Themitigationmeasuresasindicatedbythenoisespecialistmustbeadheredto.

• Ifthereisanypartofthesitethatneedstobelitatnightforsecurityreasons,thenthisshouldbewithlow-UVemittingtypeswhichdonotattractinsects.










7.2.2 IndirectimpactsduringtheconstructionphaseEstablishmentofalienvegetation

Nature:Asaresultoftheclearingofindigenousvegetationandresultingsoildisturbance,alienspeciesmightestablishinthe

area.Alieninvasivespeciesarecurrentlynotcommoninthearea,althoughafewdeclaredinvasivespecieswerenotedon

site(e.g.Salsolakali,Argemoneochroleua,Opuntiaficus-indicaandAtriplexlindleyisubsp.inflata).Increasedvehicletrafficandimportofsoilmayhoweverfacilitatetheintroductionofseedsofalienspecies.WoodyspeciessuchasProsopisareaparticularconcernastheymaycausechangestothestructureandfunctioningoftheecosystemwhichoftenexacerbatethe

furtherlossofindigenousvegetation.Bareareasthatarenotactivelyrehabilitatedandareasreceivingrunoffareparticularly

vulnerabletoalieninfestation.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Implementamonitoringprogramfortheearlydetectionofalieninvasiveplantspecies.

• Acontrolprogramshouldbeemployedtocombatdeclaredalieninvasiveplantspeciesinthemostenvironmentally

friendlymannerthatdoesnotresultinundesirablesecondaryimpacts.

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• Theuseofherbicidesshouldberestrictedforthecontrolofalienspeciesthatcannotbecontrolledmanually

andshouldbeappliedaccordingtotherelevantinstructionsandbyappropriatelytrainedpersonnel.

• Noalienspeciesshouldbeusedinrehabilitationorlandscaping.

• Useonlyplantsandseedcollectedon-siteforrevegetation.

• Phased vegetation clearing and revegetation should be implemented to ensure that cleared areas are

revegetatedassoonaspossibleafterconstruction,whichwillincreaserehabilitationsuccessaswellasretard

theinvasionofaliens.

• Clearedareasmayneedtobefenced-offduringrehabilitationtoexcludelivestockandwildlife.

• Materialbroughtontositee.g.buildingsandshouldberegularlycheckedforthegerminationofalienspecies.

• Constructionmachineryshouldbecleanedbeforecomingontositetoavoidimportingseedofalienspecies.





Duration Long-term Medium


Consequence Moderate Slight

Probability Likely Unlikely

Significance Low Verylow Moderate Low

Changesinanimalbehaviour

Nature:Theincreasedhumanpresenceand/orconstructionoperationswill increasenoiselevelsaswellaslightlevelsat

night.Theincreasedhumanpresence,elevatednoiseandlightlevels,lossofanimalhabitatandcompactionofsoilsmayalter

thebehaviouralpatternsofsomeanimals.Someofthesechangesmayfavourcertainspeciesandnegativelyaffectothers

andconsequentlychangethecompositionoftheanimalcommunities.Someofthesechangescouldpossiblyincreaselevels

ofpredation.Specieswithsmallterritories,e.g.duiker,willbenegativelyaffectedaswellasspeciesthatliveormoveinthe

soil.

Researchelsewhereshowedthattheresponseofanimalstowindenergyfacilitieswashighlyspecies-specificandcouldrangefromavoidancetoapositivereaction.Theresponseapparentlyalsodependedonthelevelofpredation,withno

impact notedwhere predation pressurewas low. Wind farms affect large terrestrialmammalsmainly through an

increase in human activity within the wind farm area. During the construction phase, the mobile large-mammal

carnivoresandungulatesmaytemporarilyavoidthesite,butwhenconstructionceasesandhumanpresencedecreases,

theseanimalsgenerallyacclimatetothewindenergy infrastructure.The impactonburrowingfaunamaybehigher,

sincetheseanimalsareusuallysensitivetosoiltremorsanddisturbancesandwilllikelymoveawayfromconstruction

areas.ItisanticipatedthattheimpactoftheIshwatiEmoyeniWEFonthefaunawouldmostlybetemporary,i.e.during

theconstructionphase,butthattheanimalswillacclimatetotheinfrastructureonsite.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Construction crew should undergo environmental training, by way of an induction course, to increase their

awarenessofenvironmentalconcerns.

• Developmentshouldavoidcliffsandrockyoutcrops.

• Soilcompactionshouldbekepttoaminimumbyrestrictingdrivingtodesignatedroads.

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• Appropriatelightingshouldbeinstalledtominimisenegativeeffectsonnocturnalanimals.

• Noactivityshouldbeallowedatthesitebetweensunsetandsunrise.

• Themitigationmeasuresasindicatedbythenoisespecialistmustbeadheredto.





Duration Long-term Medium-term





Changesincommunitystructureofplants(Impactaddedduetolargerfootprint)

Nature:Vegetationclearance,soilcompactionandhighlevelsofdisturbancewillalterthephysicalcharacterofthehabitat.

Someplantspecieswillbemorenegativelyaffectedthanothersandcompetitivehierarchiesmaychangeandconsequently

thecompositionofplantcommunitiesmaychangeandpioneerspeciescouldincrease.Thesechangesarenotanticipated

acrossthesite,butarerelevantintheimmediatevicinityofthedisturbanceandonareasthatneedtoberevegetated.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Soilcompactionshouldbekepttoaminimumbyrestrictingdrivingtodesignatedroads.

• Vegetationclearingandotherdisturbanceshouldberestrictedtothefootprintofthedevelopment.

• Construction crew should undergo environmental training, by way of an induction course, to increase their


Significancewithoutandwithmitigationmeasures(evaluatedacrosssiteandnotonlyforfootprint):





Intensity Mediumacrosssite Lowacrosssite



Significance Low Verylow - -

Increasederosionandwaterrun-off

Nature:Increasederosion(waterandwind)andwaterrun-offwillbecausedbytheclearingoftheindigenousvegetationandcompactionofsoil.Theroadsupthemountainslopeswillbethemainsourceoferosionifnotproperlyconstructedand

providedwithwater run-off structures. In addition, thehardened surfaces createdby the roads, cranepads andother

infrastructureelementswillincreaserunoff,whichwillposeanerosionriskintheareasreceivingthewater,evenifthese

areashavenotbeendisturbed.Increasedrun-offanderosioncouldaffecthydrologicalprocessesintheareaandwillchange

waterandsiltdischargeintothestreams.

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Thesitelieswithinthesummerrainfallregionandreceivesalargeproportionofrainfallasintensethundershowers,which

willincreasethepotentialforerosion.Onsteepslopesactiverehabilitationandmitigationmeasurestopreventerosionwill

berequired.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Clearingofvegetation,compactionandlevellingshouldberestrictedtothefootprintoftheproposeddevelopment.

• Allroadsshouldhavewaterdiversionstructureswithenergydissipationfeaturestoslowanddispersethewater

intothereceivingarea.

• ArehabilitationandrevegetationplanshouldbedevelopedaspartoftheEMP.

• Regularmonitoringofthesiteduringconstructionforerosionproblems.

• Silttrapsshouldbeusedwherethereisadangeroftopsoilormaterialstockpileserodingandenteringstreams

andothersensitiveareas.

• Topsoil should be removed and stored separately and should be reapplied where appropriate as soon as

possibleinordertoencourageandfacilitaterapidregenerationofthenaturalvegetationonclearedareas.

• Phaseddevelopmentandvegetationclearingsothatclearedareasarenotleftunvegetatedandvulnerableto

erosionforextendedperiodsoftime.

• Constructionofgabionsandotherstabilizationfeaturesonsteepslopestopreventerosion.

• Reducedactivityonsiteafterlargerainfalleventswhenthesoilsarewet.Nodrivingoffhardenedroadsuntilsoils

havedriedoutandtheriskofboggingdownhasdecreased.Additionalmitigationmeasuresproposed:

• Asuitablyqualifiedpersonshouldplan,designandsupervisetheproperconstructionof roadstominimisethe

impactontheenvironment.




Extent Sitespecifictoregional Sitespecific



Consequence Severe Substantial


Significance High Moderate Moderate Low

7.3 Impacts during the operational phase and their significance 7.3.1 DirectimpactsduringtheoperationalphaseDirectfaunalimpactNature:Faunalmortalitiesmaybecausedbymaintenancevehiclesorothermaintenanceactivitiesandwaste.Inparticular

slow-moving species such as tortoises,might be prone to thesemortalities. Faunalmortalitiesmay also be caused by

electricalfences,shouldtheybeerectedaroundtheconstructionsiteandsubstation.Fatalitiesmightalsoarisewhenanimals

ingestwastematerialorbecomeensnaredinwires.

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Althoughactivityatthesiteislikelytoberelativelylowduringoperation,someimpactonfaunamaystilloccurasaresultof

personnelpresentonsiteaswellastheoperationofmaintenancevehicles.Directinteractionsbetweentheturbinesand

terrestrialfaunaarelikelytobelow.Majorriskfactorsduringoperationarelikelytobepoachingandhuntingonthesitedue

toincreasedaccesstothearea,pollutionrisklargelyfromvehiclesaswellasdirectnegativeimpactsfromvehiclecollisions

withfauna.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Maintenance crew should undergo environmental training, by way of an induction course, to increase their


• Accesstothesiteshouldbestrictlycontrolled.

• Personnelshouldnotbeallowedtoroamintotheveld.

• Allexcesswiresandwastematerialshouldberemovedfromthesite.

• Allvehiclesatthesiteshouldadheretoalowspeedlimitandanyfaunaonroadsshouldreceiverightorwayor

canbemovedofftheroadinthecaseofslow-movingfaunasuchastortoises.

• Anychemicalspillsatthesiteshouldbehandledintheappropriatemannerasdeterminedbythenatureofthe

spill.


• Afaunalmonitoringprogrammeshouldbedevelopedtodeterminewhetherthepresenceofthefacilityhasan

impactonfaunalactivity.Thiscanrelyonpassiveapproachessuchastheuseofcameratrapswhichcanbeleft

intheveldforanextendedperiodoftimebetweenretrievingthedataorreplacingbatteries.

Additionalmitigationmeasuresproposed:• AllinstancesofillegalcollectionshouldbereportedtotheNatureConservationAuthorities.

• ElectricalfencesshouldbeerectedaccordingtothenormsandstandardsoftheNatureConservationAuthoritiesin

theWesternCape.Significancewithoutandwithmitigationmeasures:








Significance Low Low Moderate–Low Low

Increasednoiselevelsandchangesinanimalbehaviour

Nature:Thelossofvegetationcover,compactingofsoils,increasednoiselevelsandtheincreasedhumanpresencewillalter

animalbehaviouralpatternsbymakingcertainsitesunavailable,makingroadsdifficulttotraverse,andincreasinglevelsof

predation.Someanimalspecieswillbemoreseverelyaffectedthanothers.Seeexamplesunderconstruction.Thesespecies

mightundergoareductionintheirpopulationsize.

AccordingtoTodd&Skowno(2014)smallmammals,reptilesandamphibiansarenotlikelytomoveawayfromtheturbines

onaccountofthenoiseastheseanimalsdonotrelyonsoundtoforageandrelylargelyonplantcoverandotheravoidance

measurestoavoidpredators.Althoughfrogscommunicatewiththeircalls,thepitchofthenoisegeneratedbytheturbines

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isnot likelytobesimilartothatofthefrogsandasignificant impact isunlikely.Faunawhichrelyheavilyonhearingfor

foragingorpredatoravoidancearepotentiallyworstaffectedbythenoise.Thiswouldincludespeciessuchasbat-earedfoxes

thatrelyextensivelyonhearingforpreydetectionandspeciessuchashareswhichrelyonhearingforpredatoravoidance.

Howeveritisdifficulttopredicttheimpactonthesespecieswithoutenteringintoahighdegreeofspeculationastherehas

beenlittleresearchonthistopicandhencethereisnobaselineintermsofknownimpactsduetoturbinenoiseonfauna,

especiallywithintheSouthAfricancontext.However,noiseduetoturbinesatthesitewillbevariableandrelatedtowind

directionandoperatingconditionsamongotherfactors.Asmostfaunaareadaptablewithregardstonoise,itislikelythat

anyaffectedfaunawouldadapttothelocalconditionsanditisnotlikelythattherewouldbeanyecosystem-levelortrophic

impactsduetoturbinenoise.Thepossibilitythatpredatorssuchasjackalandcaracalwouldpreymoreheavilyonlivestock

asaresultofturbinenoise,isnotalikelyscenario(Todd&Skowno2014).

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Themitigationmeasuresasindicatedbythenoisespecialistmustbeadheredto.

• Construction crew should undergo environmental training, by way of an induction course, to increase their


• Soilcompactionshouldbekepttoaminimumbyrestrictingdrivingtodesignatedroads.

• Appropriatelightingshouldbeinstalledtominimisenegativeeffectsonnocturnalanimals.


• Ifthereisanypartofthesitethatneedstobelitatnightforsecurityreasons,thenthisshouldbewithlow-UV

emittingtypeswhichdonotattractinsects.









Significance Low Low Moderate-Low Low

7.3.2 Indirectimpactsduringtheoperationalphase

Establishmentofalienvegetation

Nature:Asaresultofthelossofindigenousvegetationandresultingdegradation,primarilyduringtheconstructionphase,

alienspeciesmightinvadethearea.Increasedvehicletrafficandimportofsoilsmayfacilitatetheintroductionofseedsof

alien species. Infestation by invasive alien species may eventually cause changes in structure and functioning of the

ecosystemandoftenexacerbatesthefurtherlossofindigenousvegetation.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Implementamonitoringprogramfortheearlydetectionofalieninvasiveplantspeciesandacontrolprogramto

combatdeclaredalieninvasiveplantspeciesshouldbeemployed.

• Noalienspeciesshouldbeusedforlandscaping,rehabilitationoranyotherpurpose.

• Clearingofalienspeciesshouldbedoneonaregularbasis.

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• Clearing largewoody invadersalreadypresentat the sitewhere there isa risk that thesewould spreadon

accountofthedevelopment.









Significance Low Verylow Moderate Low

Increasederosionandwaterrun-off

Nature:Disturbancecreatedduringconstructionwilltakeseveralyearstofullystabilizeandthepresenceofanextensiveareaofhardenedsurfaceduetoroads,turbinesandcranepadswillincreaserunoffwhichwillposeasignificanterosionrisk.

Particularareasofconcernwouldberoadstraversingsteepslopesaswellasanyinfrastructureonsteeporgentleslopes

witherodiblesoils.Consequently,erosionriskduringoperationislikelytobecentredonareasdisturbedduringconstruction

and on areas receiving runoff from roads and similar hardened surfaces. Increased run-off and erosion could affect

hydrologicalprocessesintheareaandwillchangewaterdischargeintothestreamsandincreasesiltload.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Properroadmaintenanceproceduresshouldbeinplace.

• Regularmonitoringofthesiteduringoperationforerosionproblems.

• Regularrepairandrehabilitationofareasshowingsignsoferosion.

• Shouldnewsectionsoftheroadbeneeded,asuitablyqualifiedpersonshouldplan,designandsupervisetheproper

constructionofroads.

• Reducedactivityatthesiteafterlargerainfalleventswhenthesoilsarewet.










Lossoflandscapeconnectivityanddisruptionofbroad-scaleecologicalprocesses

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Nature:Thepresenceofthefacilityandtheassociatedtransformationofintactvegetation,wouldposeathreattothe

connectivity of the landscapeand the ability of fauna and flora to respond to environmental change. Thepotential

severityofthedisruptionistoalargeextentrelatedtothesurroundingvegetationandthecontrastbetweenthenatural

vegetationandthehardenedsurfacesofthefacility.Forexample,alargeroadcreatesagreaterdisruptioninforestthan

inopengrassland.Inthecurrentcontext,theextentofdisruptionoflandscapeconnectivityislikelytobelowasthesite

isaridandplantcover is lowwithanaturalabundanceofopenareas.Thereforethemajorityofspeciespresentare

adaptedtothissituationandtheroadswouldnotposeasignificantobstacle thatwouldpreventmostspecies from

movingaboutthelandscape.Speciespotentiallyaffectedwouldbesubterraneanspecieswhichmayhavetoemerge

fromthesoilinordertocrosstheroadsandmayavoiddoingsoorbevulnerabletopredationwhileexposed.Thesiteis

howeveralreadyfairlyfragmentedforsuchspeciesduetothepresenceofrockyoutcropsandridgesacrossthesite.The

additionalroadsandhardenedareaswouldcontributetosomeextenttoincreasingthisfragmentation.Theseverityof

anysuchimpactsislikelytoberelativelylowasthe6-9mwideroadsrequiredforoperationwouldstillallowspeciesto

moveaboutthelandscapeastheyarelikelytostillbeofanaturalsurfacesuchasgravelandwouldexperiencelowtraffic

volumes.Inthelong-termthefacilityisnotlikelytocreatesignificantlocalorregionalpopulation-levelimpactasitis

likely that sufficient numbers of individuals would be successfully moving about the landscape to prevent spatial

fragmentationoftheirpopulations.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Preconstructionwalk-throughofthefacilityinfrastructuretoensurethatsensitiveareasareavoidedand

least-impactlocationsareidentifiedforriver/streamcrossings.

• Minimisingthedevelopmentfootprintwhereverpossible.

• Revegetationofallclearedandbareareascreatedbythefacilitywithlocalspecies.

• Fencesandotherstructureswhichimpedefaunalmovementshouldbeavoided.

• Roadsshouldnothavesteepcurbs.




Extent Sitespecific-Regional Sitespecific


Intensity Low Low


Probability Unlikely Unlikely

Significance Low Low Moderate–Low Low

7.4 Impacts during the decommissioning phase and their significance Thedecommissioningphasecouldpotentiallycausesomeoftheimpactslistedundertheconstructionphase.Duetothe

increasedsizeoftheamendedfootprint,theseimpactsarebrieflymentioned.

7.4.1 Directimpactsduringthedecommissioningphase

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Duetotheincreasedsizeofthefootprint,thefollowingdirectimpactscouldberelevant:

• Directfaunalmortalities;and

• Increaseddustdeposition.

Shouldtheappropriatemitigationmeasures(seeconstructionphase)beapplied,theimpactaftermitigationisislikely

tobelow.

7.4.2 IndirectimpactsduringthedecommissioningphaseIncreasederosionandwaterrun-off

Nature:Someoftheexistingroadsmighthavetobeupgradedandincreasederosionandwaterrun-offwill thusbe

causedbytheclearingoftheindigenousvegetationandsoildisturbance.Decommissioningwouldinvolvetheremoval

oftheinfrastructureofthefacilityandtherehabilitationoftheroadsandotherhardinfrastructureofthefacility.Ifnot

conducted sensitively, thiswould leave the site vulnerable to erosion.Withoutmanagement, increased run-off and

erosioncouldaffecthydrologicalprocessesintheareaandwillchangewaterdischargeintothestreamsandincrease

siltload.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Nonewroadsshouldbebuilt.

• Properroadmaintenanceproceduresshouldbeinplace.

• Removalofallinfrastructurecomponentsfromthesite.

• Rehabilitationofallclearedanddisturbedareaswithlocalspecies.

• Off-sitedisposalofallfacilitycomponentssuchascablingandturbineparts.

• Monitoringprogrammeforatleastthreeyearsafterdecommissioningtodocumentvegetationrecoveryonsite.









Significance Low Low Moderate Low

Establishmentofalienvegetation

Nature:Asaresultofthedecommissioningactivities,areaswillbedisturbedandalienspeciesmightinvade.Increasedvehicle

trafficmayfacilitatetheintroductionofseedsofalienspecies.


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• Implement a monitoring programme for at least three years after decommissioning to document vegetation

recoveryandalieninvestationacrossthesite.

• Implementacontrolprogramtocombatdeclaredalieninvasiveplantspecies.

• Areaswhereturbines,cranepadsorotherinfrastructureisremoved,mustberevegetatedwithindigenousplant

species.

• Noalienspeciesshouldbeusedforrehabilitation/revegetationoranyotherpurpose.

Significancewithoutandwithmitigationmeasures: Thisre-assessment Todd&Skowno(2014)Parameter Withoutmitigation Withmitigation Withoutmitigation Withmitigation

Status Negative Negative


Duration Long-term Short-term





7.5 Cumulative impacts Alargenumberofproposedwindenergyfacilitiesoccurina30kmradiusofthestudysite.However,IshwatiEmoyeni

WEFreceivedEAin2015andthereforeitshouldthereforehavebeenconsideredinthecumulativeimpactsofallthe

followingWEFs:

UmsindeEmoyeniWEF REF14/12/16/3/3/2/687 Inprocess

TroubergWEF REF14/12/16/3/3/2/427 Approved



MainstreamWind&Solar REF12/12/20/1788 Approved

BetelgeusePVSolar REF14/12/16/3/3/2/280 Approved

Lossofvegetation,SCCandhabitatdestruction(Impactaddedduetoenlargedfootprint)

Nature:Vegetationlossandhabitatdestructionofparticularlythemountaincrest/plateauvegetationandthedolerite

outcrops,aroundwhichmostofthedevelopmentsarecentred,willoccur.Thehabitatdestructionwillleadtochanges

in thephysical featuresof thehabitat,with concomitant changes inecologicalprocesses. Secondaryvegetationwill

developatsiteswherethevegetationwasclearedorthesoilcompacted.Thespeciescompositionoftheassociations

maychangeandalienspeciesmightinvade.Vegetationlosswillalsoconstitutethelossofanimalhabitat.Considering

all thedevelopments in theregion, theWEFswill causeasubstantial impacton thedoleriteoutcrophabitatand its

associatedfaunaandflora.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Allprojectsshouldadheretothesite-specificrecommendationsoftheecologiststoensurethatall facilities

mitigateimpactswherepossible.

• Awalk-throughpriortoconstructionoftheaccessroads,constructionsite,substation,turbinesandcranepads

toassessthepresenceofthreatenedandprotectedSCC isproposed.Placementof infrastructureshouldbe

doneinsuchawaythatnothreatenedSCCsareaffected.

• Positioningoftheturbinesinthemostenvironmentallyresponsiblemanneriscrucial.Wherepossibledolerite

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outcropsshouldbeavoided.




Extent Regional Regional





Significance Moderate Low - -

Dissectionofmountaincrest/plateauhabitat

Nature:Dissectionofthemountaincrest/plateauhabitatbyanetworkofroads.Someburrowinganimalspecieswill

findtraversingthesecompactedroadsdifficultandlevelsofpredationonthesespeciesmightincrease.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Donotplacefencesalongtheroads.

• Useexistingroads.








Probability Likely Low


CompromisingintegrityofCBA,ESAandNPAESandthedisruptionofbroad-scaleecologicalprocesses

Nature:Therenewableenergyapplicationscurrentlyapprovedorinprocessstretchinanuninterruptedbandforalmost

70 km in a northwest to southeast direction across the Ishwati EmoyeniWEF. Transformation within CBAs would

potentiallydisruptthefunctioningoftheCBAandconsequentlythebiodiversitytargetforecosystemscouldbeaffected.

In addition, thepresenceof a facility andassociated infrastructure couldpotentially contribute to thedisruptionof

broad-scaleecologicalprocessessuchasdispersal,migrationortheabilityoffaunatorespondtofluctuationsinclimate

orotherconditions.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• NoturbinesshouldbelocatedinCBAs.

• Preconstructionwalk-throughofthefacility,especiallytheroadsandturbinelocationstoensurethatsensitive

habitatsareavoided.

• Minimisethedevelopmentfootprintasfaraspossible.

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• Stringentconstruction-phasemonitoringofactivitiesatthesitetoensurethatmitigationmeasuresareadhered

toandthattheoverallecologicalimpactofthedevelopmentismaintainedatalowlevel.

• AlignroadsandotherinfrastructuresothattransformationwithintheCBAsandESAsisminimised.

• Theuseofstructureswhichmayinhibitmovementoffauna,e.g.meshorelectricfencingshouldbeavoided.










Reducedabilitytomeetconservationobligations&targets

Nature:Thelossofunprotectedvegetationtypesonacumulativebasisfromthebroadareamayimpactthecountries’

ability tomeet its conservation targets. Although all the vegetation types in the study area are classified as Least

Threatened,theyaremostlypoorlyprotectedandcertainhabitatsorcommunitiesmaybedisproportionatelyaffected.

Intermsofthevegetationtypespresent,EasternUpperKarooisthemostextensivevegetationtypeinthecountryand

atabroadscaleitisclearthatthedevelopmentwouldnotimpactthisvegetationtypeinasignificantmanner.TheUpper

KarooHardeveldvegetationtypeisassociatedwiththesteepslopesofthesiteanditisunlikelythatthedevelopment

wouldhavea significant impacton this vegetation typeas steep slopesareavoided fordevelopment. Similarly, the

SouthernKarooRivierevegetationtypeisassociatedwiththelargerdrainagesystemsatthesite,whichareconsidered

sensitivehabitatsandlegislationrequiresthattheseareasareavoided.Therefore,direct impactsonSouthernKaroo

Rivierethroughhabitattransformationwouldbelow(Todd&Skowno2019).

Althoughthedirectphysicalimpactonthevegetationtypesissmallinextent,thevisualimpactisnotconfinedtothe

immediatevicinityoftheturbines.ThuslargeareasofpreviouslyfairlyunspoiltKarooveld,cannolongerbeconsidered

fortheexpansionofconservationareas.

Proposedmitigationmeasures:• Preconstructionwalk-throughofthefacility,especiallytheroadsandturbinelocationstoensurethatsensitive

habitatsareavoided.

• Minimisethedevelopmentfootprintasfaraspossible.

• ReducethefootprintofthefacilitywithintheRockyDoleriteHillshabitattypeasmuchaspossible.

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Intensity Low Low

Consequence Substantial Substantial


Significance Moderate Moderate Low Verylow

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8. Impact tables Table1:Summaryofthedirectandindirectimpactsandtheirattributesduringtheconstructionphase

Aspect/Impactpathway

Natureofimpact Status Spatial

extent Duration

Conse-Quence(before

mitigation)

Probability(before

mitigation)

Revers-ibility

Irreplace-ability Mitigationmeasures

SignificanceofImpact/Risk=

ConsequencexProbability Rankingofimpact

Confidencelevel

(beforemitigation)Without

mitigationWith

mitigation

CONSTRUCTIONPHASE

Directimpacts

Clearingof

vegetationof

100-150ha

Lossof

natural

vegetation

Negative Site

specific

Long-

term

Severe (within

footprint)

Moderate

(withinentire

area

assessed)

Verylikely Lowwithin

footprint;

Moderate

beyond

footprint

Moderate • Preconstructionwalk-throughofthe

developmentfootprintformicrositing.

• Confineclearancetothefootprintofthe

developmentandavoidunnecessaryclearance.

• Ensurethattemporaryusearease.g.laydown

areasandconstructioncamp,arelocatedin

areasoflowsensitivity.

• Directfootprintlocationstobeclearly

demarcated.

• Allno-goareas(e.g.drainagelines)inproximity

tothedevelopmentfootprintshouldbe

demarcatedandlabelled.

• Environmentalinductionforallconstruction

staff.Thisincludesawarenessastonolittering,

appropriatehandlingofpollutionandchemical

spills,avoidingfirehazards,minimizingwildlife

interactions,andadheringtodemarcated

constructionzones.

• Allvehiclestoremainondemarcatedroads;

andnodrivingintheveld.

• Nocollectionof‘fuelwood’onsite.

• Nofiresallowedonsite,exceptwhereafire

managementplanisbeingimplemented.

• ECOtoprovidesupervisionandoversightof

vegetationclearingactivitiesandother

activitieswhichmaycausedamagetothe

environment.

• River/streamcrossingstobeplacedinareas

withoutextensivewetlandsandpreferablyin

rockyareaswheretheriskofdisruptionand

erosionislow.Allriver/streamcrossings

High (withinfootprint)Low(withinentireareaassessed)

Moderate(withinfootprint)Low(withinentireareaassessed)

4 High

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extent Duration

Conse-Quence(before

mitigation)

Probability(before

mitigation)

Revers-ibility




Confidencelevel


mitigationWith

mitigation

inspectedaspartofwalk-throughtoensure

optimalandacceptablelocations.Specific

guidelinesofaquaticspecialistshouldbe

followed.

• River/streamcrossingstobedesignednotto

impedeordisruptthedirectionandflowofthe

water.Specificguidelinesofaquaticspecialist

shouldbefollowed.

• Noplantsmaybetranslocatedorotherwise

uprootedordisturbedforrehabilitationor

otherpurposewithoutexpresspermissionfrom

theECO.

Clearingof

vegetationof

100-150ha

LossofSCC Negative Site

specific

Long-

term

Moderate Likely Moderate Moderate • Apreconstructionwalk-throughtoeachofthe

demarcatedaccessroads,constructionsite,

substation,turbinesandcranepadstoassess

thepresenceofSCC.Placementof

infrastructuremustbesuchthatimpactis

minimised.

Low Low 4 High

Clearingof

vegetationof

100-150ha

Lossof

faunal

habitat

Negative Site

specific

Long-

termto

perma-

nent

Substantial Verylikely Moderate Moderate • Confineclearancetofootprintofdevelopment

andavoidunnecessaryclearance.

• Footprintsoftheturbines,cranepads,roads,

constructionandsubstationlocationsshouldbe

clearlydemarcated.

• Developmentshouldavoidrockyoutcrops.

Theseoutcropsmaybefavouredhabitatfor

reptilesandotherspecies(e.g.dassies)since

theyofferprotectionfrompredators.

Moderate Low 4 High

Construction

activities

Direct

faunal

impact

Negative Site-

specific

Short-

term

Substantial to

Moderate

Likely Moderate Moderate • Environmentalinductionforallconstruction

staff.Thecrewshouldalsobemadeawareof

notharmingorcollectingspeciessuchas

snakes,tortoisesandowlswhichareoften

persecutedoutofsuperstition.

• Properwastemanagementproceduresshouldbe

inplacetoavoidwastelyingaroundandtoremove

allwastematerialfromthesite.

• Noactivitiesallowedonsitebetweensunset

andsunrise.

• Setspeedlimitsonallroadsonsite.

• Personnelnottoroamintotheveld.

• Ensurethatcablingandelectricalinfrastructure

atthesiteisburiedsufficientlydeeplytoavoid

Moderate –Low

Low 4 Medium

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extent Duration

Conse-Quence(before

mitigation)

Probability(before

mitigation)

Revers-ibility




Confidencelevel


mitigationWith

mitigation

beingexcavatedby faunaandthatwheresuch

infrastructure emerges above-ground that it is

sufficientlyprotectedfromgnawinganimals.

• Any dangerous fauna (e.g. snakes, scorpions)

encounteredduringconstructionshouldnotbe

handled ormolested by construction staff and

the ECO or other suitably qualified person

shouldbe contacted to remove the animals to

safety.

• Holes and trenches not to be left open for

extendedperiodsoftimeandshouldonlybedug

when needed for immediate construction.

Trenches thatmay stand open for some days,

shouldhaveplaceswheretheloosematerialhas

beenreturnedtothetrenchtoformanescape

ramptoallowanyfaunathatfallintoescape.

• Use low-UV emitting lighting which does not

attractinsects.

• Electrical fences to be erected according to the

normsandstandardsoftheNatureConservation

AuthoritiesintheWesternCape.

• Reportallinstancesofillegalcollectionoffaunato

theNatureConservationAuthorities.

• Access to the site shouldbe strictly regulated to

reducetheopportunitiesforpoaching.Construction

vehicles

Increased

dust

deposition

Negative Site-

specific

Short-

term

Substantial Likely High - • Excessivedustcanbereducedbysprayingwater

ontothesoil.

• Other suitable dust control mitigation measures

canalsobeconsidered.

Moderate Low 4 High

Construction

activities

Increased

noiseand

lightlevels

Negative Site-

specific

Short-

term

Substantial Likely High - • Themitigationmeasuresasindicatedbythe

noisespecialistmustbeadheredto.

• Appropriate lighting should be installed to

minimisenegativeeffectsonnocturnalanimals.

• Noconstructionshouldbedoneatnight.

Moderate Low 4 High

Indirectimpacts

Disturbanceof

vegetation

Establish-

mentof

alien

vegetation

Negative Site-

specific

Long-

term

Moderate Likely High - • Implement a monitoring program for the early

detectionofalieninvasiveplantspecies.

• Implementacontrolprogramtocombatdeclared

alien invasive plant species in the most

Low Verylow 5 Medium

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extent Duration

Conse-Quence(before

mitigation)

Probability(before

mitigation)

Revers-ibility




Confidencelevel


mitigationWith

mitigation

environmentally friendly manner that does not

resultinundesirablesecondaryimpacts.

• Restricttheuseofherbicidesforthecontrolof

alien species that cannot easily be controlled

manually. Herbicides must be applied by

following instructions and by appropriately

trainedpersonnel.

• Noalienspeciesshouldbeusedinrehabilitationor

landscaping.

• Use only plants and seed collected on site for

revegetation.

• Implement phased vegetation clearing and

revegetation to ensure that cleared areas are

revegetated as soon as possible after

construction.

• Clearedareasmayneedtobefenced-offduring

rehabilitationtoexcludelivestockandwildlife.

• Materialbroughtontothesitesuchasbuilding

sandshouldberegularlycheckedforthe

germinationofalienspecies.

• Constructionmachineryshouldbecleaned

beforecomingontositetoavoidimportingseed

ofalienspecies.

Construction

activities

Changesin

animal

behaviour

Negative Site-

specific

Long-

term

Substantial Likely Moderate - • Constructioncrewshouldundergoenvironmental

training, to increase their awareness of

environmentalconcerns.

• Development should avoid cliffs and rocky

outcrops.

• Soilcompactionshouldbekepttoaminimumby

restrictingdrivingtodesignatedroads.

• Install appropriate lighting installed to minimise

negativeeffectsonnocturnalanimals.

• Noactivityallowedatthesitebetweensunset

andsunrise.

• Themitigationmeasuresasindicatedbythe


Moderate Low 4 Medium

Clearingand

disturbanceof

vegetation

Changesin

community

structureof

plants

Negative Site-

specific

Long-

term

Moderate Likely Moderate Moderate • Soilcompactionshouldbekepttoaminimumby

restrictingdrivingtodesignatedroads.

• Restrictvegetationclearingandotherdisturbance

tofootprintofthedevelopment.

Low Verylow 5 Moderate

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extent Duration

Conse-Quence(before

mitigation)

Probability(before

mitigation)

Revers-ibility




Confidencelevel


mitigationWith

mitigation

• Constructioncrewshouldundergoenvironmental

training.

Clearingof

vegetationad

soil

compaction

Increased

waterrun-

offand

erosion

Negative Site-

specific

to

regional

Long-

term

Severe Likely Low High • Restrict clearing of vegetation, compaction and

levelling to the footprint of the proposed

development.

• Asuitablyqualifiedpersonshouldplan,designand

supervise the proper construction of roads to

minimisetheimpactontheenvironment.

• Planallroadswithwaterdiversionstructures

withenergydissipationfeaturestoslowand

dispersethewaterintothereceivingarea.

• Arevegetationplanshouldbedevelopedaspartof

theEMP.

• Regular monitoring of the site during

constructionforerosionproblems.

• Silttrapsshouldbeusedwherethereisadanger

of topsoil or material stockpiles eroding and

enteringstreamsandothersensitiveareas.

• Topsoil should be removed and stored

separately and should be reapplied where

appropriate as soon as possible in order to

encourage and facilitate rapid regeneration of

thenaturalvegetationonclearedareas.

• Implement phased vegetation clearing and

revegetation to ensure that cleared areas are

revegetated as soon as possible after

construction.

• Constructionof gabionsandother stabilization

featuresonsteepslopestopreventerosion.

• Reduced activity on site after large rainfall

events when the soils are wet. No driving off

hardenedroadsuntilsoilshavedriedoutandthe

riskofboggingdownhasdecreased.

High Moderate 3 High

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Table2:Summaryofthedirectandindirectimpactsandtheirattributesduringtheoperationalphase



extent Duration Conse-quence Probability Revers-

ibilityIrreplace-ability Mitigationmeasures



Confidencelevel

Withoutmitigation

Withmitigation

OPERATIONALPHASE

Directimpacts

Mainte-

nance

activities

Direct

faunal

mortalities

Negative Site-

specific

Long-term Moderate Likely Moderate - • Maintenancecrewshouldundergoenvironmental

training.

• All excess wires and waste material should be

removedfromthesite.

• Accesstothesitetobestrictlycontrolled.

• Personnelshouldnotroamintotheveld.

• All vehicles at the site should adhere to a low

speed limit and any fauna on roads should

receiverightorwayorcanbemovedofftheroad

in the case of slow-moving fauna such as

tortoises.

• Anychemicalspillsatthesiteshouldbehandled

intheappropriatemannerasdeterminedbythe

natureofthespill.

• Noactivityallowedonsitebetweensunsetand

sunrise.

• Use low-UV emitting lighting which does not

attractinsects.

• A faunal monitoring programme should be

developedtounderstandwhetherthepresence

of the facilityhasan impacton faunal activity.

Thiscanrelyonpassiveapproaches(e.g.camera

traps which can be left in the veld for an

extendedperiodoftime).

• Electrical fences to be erected according to the

normsandstandardsoftheNatureConservation

AuthoritiesintheWesternCape.

• Reportallinstancesofillegalcollectionoffaunato

theNatureConservationAuthorities.

Low Low 4 High

Mainte-

nance

activities

and

infrastruc-

ture

Increased

noise

levelsand

changed

animal

behaviour

Negative Site-

specific

Long-term Moderate Likely High - • Themitigationmeasuresasindicatedbythe


• Constructioncrewshouldundergoenvironmental

training.

• Keepsoilcompactiontoaminimumbyrestricting

drivingtodesignatedroads.

Low Low 4 Medium

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Confidencelevel

Withoutmitigation

Withmitigation

• Install appropriate lighting to minimise negative

effectsonnocturnalanimals.

• Noactivitiesonsitebetweensunsetand

sunrise.

Indirectimpacts

Losand

disturbance

of

vegetation

Establishm

entofalien

vegetation

Negative Site-

specific

Long-term Moderate Likely High - • Implement a monitoring program for the early

detection of alien invasive plant species and a

controlprogramtocombatdeclaredalieninvasive

plantspecies.

• Noalien species shouldbeused for landscaping,

rehabilitationoranyotherpurpose.

• Clearingofalienspeciesshouldbedoneona

regularbasis.

• Clearinglargewoodyinvadersalreadypresentat

the sitewhere there isa risk that thesewould

spreadonaccountofthedevelopment.


Lossand

disturbance

of

vegetation

during

construc-

tion

Increase

waterrun-

offand

erosion

Negative Site-

specificto

regional

Long-term Substantial Verylikely Low - • Properroadmaintenanceproceduresshouldbein

place.

• Regularmonitoringofthesiteduringoperation

forerosionproblems.

• Regularrepairandrehabilitationofareas

showingsignsoferosion.

• Should new sections of the road be needed, a

suitablyqualifiedpersonshouldplan,designand

supervisetheproperconstructionofroads.

• Reducedactivityatthesiteafterlargerainfall

eventswhenthesoilsarewet.

Moderate Low 4 High

Road

network

Lossof

landscape

connectivit

yand

disruption

ofbroad-

scale

ecological

processes

Negative Site-

specific-

Regional

Long-term Moderate Unlikely Moderate - • Preconstructionwalk-throughofthefacility

infrastructuretoensurethatsensitiveareasare

avoidedandleast-impactlocationsare

identifiedforriver/streamcrossings.

• Minimisethedevelopmentfootprintwherever

possible.

• Revegetationofallclearedandbareareas

createdbythefacilitywithlocalspecies.

• Fencesandotherstructureswhichimpede

faunalmovementshouldbeavoided.

• Roadsshouldnothavesteepcurbs.

Low Low 4 Medium

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Table3:Summaryofthedirectandindirectimpactsandtheirattributesduringthedecommissioningphase





SignificanceofImpact/Risk=ConsequencexProbability Ranking

ofimpactConfidence

levelWithoutmitigation

Withmitigation

DECOMMISSIONINGPHASE

Directimpacts

Decommis-

sioning

activities

Direct

faunal

mortalities

Negative Site-

specific

Short-

term

Moderate Likely Moderate- • Decommissioning crew should undergo

environmentaltraining.

• Nonightdriving.

• Setspeedlimitsonallroadsonsite.

• Properwastemanagementproceduresshouldbein

placeandnomaterialshouldbeleftonsite.

• Allmaterial brought in for the construction of the

WEFshouldberemoved.

• Minimise soil compaction by restricting driving to

designatedroads.

• Install appropriate lighting to minimise negative

effectsonnocturnalanimals.

• Nodecommissioningshouldbedoneatnight.


Decommis-

sioning

vehicles

Increased

dust

deposition

Negative Site-

specific

Short-

term

Moderate Likely High - • Excessive dust can be reduced by spraying water

ontothesoil.

Low Verylow 5 High

Indirectimpacts

Clearingof

vegetation

Increased

waterrun-

offand

erosion

Negative Site-

specificto

regional

Long-

term

Moderate Likely Moderate - • Nonewroadsshouldbebuilt.

• Proper roadmaintenance procedures should be in

place.

• Removalofall infrastructurecomponents fromthe

site.

• Rehabilitation/revegetation of all cleared and

disturbedareaswithlocalspecies.

• Off-site disposal of all facility components such as

cablingandturbineparts.

• Monitoringprogrammeforatleastthreeyearsafter

decommissioningtodocumentvegetationrecovery

acrossthesite.

Low Low 4 Medium

Removalof

infrastructure

Establish-

mentof

alien

vegetation

Negative Site

specific

Long-

term

Moderate Likely Moderate Moderate • Implement a monitoring programme for at least

three years after decommissioning to document

vegetationrecoveryandalieninvestationacrossthe

site.

Low Low 4 Medium

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SignificanceofImpact/Risk=ConsequencexProbability

Rankingofimpact

Confidencelevel

Withoutmitigation

Withmitigation

• Implement a control program to combat declared

alieninvasiveplantspecies.

• Areas where turbines, crane pads and other

infrastructureisremoved,mustberevegetatedwith

indigenousplantspecies.

• No alien species should be used for

rehabilitation/revegetationoranyotherpurpose.

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Table4:Summaryofthecumulativeimpactsandtheirattributes



extentDuration

Conse-quence Probability Revers-



Rankingof

impact

Confidencelevel

Withoutmitigation

Withmitigation

CUMULATIVEIMPACTS

Construction

activities

Lossof

vegetation,

Speciesof

Conservation

Concernand

habitat

destruction

Negative Regional Long-

term

Substantial Verylikely Lowto

moderate

Moderate • All projects should adhere to the site-specific

recommendationsoftheecologiststoensurethat

theymitigateimpacts.

• A walk-through prior to construction of access

roads,constructionsite,substation,turbinesand

cranepads toassess thepresenceof threatened

and protected SCC is proposed. Place

infrastructure in such a way that no threatened

SCCsareaffected.

• Position of the turbines in the most

environmentallyresponsiblemanneriscrucial.

Moderate Low 4 High

Roadnetwork Dissectionof

mountain

crest/

plateau

habitat


term

Moderate Likely Moderate - • Donotplacefencesalongtheroads.

• Useexistingroads.

Low Low 4 Medium

Placementof

infrastructure

Compromi-

singintegrity

ofCBA,ESA

andNPAES

andthe

disruptionof

broad-scale

ecological

processes


term

Substantial Likely Low - • NoturbinestobelocatedinCBAs.

• Preconstruction walk-through of the facility,

especially the roads and turbine locations to

ensurethatsensitivehabitatsareavoided.

• Minimise the development footprint as far as

possible.

• Stringent construction-phase monitoring of

activities on site to ensure that mitigation

measures are adhered to and that the overall

ecological impact of the development is

maintainedatalowlevel.

• Alignroadsandotherinfrastructuresothat

transformationwithintheCBAsandESAsis

minimised.

• Theuseofstructureswhichmayinhibit

movementoffauna,suchasmeshandelectric

fencingshouldbeavoided.

Moderate Low 4 Medium

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extentDuration

Conse-quence Probability Revers-



Rankingof

impact

Confidencelevel

Withoutmitigation

Withmitigation

Lossof

vegetation;

androads

Increased

erosionand

waterrun-off


term

Substantial Likely Low - • Clearing of vegetation, compaction and levelling

shouldberestrictedtothefootprintoftheproposed

development.

• Asuitablyqualifiedpersonshouldplan,designand

supervise the proper construction of roads to

minimisetheimpactontheenvironment.

• Allroadsshouldhavewaterdiversionstructures

presentwithenergydissipationfeaturestoslow

anddispersethewaterintothereceivingarea.

• Arehabilitationandrevegetationplanshouldbe

developedaspartoftheEMP.

Moderate Low 4 High

Reduced

abilityto

meet

conservation

obligations&

targets


term

Substantial Likely Moderate - • Preconstructionwalk-throughofthefacility,

especiallytheroadsandturbinelocationsto

ensurethatsensitivehabitatsareavoided.

• Minimisethedevelopmentfootprintasfaras

possible.

• Reducethefootprintofthefacilitywithinthe

DoleriteRockyHillshabitattypeasmuchas

possible.

Moderate Moderate 3 High

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9. Concluding remarks 9.1 General

TheproposedamendmentsfortheIshwatiEmoyeniWEFentail:

• Areductioninthenumberofturbinesto45,butanincreaseinmaximumgenerationcapacityof6MWper

turbine.

• Ahubheightincreasefrom120mtoamaximumheightof160m,withanincreaseinrotordiameterfrom130

mtoamaximumrotordiameterof160m.

• Sub-stationlocationisonDriefonteinfarmandnotLeeuwenfonteinaspertheEA.

• Concretefoundationsfortheturbinesandcranepadswillbeincreased.

• Thesizeofthethreelaydownareaswillbeincreased.

• Transformerstandsperhardstandingareaperturbinewillbeincreased.

TheproposedamendmentstotheWEFlayoutandwindturbinespecificationswillhavesimilarecological impactsas

thoselistedintheoriginalEcologicalreportbyTodd&Skowno(2014).Althoughfewerwindturbinesareproposedfor

theamendeddevelopment,thefootprintoftheturbinesandaccompanyinginfrastructurewillbefourtimeslargerthan

forthepreviousproposalandconsequentlylargerareaswillbetransformedanddisturbedandthemagnitudeofthe

impactwillbelarger.

9.2 Management and mitigation measures recommended

TheimpactslistedintheoriginalreportbyTodd&Skowno(2014),allapplytotheproposedamendment.Duetothe

increasedsizeofthefootprintthefollowingadditionalimpactswereidentified:

• Directimpact:Constructionphase:Lossoffaunalhabitat

• Indirectimpact:Constructionphase:Changesincommunitystructureofplants

• Cumulativeimpact:Lossofvegetation,SCCandhabitatdestruction.

All recommendationsandmitigationmeasuresprovided in theoriginalEcologyReport compiledbyTodd&Skowno

(2014) are still relevant and should be implemented. A few additional mitigation measures were proposed for

consideration. In essence, these additional mitigation measures are not ‘new’, but are alternatives to measures

previouslyproposed.

Themajorimpactsassociatedwiththedevelopmentandthereforealsowiththeamendmentarelikelytooccurduring

the construction phase. Most of the physical disturbance and activity will occur during construction and effective

managementoftheseimpactswouldbeakeyelementinreducingtheoverallecologicalimpactofthedevelopment.

Thekeymitigationmeasuresidentifiedinthisreportincludethefollowingbasicactivities:

• Careful preconstruction micrositing of the infrastructure of the development, in particular the location of

stream and river crossings, turbine and crane pad locations and access routes through sensitive habitats.

Although the coarse-level layout may reveal no sensitive features within the development footprint, a

preconstructionwalk-throughandsubsequentmicrositingwouldfurthercontributetodecreasingtheimpact

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associatedwiththedevelopment.

• Preconstructionwalk-through of the development footprint to locate species and habitats of conservation

concernthatshouldbeavoided.

• Stringentconstruction-phasemonitoringofactivitiesatthesitetoensurethatmitigationmeasuresareadhered

toandthatimpactssuchaserosionandalienplantinvasionarearrestedbeforetheybecomeseriousimpacts

thatmaybedifficulttocontrol.

• Minimisingthefootprintofthedevelopmentasmuchaspossible,especiallysincerehabilitationintheKaroo

environmentisdifficult.Localplantspeciesmustbeusedforrehabilitation/revegetation.

Althoughthefocushasthusfarbeenontheturbinelayoutandadaptationstoaccommodatethevarioussensitivities

identified by the various specialist studies, a similar approach should be adopted with regards to the associated

infrastructuresuchasroadsandundergroundcabling.

9.3 Impact on vegetation types Theamendmentwillbasicallyhavethesameimpactonthevegetationtypes,althoughthemagnitudewillbesomewhat

greater.Thesite is fairlydiverse in termsof thevarietyofhabitatspresent.TheNationalVegetationMaphowever,

identifiesonlythreevegetationtypesatthesite.Thisisagrossoversimplificationandanumberofdifferenthabitats

weredescribedaspartofthestudy.Althoughtherearenothreatenedecosystemsatthesite,someofthehabitats(e.g.

Rocky Dolerite Outcrops,Major Drainage Systems andMinor Drainage Lines) are considered sensitive due to their

ecologicalcharacteristicsorthepotentialpresenceofspeciesofconservationconcern(Todd&Skowno2014).

The loss of unprotected vegetation types from the broad area, on a cumulative basis, may impact on reaching

conservation targets for these types. Although all of the vegetation types in the study area are classified as ‘Least

Threatened’,theyaremostlypoorlyprotectedandcertainhabitatsorcommunitiesmaybedisproportionatelyaffected.

Themostsensitivehabitats, i.e.thedrainagelines,steepslopesandtherockydoleriteoutcropsaremostlyexcluded

fromthedevelopmentfootprint.

9.4 Impacts on habitat types Overall, the impactof theamendmentonthehabitat typeswill remainunchanged.Thepresenceofmajordrainage

systemsandsteepslopeswithinthesiteposesomeconstraintsonthedevelopmentpotentialof thesite.Thereare

howeverextensiveareasofmediumsensitivityhabitatpresentwheredevelopmentwouldposeconsiderablylessriskof

anegativeecological impact.Althoughthetotal footprintof the facility isnot likely toexceed150ha, thisdoesnot

provide a representative indication of the likely impact of the development.Wind energy facilities are diffuse and

distributedacrossabroadareaandthefootprintfromanecologicalperspectiveisconsiderablygreaterthantheextent

of transformation. Nevertheless, the flat plateau areas of the site consist of widespread plant communities with

relativelylowfaunaldiversityanddevelopmentwithintheseareaswouldnotbelikelytogenerateimpactsofrelevance

beyondthesite(Todd&Skowno2014).

InspiteofthetotallossofthevegetationwithintheWEFfootprint,largeportionsofthePlateauPlainsandRockyDolerite

Hillshabitatsstillremainunaffectedtoensurethatecologicalpatternsorprocessescontinuewithoutbeingadversely

affected.

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9.5 Impacts on biodiversity

9.5.1 Vegetationandprotectedplantspecies

Somelossofvegetationwouldbeaninevitableconsequenceoftheincreasedsizeofthefootprintintheamendment.

Inadditiontherearesomeprovinciallyprotectedspeciespresentwhichmaybeimpactedbytheamendment.Protected

speciesmaynotberemovedordestroyedwithoutthenecessarypermits.

9.5.2 Alienplantinvasionrisk

Disturbancecreatedduringconstructionwillleavethesitevulnerabletoalienplantinvasion.However,withaproper

alienmanagementplanthisaspectisnotconsideredasignificantissue.

9.5.3 Faunalimpacts

Duetotheincreasedfootprintoftheamendmentthemagnitudeoftheimpactonthefaunaislikelytobegreaterand

some lossof faunalhabitatwill occur. Increased levelsofnoise,pollution,disturbanceandhumanpresencewill be

detrimentaltofaunaalthoughmainlyduringtheconstructionphase.Mostanimalswillmoveawayfromtheactivities,

whilesomeburrowingorslow-movingspecieswouldnotbeabletoavoidtheconstructionactivities.Illegalpoachingor

collectionislikelytobepresent.Therearealsosomemammalsofconservationconcernwhichoccurintheareaand

impactsonthesespecieswouldbeundesirable.

Theamendmentwillnotcauseadditionalimpactstothethreatenedanimalspeciesthatcouldpossiblyoccuronsite.In

thereportbyTodd&Skowno(2014),amonitoringprogrammewassuggestedtomonitortheimpactoftheWEFonthe

faunaandthisshouldincludetheRedListedspecies.Thefollowingthreatenedspeciescouldoccur:

• Althoughthesite lies incloseproximitytoknown localitiesoftheCriticallyEndangeredriverinerabbit, it islikelytooccuronlywithinthelow-lyingsectionsofthesite.Asnoturbineswillbeplacedintheseareas,the

onlyimpactonthisspecieswouldpotentiallystemfromthegridconnectiontotheGammasubstationandthe

accessroadalongtheSnyderskraalrivier.However,theextentofhabitatlossresultingfromtheseactivitiesis

notlikelytobehigh.

• Thesiteliesonthewesternboundaryofthehistoricaldistributionofthemountainreedbuck,anEndangeredspecies, and its presence was confirmed by a landowner. The mountain reedbuck is widely, but patchily,

distributedwithinsouthernAfrica.Itisrestrictedtograss-coveredridgesandhillsidesinbrokenrockycountry

andhigh-altitudegrasslands,oftenwithsometreeandshrubcover(Avenant2013;Tayloretal.2016). It is

dependentonsteepslopes,awell-developedgrasslayerandsomescatteredwoodycovertoevadepredators

(Mason1977;Dunbar&Roberts 1992). They avoid the open conditionswith no cover associatedwith the

summits ofmountainous areas as well as dense woody cover (Mason 1977; Oliver et al. 1978; Skinner &

Chimimba2005).Theyalsooccurindryhillyareas(suchastheNamaKaroo),utilisingsteepslopesandthebases

ofhillsforgrazing.AlthoughtheIshwatiEmoyeniWEFsiteofferssuitablehabitatforthemountainreedbuck

the following issues should be taken into consideration when evaluating the impact of the facility on the

mountainreedbuck.

o Themountainreedbuckfavoursslopeswithagradientof20°ormoreandavoidsplateauxareas.

o TheIshwatiEmoyeniWEFisfairlyrestrictedtothegrassyandratherflatplateauxofthehillsand

overlap inmountainreedbuckhabitatandWEF infrastructureshouldthereforebeminimalsince

steepslopeswereavoidedintheamendedlayoutofthefacility.

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o Informationontheresponseofthemountainreedbucktoawindenergyfacilityislacking.Research

elsewhereshowedthattheresponseofanimalstowindenergyfacilitieswashighlyspecies-specific

andgeneralizationscannotbemade.

o ProvidedallmitigationmeasuresareimplementeditisanticipatedthattheimpactoftheIshwati

EmoyeniWEFonthefauna,andspecificallythesouthernmountainreedbuck,wouldbetemporary,

i.e.duringtheconstructionphasebutthattheanimalswillacclimatetotheinfrastructureonsite.

• The black-footed cat and leopard, both Vulnerable species, are likely to be present, but given their widedistributioninthecountryandtherelativelylowfootprintofthedevelopment,asignificantimpactonthese

speciesisunlikely.

• Thespotted-neckedotterisalsoclassifiedasVulnerable,buttheproposedWEFisunlikelytoimpactitsaquatic

habitat.

9.5.4 ImpactsonCriticalBiodiverstyAreas

TheamendmentshouldnotcauseanyadditionalimpactsonCBAs.PartsofthesiteisincludedinCriticalBiodiversity

Areas or Ecological Support Areas deemed important for the broad-scalemaintenance of ecological processes and

biodiversity.DevelopmentwithinCBAsisundesirable,howeverit isonlytheaccessroadalongtheSnyderskraalrivier

(beyondthesiteboundaries)andthetransmissionlinethatcrosstheCBAsinthearea.However,noturbinesareplacedwithinCBAsorESAsandasignificantimpactonCBAsandESAsisunlikely.9.5.5 Impactsonecosystemfunction,i.e.ecosystemgoodsandservices

The amendment should not cause any additional impacts on ecosystem function. The presence of the facility and

associated infrastructure could potentially contribute to the disruption of broad-scale ecological processes such as

dispersal,migrationortheabilityoffaunatorespondtofluctuationsinclimateorotherconditions.Thedrainagebasins

associatedwith theSnyderskraalrivierandBrakrivierare likelycorridors for faunalmovementand important for the

broad-scaleconnectivityofthelandscape.Themajorthreatfromthedevelopmentislikelytobefromerosion,resulting

insiltationofthedrainagesystems(Todd&Skowno2014).

9.6 Cumulative impacts Cumulative impactsaredefinedasthe impactontheenvironment,whichresults fromthe incremental impactofan

actionwhen added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless ofwhat agency or

personundertakessuchotheractions(CEQ1997).Itmustberecognisedthatthepotentialimpactsonbiodiversityof

thisrelativelynewtechnologyarenotyetfullyunderstoodinaSouthAfricancontext.Thecumulativeimpactsofthese

facilities, if not properly considered and planned for, could be quite significant. It is therefore essential that a

precautionaryapproachistakenandthatturbinesareplacedoutsideofecologicallysensitiveareas.

9.7 Infrastructure layout

Intermsoftheamendmentforthewindenergyfacilityre-assessedinthecurrentreport,therearenoturbineslocated

withinhighorveryhighsensitivityhabitats.Improvedmicrositingofturbines19,30and31isrecommendedtoavoidsteepslopesoroutcrops.Repositioningofturbines10,21,26and35isrecommendedtoavoidtherockydoleritehillswhichwillbeextremelydifficult to rehabilitate.Manyof these turbines (including turbine12) lie inhighvisibilityareas.

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Theroadlayoutwasnotfinalisedandthereforecannotbecommentedon.

Providedthattheavoidanceandmitigationmeasures identified inthisreportareeffectively implemented,the likely

impactoftheamendmentwouldbelocalinnatureandoflowlong-termsignificance.

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Appendix A Species lists per habitat type

*vRreferstoVanRooyensitevisitinMarch2019;T&SreferstoTodd&Skowno(2014)

1.MajorDrainageSystems

2.MinorDrainageLines

5.SteepSlopes

6.GentleSlopesand

Hills

7.PlateauxPlains

8.RockyDoleriteOutcrops

Atriplexsemibaccata vR* Clematisbrachiata vR Cotulamicroglossa vR Cynodondactylon vR Eucalyptuscf.camaldulensis vR Gomphocarpustomentosus vR Heliophilacarnosa vR Phragmitesaustralis vR Searsialancea T&S Oleaeuropeasubsp.cuspidata T&S Salsolakali vR Salviaverbenaca vR Sporobolusioclados vR Hyparrheniasp. vR Sporobolusafricanus vR Chlorisvirgata vR Stipagrostisnamaquensis vR Selagogeniculata vR Salsolaaphylla T&S Atriplexvestitavar.appendiculata T&S Salsolarabieana T&S Melianthuscomosus vR vRTSearsiapyroides vR vR Vachelliakarroo vRT&S vR Blephariscapensis vR Chrysocomasp. vR Enneapogonscaber vRT&S Indigoferaalternans vR vR Opuntiaficus-indica vR vR Albucasp. vR Hibiscustrionum vR Zygophyllumsp. vR Crassulamuscosa vR Crassulasubaphylla vR Asparagussp. vR Vellereophytonsp. vR Ornithogalumsp. vR Osteospermumsinuatum vR Setariaverticillata vR Othonnarechingeri vR Pelargoniumcf.abrotanifolium vR Trichodiademasp.2 vR Tritonialaxifolia vR Syringodeasp. vR Amaranthaceae vR vR Asparagusstriatus vR vR Amphiglossacf.tomentosa vR Selagosaxatilis vR Dicomacapensis vR Cynanchumorangeanum vR Dipcadicf.viride vR

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Eragrostisnindensis vR Stipagrostiscf.zeyheri vR Stipagrostisciliata vRT&S Stipagrostisobtusa vRT&S Tetragoniaechinata vR Polypogonmonspeliensis vR Rhigozumobovatum vR Pentziaspinescens vR Phymaspermumaciculare vR Plinthuskarrooicus vR Hermanniacuneifolia vR Gisekiapharnaceoides vR Lasiosiphonpolycephala vRT&S Oncosiphonsp. vR Ophioglossumpolyphyllum vR Lepidiumsp. vR Helichrysumtinctum vR Kedrostiscf.africana vR Eragrostisbergiana T&S Salsolacalluna T&S Roseniaoppositifolia T&S Ruschiaintricata T&S Fingerhuthiaafricana T&S Kohautiacynanchica vR Helichrysumluciloides vR vR Trachyandrasp. vR vR Drosanthemumlique vR vR Indigoferasessilifolia vR vR Aristidacongesta vR vR Euphorbiasp. vR vR Sarcocauloncamdeboensis vR vR Pteroniasordida vR T&S Eriospermumsp. vR vR Hermanniavestita vR vR vR Euphorbiainaequilatera vR vR vR Trichodiademasp.1 vR vR vR Oropetiumcapense vR vR vR Sesamumcapense vR vR vR Pollichiacampestris vR vR Lotononissp.1 vR vR Limeumaethiopicum vR vR vR vR Pentziaincana vR vR vR vRT&S Polygalacf.ephedroides vR vR vR vR Aptosimumindivisum vR vR vR Eriocephalussp. vR vR vR Gazaniakrebsiana vR vR Roeperalichtensteiniana vR vRT&S Lotononissp.2 vR vR vR Babianasp. vRBuddlejaglomerata vRT&SChaenostomahalimifolia vRCyperussp. vRDicerothamnusrhinocerotis vRFeliciafilifolia T&S vRT&SGeigeriaornativa vRHermanniamunitiflora T&SCadabaaphylla T&SEnneapogonscoparius vRPentziasp. vRCommelinaafricana vR vRGaruleumbipinnatum vR vRHermanniafilifolia vR T&SEragrostiscurvula vR vROsteospermumleptolobum T&S vRMoraeapolystachya vR vR

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Amphiglossatriflora vR vR vRHermanniasp.2 vR vR vRAloebroomii vR vR vRBulbinecf.frutescens vR vR vRCyperaceaesp. vR vR vRDelospermamultiflorum vR vR vRNenaxmicrophylla vR vR T&SPteroniaglauca vR vR vRChasmatophyllummusculinum vR vR vRHelichrysumzeyheri vR vR vREnneapogondesvauxii vR vR vR vREriocephalusericoides vRT&S vR vRT&S vRT&SChaenostomasp. vR vR vR vRBoophonedisticha vR vR vR vREragrostisobtusa vR vR vR vRRuschiaspinosa vR vR vR vRPegolettiaretrofracta vR vR vR vRPentziasphaerocephala vR vR vR vRSearsiaburchellii vRT&S vR vR vRT&SSporobolusfimbriatus vR vR vR vRTalinumcaffrum vR vR vR vRTraguskoeleroides vR vR vRT&S vRLacomucinaealineata vR vR vR vRWahlenbergiathunbergiana vR vR vR vRDigitariaeriantha vRT&S vR vRT&SThemedatriandra T&S vR vRT&SDimorphothecacuneata vR vREhretiarigida T&S T&SMelolobiumcandicans T&S T&S T&SRoseniahumilis vR vRT&S vREuryopslateriflorus vR vR vRHeliophilasuavissima vR vRPelargoniumcf.tragacanthoides vR vREriocephalusdecussatus vR vRCheilanthuseckloniana vR vREragrostislehmanniana vR vR vR vRT&S vRT&SAristidadiffusa vR vRT&S vR vR vRT&SOxalisspp. vR vR vR vR vRAristidaadscensionis vR vR vR vR vRHeteropogoncontortus T&S vR vR vR T&SDiospyrosaustro-africana vR vR vR vR vRChrysocomaciliata vR vRT&S vR vR vRTragusracemosa vR vR vR vR vRSelagoalbida vR vR vR vRPentziaglobosa vR T&S vR vR vRT&SStachysrugosa vR vR vR vRAsparagussuaveolens vR vR vRT&S vR vR vRT&SLyciumcinereum vR vR vR vR vRT&S vRLyciumoxycarpum vR vR vRT&S vR vR vRTribulusterrestris vR vR vR vR vRTragusberteronianus vR vR vR vR vRSolanumtomentosum vR vR vR vRDiospyroslycioides T&S vR vR vR vRFeliciamuricata vR vR vR vRAsparagusretrofractus vR vR vR vR

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APPENDIX B PLANT SPECIES CHECKLISTS

1IUCNcategory2WesternCapeNatureandEnvironmentalConservationOrdinance3PlantsobservedbyVanRooyensduringMarch2019sitevisit4PlantsmentionedinreportbyTodd&Skowno(2014)5Newposalist(SANBI)fortheimmediatesurroundsofthesite:31.6°-31.8°;23.5°-23.9°6Newposalist(SANBI)for3123DA,DB,DC&DD5Newposalist(SANBI)forentire3123grid

Family Species IUCN1 WCNECO2 CITES3 VR4 T&S4 NewPosa5NewPosa6

NewPosa7 Ecology

Acanthaceae Barleriarigida LC x IndigAcanthaceae Blephariscapensis cf IndigAcanthaceae Justiciaincana LC x x IndigAizoaceae Aloinopsisrosulata LC Sch4 x x IndigAizoaceae Chasmatophyllummusculinum LC Sch4 x x IndigAizoaceae Delospermamultiflorum LC Sch4 x x IndigAizoaceae Drosanthemumfloribundum LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Drosanthemumhispidum LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Drosanthemumkarrooense LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Drosanthemumlique LC Sch4 x x x IndigAizoaceae Galeniaafricana LC Sch4 x x Indig

Aizoaceae Galeniaglandulifera LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Galenianamaensis LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Galeniaprocumbens LC Sch4 x x IndigAizoaceae Galeniasarcophylla LC Sch4 x x IndigAizoaceae Galeniasecunda LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Galeniasubcarnosa LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Hereroagracilis LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Hereroaincurva LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Mesembryanthemumbicorne LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Mesembryanthemumcoriarium LC Sch4 x x x IndigAizoaceae Mesembryanthemumcrystallinum LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Mesembryanthemumgeniculiflorum LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Mesembryanthemumgranulicaule LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Mesembryanthemumgrossum LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Mesembryanthemumnodiflorum LC Sch4 x x IndigAizoaceae Mesembryanthemumtetragonum LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Mestoklemaarboriforme LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Pleiospiloscompactussubsp.canus LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Plinthuskarooicus LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Ruschiadejagerae LC Sch4 x x IndigAizoaceae Ruschiaspinosa LC Sch4 x x IndigAizoaceae Stomatiumdifforme LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Tetragoniaarbuscula LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Tetragoniacalycina LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Tetragoniaechinata LC Sch4 x x x IndigAizoaceae Trichodiademaattonsum LC Sch4 cf. x IndigAizoaceae Trichodiademabarbatum LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Trichodiademaintonsum LC Sch4 x IndigAizoaceae Trichodiademasetuliferum LC Sch4 x IndigAmaranthaceae Amaranthusdinterisubsp.dinteri NE x IndigAmaranthaceae Amaranthusthunbergii LC x Indig

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Amaranthaceae Atriplexlindleyisubsp.inflata NE xNotIndig;Nat;Inv

Amaranthaceae Atriplexsemibaccata LC x xNotIndig;Nat;Inv

Amaranthaceae Atriplexsuberecta LC x IndigAmaranthaceae Atriplexvestita LC x x x IndigAmaranthaceae Bassiasalsoloides LC x IndigAmaranthaceae Chenopodiumschraderianum NE x NotIndig;NatAmaranthaceae Exomismicrophyllavar.axyrioides LC x x IndigAmaranthaceae Salsolacalluna LC x x IndigAmaranthaceae Salsolagemmifera LC x Indig

Amaranthaceae Salsolakali x x x xNotIndig;Nat;Inv

Amaranthaceae Salsolaseminuda LC x IndigAmaranthaceae Sericoremaremotiflora LC x IndigAmaryllidaceae Boophonedisticha LC Sch4 x IndigAmaryllidaceae Cyrtanthusmacowanii LC Sch4 x IndigAmaryllidaceae Strumariagemmata LC Sch4 x IndigAnacampserotaceaeAnacampserosarachnoides LC Sch4 AppII x x IndigAnacampserotaceaeAnacampserosustulata LC Sch4 AppII x IndigAnacardiaceae Searsiaburchellii LC x x x IndigAnacardiaceae Searsiadiscolor LC x IndigAnacardiaceae Searsialancea LC x x x IndigAnacardiaceae Searsiapyroides LC x IndigApocynaceae Cynanchumorangeanum LC Sch4 x x IndigApiaceae Deverradenudatasubsp.aphylla LC x x x x IndigApocynaceae Duvaliamaculata LC Sch4 x x IndigApocynaceae Fockeacomaru LC Sch4 x Indig

ApocynaceaeGomphocarpustomentosussubsp.

tomentosus LC Sch4 x IndigApocynaceae Microlomaarmatumvar.armatum LC Sch4 x x IndigApocynaceae Stapeliagrandifloravar.grandiflora LC Sch4 x x IndigApocynaceae Tridenteajucunda LC Sch4 x IndigApocynaceae Tridenteavirescens LC Sch4 x x Indig

Apocynaceaexysmalobiumgomphocarpoidesvar.

parvilobum LC Sch4 x IndigAsparagaceae Asparaguscapensisvar.capensis LC x IndigAsparagaceae Asparagusmicroraphis LC x IndigAsparagaceae Asparagusretrofractus LC x IndigAsparagaceae Asparagusstriatus LC x IndigAsparagaceae Asparagussuaveolens LC x IndigAsphodelaceae Aloebroomiivar.tarkaensis LC Sch4 AppII x x IndigAsphodelaceae Astrolobacongesta LC x IndigAsphodelaceae Bulbineabyssinica LC x IndigAsphodelaceae Bulbinefrutescens LC cf IndigAsphodelaceae Haworthiabolusiivar.blackbeardiana NE Sch4 x IndigAsphodelaceae Haworthiabolusiivar.bolusii NE Sch4 x x IndigAsphodelaceae Haworthiopsistessellata LC x IndigAsphodelaceae Trachyandraacocksii LC x IndigAsphodelaceae Trachyandrakarrooica LC x IndigAspleniaceae Aspleniumcordatum LC x IndigAsteraceae Arctothecacalendula LC x IndigAsteraceae Arctotissubacaulis LC x IndigAsteraceae Arctotisdregei LC x IndigAsteraceae Arctotisleiocarpa LC x x x x IndigAsteraceae Berkheyaannectens LC x IndigAsteraceae Berkheyaspinosissimasubsp.spinosissima LC x x IndigAsteraceae Centaureacalcitrapa NE x NotIndig;NatAsteraceae Chrysocomaciliata LC x x x x IndigAsteraceae Cinerariaaspera LC x IndigAsteraceae Cinerariaerodioidesvar.erodioides LC x Indig

Asteraceae Cinerariamollis LC x IndigAsteraceae Conyzascabrida x x IndigAsteraceae Cotulamicroglossa LC x x IndigAsteraceae Crassothonnaprotecta LC x Indig

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Asteraceae Cuspidiacernuasubsp.annua LC x x x IndigAsteraceae Denekiacapensis LC x x IndigAsteraceae Dicerothamnusrhinocerotis x IndigAsteraceae Dimorphothecacuneata LC x x x x IndigAsteraceae Dimorphothecapolyptera LC x IndigAsteraceae Eriocephalusericoidessubsp.ericoides LC x x x IndigAsteraceae Eriocephaluseximius LC x IndigAsteraceae Euryopsannae LC x x IndigAsteraceae Euryopslateriflorus LC x x x IndigAsteraceae Euryopsoligoglossussubsp.oligoglossus LC x x IndigAsteraceae Euryopssubcarnosussubsp.vulgaris LC x IndigAsteraceae Euryopstenuissimussubsp.trifurcatus LC x x IndigAsteraceae Feliciaburkei LC x IndigAsteraceae Feliciafilifoliasubsp.filifolia LC x x x x IndigAsteraceae Feliciafilifoliasubsp.schaeferi LC x x IndigAsteraceae Feliciahirsuta LC x IndigAsteraceae Feliciamuricatasubsp.muricata LC x x x IndigAsteraceae Feliciaovata LC x x IndigAsteraceae Foveolinadichotoma LC x IndigAsteraceae Garuleumbipinnatum LC x x x x IndigAsteraceae Gazaniajurineifoliasubsp.jurineifolia LC x IndigAsteraceae Gazaniakrebsianasubsp.arctotoides LC x x x x IndigAsteraceae Gazanialinearisvar.linearis LC x x IndigAsteraceae Geigeriaornativasubsp.ornativa LC x IndigAsteraceae Helichrysumalbo-brunneum LC x x IndigAsteraceae Helichrysumlineare LC x x IndigAsteraceae Helichrysumlucilioides LC x x IndigAsteraceae Helichrysumnudifoliumvar.nudifolium LC x x IndigAsteraceae Helichrysumpumiliosubsp.pumilio LC x x x IndigAsteraceae Helichrysumrosumvar.arcuatum LC x x IndigAsteraceae Helichrysumsplendidum LC x x IndigAsteraceae Helichrysumstoloniferum LC x x IndigAsteraceae Helichrysumtinctum LC x IndigAsteraceae Helichrysumtysonii LC x x IndigAsteraceae Helichrysumzeyheri LC x x x x IndigAsteraceae Hertiacluytiifolia LC x x IndigAsteraceae Hilliardiellacapensis x x IndigAsteraceae Leyseratenella LC x IndigAsteraceae Osteospermumcalendulaceum LC x Indig

AsteraceaeOsteospermumincanumsubsp.

subcanescens LC x x IndigAsteraceae Osteospermumleptolobum LC x x x IndigAsteraceae Osteospermumscariosumvar.scariosum NE x x IndigAsteraceae Osteospermumsinuatum LC x x x IndigAsteraceae Osteospermumspinescens LC x x IndigAsteraceae Othonnaauriculifolia LC x x IndigAsteraceae Othonnacf.rechingeri x IndigAsteraceae Othonnacoronopifolia LC x x IndigAsteraceae Othonnapavonia LC x IndigAsteraceae Othonnapteronioides LC x IndigAsteraceae Pegolettiaretrofracta LC x IndigAsteraceae Pentziaglobosa LC x x x IndigAsteraceae Pentziaincana LC x x x x IndigAsteraceae Pentziapunctata LC x IndigAsteraceae Pentziaquinquefida LC x IndigAsteraceae Pentziaspinescens LC x x IndigAsteraceae Phymaspermumaciculare LC x x IndigAsteraceae Phymaspermumparvifolium LC x IndigAsteraceae Pseudognaphaliumundulatum LC x IndigAsteraceae Pteroniaadenocarpa LC x x IndigAsteraceae Pteroniaerythrochaeta LC x IndigAsteraceae Pteroniaglauca LC x IndigAsteraceae Roseniahumilis LC x x x IndigAsteraceae Roseniaoppositifolia LC x x x x Indig

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Asteraceae Roseniaspinescens LC x x IndigAsteraceae Senecioburchellii LC x IndigAsteraceae Senecioconsanguineus LC x x x IndigAsteraceae Seneciocordifolius LC x IndigAsteraceae Seneciocotyledonis LC x x IndigAsteraceae Senecioglaberrimus LC x IndigAsteraceae Seneciohastatus LC x x IndigAsteraceae Senecioniveus LC x IndigAsteraceae Senecioreptans LC x x Indig

Asteraceae Sonchusoleraceus NE x xNotIndig;Nat;Inv

Asteraceae Taraxacumbessarabicum NE x NotIndig;NatAsteraceae Ursiniananasubsp.leptophylla LC x IndigAsteraceae Ursiniananasubsp.nana LC x IndigAsteraceae Ursiniapilifera LC x x IndigBignoniaceae Rhigozumobovatum LC x x IndigBoraginaceae Anchusariparia LC x x x IndigBoraginaceae Heliotropiumciliatum LC x IndigBrassicaceae Heliophilacarnosa LC x IndigBrassicaceae Heliophilacrithmifolia LC x x IndigBrassicaceae Heliophilapusilla LC x IndigBrassicaceae Heliophilarigidiuscula LC x x IndigBrassicaceae Heliophilaseselifoliavar.marlothii NE x IndigBrassicaceae Heliophilasuavissima LC x IndigBrassicaceae Lepidiumdesertorum LC x IndigBrassicaceae Lepidiumschinzii LC x IndigBoraginaceae Lobostemonstachydeus LC x IndigBrassicaceae Sisymbriumburchelliivar.burchellii LC x IndigBrassicaceae Sisymbriumcapense LC x Indig

Cactaceae Opuntiaficus-indica NE x Notindig;Nat;Inv

Cactaceae Opuntiastricta NE Notindig;Nat;Inv

Campanulaceae Wahlenbergiaalbens LC x IndigCampanulaceae Wahlenbergianodosa LC x x IndigCampanulaceae Wahlenbergiathunbergiana LC x x x IndigCapparaceae Bosciaalbitrunca LC x IndigCapparaceae Cadabaaphylla LC x x IndigCaryophyllaceae Dianthusmicropetalus LC x IndigColchicaceae Colchicumalbomarginatum LC x x IndigColchicaceae Colchicumasteroides LC x IndigColchicaceae Colchicumburkei LC x Indig

ColchicaceaeColchicummelanthoidessubsp.

melanthoides LC x x IndigColchicaceae Ornithoglossumdinteri LC x IndigColchicaceae Ornithoglossumvulgare LC x IndigCommelinaceae Commelinaafricana LC x IndigConvolvulaceae Convolvulussagittatus LC x IndigCrassulaceae Adromischushemisphaericus LC x IndigCrassulaceae Adromischustriflorus LC x x x IndigCrassulaceae Cotyledonorbiculatavar.orbiculata LC x IndigCrassulaceae Crassulabarbatasubsp.broomii DDT x IndigCrassulaceae Crassulacapitellasubsp.thyrsiflora LC x x IndigCrassulaceae Crassulacorallinasubsp.corallina LC x IndigCrassulaceae Crassulamuscosavar.parvula NE x IndigCrassulaceae Crassulamuscosavar.polpodacea NE x x IndigCrassulaceae Crassulanudicaulisvar.platyphylla LC x IndigCucurbitaceae Cucumisafricanus LC x IndigCucurbitaceae Cucumismyriocarpussubsp.leptodermis LC x IndigCyperaceae Afroscirpoidesdioeca x x IndigCyperaceae Cyperusuitenhagensis LC x IndigCyperaceae Isolepisexpallescens VU x IndigDryopteridaceae Dryopterisantarctica LC x x IndigDryopteridaceae Dryopterisdracomontana LC x x IndigEbenaceae Diospyrosaustro-africanavar.microphylla LC x x x Indig

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Ebenaceae Diospyrosaustro-africanavar.rubriflora x IndigEbenaceae Diospyroslycioidessubsp.lycioides LC x x IndigEricaceae Ericawoodiivar.woodii LC Sch4 AppII x x IndigEuphorbiaceae Euphorbiamauritanica LC x x IndigEuphorbiaceae Euphorbiadecepta LC AppII x IndigEuphorbiaceae Euphorbiapentagona LC AppII x IndigEuphorbiaceae Euphorbiarhombifolia LC AppII x IndigEuphorbiaceae Euphorbiastellispina LC AppII x IndigFabaceae Aspalathusfusca LC x x IndigFabaceae Cullentomentosum LC x x IndigFabaceae Indigoferaalternans LC x x IndigFabaceae Indigoferaalternansvar.alternans LC x x x x IndigFabaceae Indigoferaalternansvar.alternans LC x IndigFabaceae Indigoferasessilifolia LC x x x IndigFabaceae Lessertiaannularis LC x x IndigFabaceae Lessertiafrutescenssubsp.frutescens LC x IndigFabaceae Lessertiafrutescenssubsp.microphylla LC x IndigFabaceae Lessertiastenoloba LC x IndigFabaceae Medicagolaciniatavar.laciniata NE x NotIndig;NatFabaceae Melolobiumcalycinum LC x x IndigFabaceae Melolobiumcandicans LC x IndigFabaceae Melolobiumcanescens LC x IndigFabaceae Melolobiummicrophyllum LC x Indig

Fabaceae Rhynchosiacapensis LC x IndigFabaceae Vachelliakarroo LC x x x IndigGeraniaceae Erodiumcicutarium NE x NotIndig;NatGeraniaceae Monsoniacamdeboensis LC x IndigGeraniaceae Monsoniapatersonii LC x IndigGeraniaceae Pelargoniumabrotanifolium LC x IndigGeraniaceae Pelargoniumminimum LC x IndigGeraniaceae Pelargoniumproliferum LC x x IndigGeraniaceae Pelargoniumtragacanthoides LC cf x x IndigGisekiaceae Gisekiapharnaceoidesvar.pharnaceoides LC x IndigGisekiaceae Gisekiapharnaceoides LC x x IndigHyacinthaceae Albucaprasina LC x IndigHyacinthaceae Albucavirenssubsp.arida LC x IndigHyacinthaceae Daubenyacomata LC x IndigHyacinthaceae Dipcadiviride LC x x IndigHyacinthaceae Drimiaphysodes LC x IndigHyacinthaceae Massoniadentata x IndigHypoxidaceae Empodiumgloriosum LC x x IndigIridaceae Babianabainesii LC Sch4 x x IndigIridaceae Babianahypogaea LC Sch4 x IndigIridaceae Babianasambucinasubsp.sambucina LC Sch4 x IndigIridaceae Dieramapendulum LC Sch4 x x IndigIridaceae Hesperanthalongituba LC Sch4 x x IndigIridaceae Lapeirousiaplicatasubsp.plicata LC Sch4 x x IndigIridaceae Moraeapolystachya LC Sch4 x x IndigIridaceae Romuleamacowaniivar.alticola LC Sch4 x x IndigIridaceae Syringodeaconcolor LC Sch4 x x IndigIridaceae Tritoniakarooica LC Sch4 x x IndigIridaceae Tritonialaxifolia LC Sch4 x x x IndigJuncaceae Juncusacutussubsp.leopoldii LC x IndigJuncaceae Juncusrigidus LC x x IndigLamiaceae Stachysaethiopica LC x IndigLamiaceae Stachyscuneata LC x IndigLamiaceae Stachyshyssopoides LC x x IndigLamiaceae Stachysrugosa LC x x x IndigLimeaceae Limeumaethiopicumvar.aethiopicum NE x x x IndigLoranthaceae Septulinaglauca LC x x IndigLoranthaceae Tapinanthusoleifolius LC x x IndigMalvaceae Anisodonteamalvastroides LC x IndigMalvaceae Hermanniabicolor LC x IndigMalvaceae Hermanniacoccocarpa LC x x x IndigMalvaceae Hermanniacomosa LC x x Indig

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Malvaceae Hermanniacuneifoliavar.cuneifolia LC x x x IndigMalvaceae Hermanniacuneifoliavar.glabrescens LC x x IndigMalvaceae Hermanniaerodioides LC x IndigMalvaceae Hermanniafilifoliavar.filifolia NE x x x IndigMalvaceae Hermanniafilifoliavar.grandicalyx NE x IndigMalvaceae Hermanniagrandiflora LC cf x x IndigMalvaceae Hermanniapulchella LC x x IndigMalvaceae Hermanniaspinosa LC x IndigMalvaceae Hermanniavestita LC x x x IndigMalvaceae Hibiscustrionum NE x x NotIndig;NatMalvaceae Malvaparvifloravar.parviflora NE x NotIndig;NatMalvaceae Radyeraurens LC x IndigMarsileaceae Marsileaburchellii LC x IndigMelianthaceae Melianthuscomosus LC x x x x IndigMelianthaceae Melianthusdregeanussubsp.dregeanus LC x x IndigMenispermaceae Cissampeloscapensis LC x IndigMyrtaceae Eucalyptuscf.camaldulensis NE x Notindig,NatOchnaceae Ochnaarboreavar.arborea NE x IndigOleaceae Oleaeuropaeasubsp.cuspidata LC x IndigOrchidaceae Habenariaarenaria LC Sch4 x x IndigOphioglossaceae Ophioglossumpolyphyllum LC x IndigOrchidaceae Eulophiaovalisvar.ovalis LC Sch4 x x IndigOrobanchaceae Hyobanchesanguinea LC x x IndigOsmundaceae Todeabarbara LC x x Indig

Papaveraceae Argemoneochroleucasubsp.ochroleuca NE x xNotIndig;Nat;Inv

Pedaliaceae Pterodiscusspeciosus LC x IndigPedaliaceae Sesamumcapense LC x x IndigPoaceae Agrostislachnanthavar.lachnantha LC x x IndigPoaceae Amelichloaclandestina NE x x NotIndig;NatPoaceae Aristidaadscensionis LC x x x IndigPoaceae Aristidacongestasubsp.congesta LC x x x IndigPoaceae Aristidadiffusasubsp.burkei LC x x IndigPoaceae Aristidadiffusasubsp.diffusa LC x x x x IndigPoaceae Brachiariaeruciformis LC x IndigPoaceae Brachiariamarlothii LC x IndigPoaceae Bromuscatharticus NE x x NotIndig;NatPoaceae Cenchrusciliaris LC x x IndigPoaceae Chlorisvirgata LC x x x IndigPoaceae Cynodondactylon Poaceae Cynodonincompletus LC x x x IndigPoaceae Digitariaeriantha LC x x x x IndigPoaceae Digitariasanguinalis NE x x NotIndig;NatPoaceae Echinochloacrus-galli LC x x IndigPoaceae Ehrhartacalycina LC Cf. x Indig

Poaceae Enneapogoncenchroides LC x IndigPoaceae Enneapogondesvauxii LC x x x IndigPoaceae Enneapogonscaber LC x x x x IndigPoaceae Enneapogonscoparius LC x x x IndigPoaceae Eragrostisbergiana LC x IndigPoaceae Eragrostisbicolor LC x x IndigPoaceae Eragrostiscilianensis LC x x IndigPoaceae Eragrostiscurvula LC x x x IndigPoaceae Eragrostiscylindriflora LC x IndigPoaceae Eragrostisechinochloidea LC x IndigPoaceae Eragrostishomomalla LC x IndigPoaceae Eragrostislehmannianavar.lehmanniana LC x x x x x IndigPoaceae Eragrostisnindensis LC x IndigPoaceae Eragrostisobtusa LC x x x IndigPoaceae Eragrostisprocumbens LC x IndigPoaceae Eragrostistef NE x x x IndigPoaceae Eragrostistruncata LC x x IndigPoaceae Eustachyspaspaloides LC x x IndigPoaceae Festucaarundinacea NE x x NotIndig;NatPoaceae Fingerhuthiaafricana LC x x x x Indig

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Poaceae Fingerhuthiasesleriiformis LC x IndigPoaceae Heteropogoncontortus LC x x x x IndigPoaceae Hordeumcapense LC x IndigPoaceae Hyparrheniasp. x IndigPoaceae Leptochloafusca LC x x Indig

Poaceae Loliummultiflorum NE x xNotIndig;Nat;Inv

Poaceae Loliumperenne NE x x NotIndig;NatPoaceae Loliumtemulentum NE x x NotIndig;NatPoaceae Oropetiumcapense LC x x x IndigPoaceae Panicumcoloratum LC x x IndigPoaceae Panicumimpeditum LC x IndigPoaceae Panicumlanipes LC x IndigPoaceae Paspalumdilatatum NE x NotIndig;NatPoaceae Paspalumdistichum LC x IndigPoaceae Pentamerisairoidessubsp.airoides LC x IndigPoaceae Phragmitesaustralis LC x IndigPoaceae Poaannua NE x NotIndig;NatPoaceae Polypogonmonspeliensis NE x x x NotIndig;NatPoaceae Puccinelliaacroxantha LC x IndigPoaceae Schismusbarbatus LC x x IndigPoaceae Setariaitalica NE x x NotIndig;NatPoaceae Setariaverticillata LC x x x IndigPoaceae Sporoboluscf.africanus x IndigPoaceae Sporoboluscoromandelianus LC x IndigPoaceae Sporobolusdiscosporus LC x IndigPoaceae Sporobolusfimbriatus LC x x IndigPoaceae Sporobolusioclados LC x x x IndigPoaceae Sporobolusnervosus LC x IndigPoaceae Sporobolustenellus LC x IndigPoaceae Stipadregeanavar.dregeana LC x x IndigPoaceae Stipagrostisanomala LC x IndigPoaceae Stipagrostisciliatavar.capensis LC x x x x IndigPoaceae Stipagrostisnamaquensis LC x x IndigPoaceae Stipagrostisobtusa LC x x x x IndigPoaceae Tetrachnedregei LC x IndigPoaceae Themedatriandra LC x x x x IndigPoaceae Tragusberteronianus LC x x x IndigPoaceae Traguskoelerioides LC x x x x IndigPoaceae Tragusracemosus LC x x x x IndigPoaceae Triboliumpurpureum LC x x IndigPoaceae Urochloapanicoides LC x x IndigPolygalaceae Muraltiaalticola LC x x IndigPolygalaceae Polygalaasbestina LC x IndigPolygalaceae Polygalaephedroides LC x x IndigPolygalaceae Polygalaleptophyllavar.leptophylla LC x IndigPolygalaceae Polygalaseminuda LC x Indig

Polygonaceae Rumexcrispus NE xNotIndig;Nat;Inv

Polygonaceae Rumexlanceolatus LC x IndigPolypodiaceae Polypodiumvulgare LC x x IndigPortulacaceae Portulacahereroensis LC x IndigPteridaceae Adiantumcapillus-veneris LC Sch4 x x IndigPteridaceae Cheilantheseckloniana LC x x x IndigPteridaceae Cheilantheshirtavar.hirta LC x IndigPteridaceae Cheilanthesinduta LC x x IndigPteridaceae Pellaeacalomelanosvar.calomelanos LC x x IndigRanunculaceae Clematisbrachiata LC x IndigRubiaceae Kohautiacynanchica LC x x IndigRuscaceae Eriospermumcorymbosum LC x IndigRuscaceae Eriospermumzeyheri LC cf x IndigSalicaceae Populussp. X NotindigSalicaceae Salixbabylonica NE x NotindigSantalaceae Lacomucinaealineata LC x x x IndigSantalaceae Thesiummegalocarpum x x Indig

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Santalaceae Thesiumnamaquense LC x IndigSantalaceae Viscumrotundifolium x IndigScrophulariaceae Aptosimumindivisum LC x x IndigScrophulariaceae Aptosimumprocumbens LC x IndigScrophulariaceae Aptosimumspinescens LC x IndigScrophulariaceae Buddlejaglomerata LC x x x IndigScrophulariaceae Chaenostomahalimifolium LC x IndigScrophulariaceae Chaenostomapauciflorum LC x IndigScrophulariaceae Chaenostomarotundifolium LC x x IndigScrophulariaceae Diasciaalonsooides LC Sch4 x x IndigScrophulariaceae Jamesbritteniatysonii LC x IndigScrophulariaceae Manuleacrassifoliasubsp.thodeana LC x x IndigScrophulariaceae Manuleafragrans LC x IndigScrophulariaceae Nemesiafruticans LC x IndigScrophulariaceae Peliostomumleucorrhizum LC x x x IndigScrophulariaceae Polycarenaaurea LC x IndigScrophulariaceae Selagoacocksii LC x IndigScrophulariaceae Selagoalbida LC x x x IndigScrophulariaceae Selagocorymbosa LC x x IndigScrophulariaceae Selagocrassifolia LC x IndigScrophulariaceae Selagodivaricata LC x IndigScrophulariaceae Selagogeniculata LC x x IndigScrophulariaceae Selagomagnakarooica LC x IndigScrophulariaceae Selagosaxatilis LC x x x IndigSolanaceae Lyciumhorridum LC x IndigSolanaceae Lyciumoxycarpum LC x x x IndigSolanaceae Solanumretroflexum LC x IndigSolanaceae Lyciumschizocalyx LC x IndigTalinaceae Talinumcaffrum LC x x IndigThymelaeaceae Lasiosiphonmicrophyllus LC x x x IndigThymelaeaceae Lasiosiphonpolycephalus LC x IndigUrticaceae Forsskaoleacandida LC x Indig

Urticaceae Urticaurens LC x xNotIndig;Nat;Inv

Verbenaceae Chascanumpinnatifidumvar.pinnatifidum LC x IndigVerbenaceae Chascanumpinnatifidum LC x x IndigZygophyllaceae Roeperaincrustata LC x IndigZygophyllaceae Roeperalichtensteiniana LC x x x IndigZygophyllaceae Tetraenasimplex LC x IndigZygophyllaceae Tribulusterrestris LC x x Indig

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APPENDIX B

ANIMAL SPECIES CHECKLISTS IN THE 3123 DEGREE GRID (ADU DATABASE)

1. Mammals

Family Scientificname Commonname IUCNcategory

Datasource WCNECO

Bathyergidae Cryptomyshottentotus CommonMole-rat LC ADU Bovidae Antidorcasmarsupialis Springbok LC ADU,Landowner,VanRooyen Sch 2 Bovidae Oryxgazella Gemsbok LC Landowner,VanRooyen Sch 2 Bovidae Raphiceruscampestris Steenbok LC ADU,Landowner,VanRooyen Sch 2 Bovidae Raphicerusmelanotis CapeGrysbok LC ADU Sch 2 Bovidae Sylvicapragrimmia CommonDuiker LC ADU,Landowner Sch 2 Bovidae Peleacapreolus Greyrhebok NT Landowner Sch 2 Bovidae Reduncafulvorufula

fulvorufula

Mountainreedbuck EN Landowner Sch 2

Bovidae Tragelaphusstrepsiceros Greaterkudu LC Landowner,T&S2014 Sch 2 Canidae Canismesomelas Black-backedJackal LC ADU,Landowner Canidae Otocyonmegalotis Bat-earedFox LC ADU,Landowner Sch 2 Canidae Vulpeschama CapeFox LC ADU,Landowner Sch 2 Cercopithecidae Papioursinus ChacmaBaboon LC ADU,Landowner,VanRooyen Cercopithecidae Chlorocebuspygerythrus Vervetmonkey LC Landowner Chrysochloridae Amblysomuscorriae FynbosGoldenMole NT ADU Erinaceidae Atelerixfrontalis SouthernAfricanHedgehog NT ADU,Landowner Sch 2 Felidae Caracalcaracal Caracal LC ADU,Landowner Felidae Felisnigripes Black-footedCat VU ADU,Landowner Sch 2 Felidae Felissilvestris AfricanWildcat LC ADU,Landowner Gliridae Graphiurusocularis SpectacledDormouse NT ADU Herpestidae Cynictispenicillata YellowMongoose LC ADU,Landowner,VanRooyen Herpestidae Herpestessanguineus SlenderMongoose LC ADU Herpestidae Herpestespulvurulentus Capegreymongoose LC Landowner Herpestidae Suricatasuricatta Meerkat LC ADU,Landowner,VanRooyen Hyaenidae Parahyaenabrunnea BrownHyena NT ADU Sch 2 Hyaenidae Protelescristata Aardwolf LC Landowner Sch 2 Hystricidae Hystrixafricaeaustralis CapePorcupine LC ADU,Landowner,VanRooyen Leporidae Bunolagusmonticularis RiverineRabbit CR ADU,Landowner Sch 1 Leporidae Lepuscapensis CapeHare LC ADU,Landowner Leporidae Lepussaxatilis ScrubHare LC ADU Muridae Micaelamysgranti Grant'sRockMouse LC ADU,Landowner Muridae Micaelamysnamaquensis NamaquaRockMouse LC ADU Muridae Desmodillusauricularis CapeShort-earedGerbil LC ADU Muridae Gerbilliscuspaeba PaebaHairy-footedGerbil LC ADU Muridae Mastomysnatalensis Natalmultimammatemouse LC ADU Muridae Musminutoides SouthernAfricanPygmyMouse LC ADU Muridae Musmusculusmusculus LC ADU Muridae Otomysirroratus SouthernAfricanVleiRat LC ADU,Landowner Muridae Otomysunisulcatus KarooBushRat LC ADU,Landowner Muridae Parotomyslittledalei Littledale'sWhistlingRat NT ADU Muridae Rattusrattus RoofRat LC ADU Muridae Rhabdomyspumilio XericFour-stripedGrassRat LC ADU Mustelidae Ictonyxstriatus StripedPolecat LC ADU,Landowner Mustelidae Mellivoracapensis HoneyBadger LC ADU Sch 2

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Mustelidae Poecilogalealbinucha AfricanStripedWeasel NT ADU Sch 2 Mustelidae Hydrictismaculicollis Spotted-neckedotter VU Landowner Mustelidae Aonyxcapensis Capeclawlessotter NT Landowner Nesomyidae Malacothrixtypica Large-earedAMouse LC ADU Nesomyidae Saccostomuscampestris SouthernAfricanPouchedMouse LC ADU Orycteropodidae Orycteropusafer Aardvark LC Landowner,T&S2014,VanRooyen Sch 2 Pedetidae Pedetescapensis Springhare LC ADU,Landowner Procaviidae Procaviacapensis RockHyrax LC ADU,landowner,T&S2014 Sciuridae Xerusinauris CapeGroundSquirrel LC ADU,Landowner,VanRooyen Soricidae Crociduracyanea Reddish-grayMuskShrew LC ADU Sch 2 Soricidae Crociduraflavescens GreaterRedMuskShrew LC ADU Sch 2 Soricidae Crocidurafuscomurina TinyMuskShrew LC ADU Sch 2 Soricidae Myosorexvarius ForestShrew LC ADU Sch 2 Soricidae Suncusinfinitesimus LeastDwarfShrew LC ADU Sch 2 Suidae Potamochoeruslarvatus Bushpig LC Landowner Viverridae Genettatigrina CapeGenet LC ADU Viverridae Genettagenetta Smallspottedgenet LC Landowner

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2. Reptiles

Family Scientificname Commonname IUCNcategory WNECO

Agamidae Agamaaculeataaculeata CommonGroundAgama LC Schedule2Agamidae Agamaatra SouthernRockAgama LC Schedule2Chamaelionidae Bradypodionventrale EasternCapeDwarfChameleon LC Schedule2Colubridae Dasypeltisscabra RhombicEgg-eater LC Schedule2Colubridae Dipsinamultimaculata DwarfBeakedSnake LC Colubridae Telescopusbeetzii Beetz'sTigerSnake LC Cordylidae Karusasauruspolyzonus KarooGirdledLizard LC Schedule2Elapidae Aspidelapslubricuslubricus CoralShieldCobra LC Gekkonidae Afroedurakarroica KarooFlatGecko LC Schedule2Gekkonidae Chondrodactylusbibronii Bibron'sGecko LC Schedule2Gekkonidae Pachydactylusmariquensis MaricoGecko LC Schedule2Gekkonidae Pachydactylusoculatus GoldenSpottedGecko LC Schedule2Lacertidae Pedioplanislaticeps KarooSandLizard LC Schedule2Lacertidae Pedioplanislineoocellatapulchella CommonSandLizard LC Schedule2Lacertidae Pedioplanisnamaquensis NamaquaSandLizard LC Schedule2Lamprophiidae Boaedoncapensis BrownHouseSnake LC Lamprophiidae Duberrialutrixlutrix SouthAfricanSlug-eater LC Schedule2Lamprophiidae Lamprophisaurora AuroraHouseSnake LC Schedule2Lamprophiidae Lamprophisguttatus SpottedHouseSnake LC Schedule2Lamprophiidae Psammophisnotostictus KarooSandSnake LC Lamprophiidae Pseudaspiscana MoleSnake LC Schedule2Pelomedusidae Pelomedusasubrufa CentralMarshTerrapin LC Schedule2Scincidae Trachylepiscapensis CapeSkink LC Schedule2Scincidae Trachylepissulcatasulcata WesternRockSkink LC Schedule2Scincidae Trachylepisvariegata VariegatedSkink LC Schedule2Testudinidae Homopusboulengeri KarooPadloper NT Schedule2Testudinidae Homopusfemoralis GreaterPadloper LC Schedule2Testudinidae Psammobatestentoriusverroxii Verrox'sTentTortoise NT Schedule2Testudinidae Stigmochelyspardalis LeopardTortoise LC Schedule2Varanidae Varanusalbigularisalbigularis RockMonitor LC Viperidae Bitisarietansarietans PuffAdder LC

Ishwati Emoyeni WEF

Ekotrust CC - 2019

82

3. Frogs

Family Scientificname Commonname IUCNcategory WNECO

Bufonidae Poyntonophrynusvertebralis SouthernPygmyToad LC Schedule2Bufonidae Vandijkophrynusgariepensis

gariepensis

KarooToad LC Schedule2

Pipidae Xenopuslaevis CommonPlatanna LC Schedule2Pyxicephalidae Amietiasp. Schedule2

Pyxicephalidae Amietiafuscigula CapeRiverFrog LC Schedule2Pyxicephalidae Amietiapoyntoni Poynton'sRiverFrog LC Schedule2Pyxicephalidae Cacosternumboettgeri CommonCaco LC Schedule2Pyxicephalidae Strongylopusgrayii ClickingStreamFrog LC Schedule2Pyxicephalidae Tomopternatandyi Tandy'sSandFrog LC Schedule2

proposed amendments to the ishwati emoyeni wind …or conclusions drawn from or based on this report...

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