CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

For English language learners, there are four skills that every learners have

to master them. One of them is witing, by writing, learners acquire new

knowledge and vocabulary.

According to O’grady (2005, p.127) that affixation is the dominant

inflectional process in language. Likewise, Yule (2006, p.116) says that there are

three types of affixes, an affix is attached to the front of its base is called prefix

while an affix is attached to the end of its base is termed a suffix; in the other

side, an affix is inserted after the first consonant the root to mark a completed

event.

Base on the explanation above, prefix in an affix which is attached in front

of word; for example in deactivate, an affix de- is attached in front of the verb

activate. Another kind of affix is suffix, it is an affix which attached in the end of

word; for example hunter, an affix -er is attached in the end of verb hunt. The

last, Infix is an affix is attached in the middle of word; for example in Tagalog

language the word binili, there is an infix -in- is attached in the middle of verb

bili. Another example infix in sundanesse language an affix is attached in the

middle of word barudak, an affix -ru- is attached in the middle of noun barudak.

B. Focus of the Study

In this study the writer will focus on analyzing of verbs changing which

ocour affix in verb. The writer will only explain of verbs changing after obtaining

prefix or suffix.

C. Statement of the Study

In arranging this paper, the writer formulated the problem in the following

research question is. How are the distribution of English derivational affixes that

change verbs into nouns in students writing?

D. Purpose of the Study

Based on the statement, purpose of this study is to find the English

derivational affixes that changes verbs into nouns in student’s writing.

E. Significance of the Study

The writer hopes this research will give information and useful to

understanding about the verbs changing. It may be used as the discussion in

learning English. For English learners it can increase their new knowledge about

the meaning, new vocabulary, and part of speech.

F. Theoretical framework

a. word

Word is a smallest unit of meaning and syntax in a language. It has

important rule in forming sentences. Crystal (2008, p.521) states, “Word is

a unit of expression which has universal intuitive recognition by native

speakers, both spoken and written language”. In line with that, Arronof et

al. (2005, p.34) point out, “Word is to call them the smallest unit of syntax

because many words cannot stand alone; it has to begin or end with

another words to make formation of language for build a sentence.” From

the explanations above the writer concludes that word is the united syntax

in the conversation or writing product and it is important in language for

analyzing from element of words.

b. Free Morpheme and Bound Morpheme

Free morpheme is morphemes that can stand by themselves as

single word (Yule, 2006, p.63). In other word, Fromkin, Rodman, and

Hyams, (2014, p.40) state, “Free morphemes is whether they can stand

alone or whether they must be attached to a base morpheme”. For example

the words of boy, open, girl, and man. Besides that, there is a bound

morpheme. According to Yule (2006, p.63), “Bound morphemes, which

are those forms that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached

to another form”. In addition, Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams, (2014, p.40)

point out, “Bound Morphemes are never words by themselves but are

always parts of words”. Exemplified as un-, -or, -ed, and -ing. These

affixes are bound morphemes and they are attached at the beginning

(prefix), the end (suffix), in the middle (infix), or both at the beginning and

end (circumfix) of a word.

c. Word Formation Processes

Word as a part of language has important rule in forming a

language. Every time people get more new words unless they know the

way it happens. The meaning of new words form is influenced by the

process of forming a word. This process is usually called word formation

process. Word formation process is a way forming new word such as;

etymology, coinage, borrowing, compounding, derivation, blending,

clipping, back formation, conversion and acronym.

d. Inflection

According to O’grady et al. (2005, p.127), “Inflection is the

modification of a word’s form to indicate grammatical information of

various sort”. Furthemore, Yule (2006, p.64) states, “Inflectional

morphemes are not used to produce new word in the language, but rather

to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word”. For example,

the English plural suffixes -s in pencil-s is an inflectional suffixes because

it distinguishes the plural form pencils from the singular form pencil.

Pencils and pencil are thus different grammatical form of the same

lexeme.

e. Derivation

In morphological study, the process to produces new words form

can be found in derivation process. O’grady et al. (2005, p.118),

“Derivation is an affixational process that forms a word with a meaning

and/or category distinct from that of its base”. In line with that, Yule

(2006, p.64) points out, “Derivational morphemes are bound morpheme to

make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem”. For

example seller this word is a form of derivational. The based word is sell a

verb form which is added with suffix -er it changes the form be seller as a

noun. Besides that, Lado (1964, p.21) defines, “Derivational morphemes

can change the core meaning and often the class of the word, e.g.; book, a

noun, plus -ish, a derivational morpheme produces an adjective, bookish”.

f. Affixes.

An affix is morpheme wich only occurs when attached to some

other morpheme or morphomes such as a root or stem or base (Katamba,

1993, p.44). It is attached to the based form of a word to create a new

word. There are two types of affixes used in derivational, prefix and

suffix.

g. Prefixes.

A prefix is an affix attached before a root or stem or base like-, un-,

and in-(Katamba, 1993, p.44). For example un-, (unhappy, unsatisfied),

and re- (replay, retell).

h. Suffixes.

A suffix is an affix attached after root (or stem or base) like –ly, -

er, -ist, -s, -ing and –ed (Katamba, 1993, p.44). The examples in English

of suffix morphemes are -er (dancer, maker, reader), -ing (walking,

standing, jumping), and -ness (happiness, sadness, goodness).

G. Research Methodology

1. Research Method

This study uses qualitative method in the frame of case study.

Qualitative research is often called naturalistic research because the

research is done in natural condition where the researcher is as the key of

instrument itself (Sugiyono, 2006, p. 15). The data that related to this

research are collected from students English writing.

2. Population and sample

According to Arikunto (2010, p.173), the population is all

members of the research subject. Therefore, the population is all

individuals that involve in that research. The researcher takes population

in the second grade students of MA PPIQ consist of 20 students. Sample is

a part of population representative which is researched (Arikunto, 2010,

p.174). ). The researcher takes one class of the sample on the second

grade students of MA PPIQ. There are 35 students in XI class, consist of

20 males and 15 females. The writer’s choose this school because the

students still have problem about changing verbs into nouns in English

writing. Usually, most of the students still consider that changing words in

English writing is difficult, especially in derivational affixies change verbs

into nouns. Many students do not understand what the teacher teaches in

English when the teacher gave them text or paragraph. The students do not

understand the meaning of changing verbs in the text or paragraph, so they

can not answer the question from the teacher. Although the teacher

explains material clearly, the students still do not understand about the

material because they lack of derivational affixes.

3. Instrument

Sugiyono (2006, p.15) states, “where the researcher is as the key of

instrument itself”, so the instrument of this research is the writer as the

subject of the study by reading and understanding the references which

support this study.

4. The Procedure of Data Collecting

In collecting the data, the writer will do several steps as follows :

a. Asking the students for making descriptive text with selected

theme.

b. Reading students worksheet

c. Collecting the data about derivatonal affix that change verbs into

nouns from students worksheet

d. Explaining the changing of verbs into nouns.

5. Procedure of Data Analysis

After the data have been collected, following procedure are taken

for analyzing the data, the writer will do several steps as follows :

a. The writer makes the table based on the types of affixes.

b. Analyze and classify the selected affixes words by categorizing them

into the types of affixes.

c. Describes the reasearch findings based on the research questions.

d. Then after the methodologies have done, the writer made the conclusion

and suggestion based on the data of analysis.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Crystal, D. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. Sixth Edition.

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O’Grady, William and John Archibald. (Eds). (2005) Contemporary Linguistics:

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http://www.britannica.com/art/short-story. 15-06-2015. 10:40 AM

AN ANALYSIS OF DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES FOUND IN AN

INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE FOR EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES AND

PRACTICE

A paper

Submitted to the English Educational Program

Faculty of Teacher Training and Educational Science

Bogor Ibn Khaldun University

As a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Degree

By :

MUHAMMAD ALFIZAN ADIB NAUFAL

11211210739

ENGLISH EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL SCIENCE

BOGOR IBN KHALDUN UNIVERSITY

2015