properties of matter

Properties of MatterProperties of Matter

Objective 2.1: Students will know the difference Objective 2.1: Students will know the difference between matter and non-matter.between matter and non-matter.

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/index.shtmlhttp://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/index.shtml

Matter: anything that has mass and takes up Matter: anything that has mass and takes up space (volume). Properties: shape, color, space (volume). Properties: shape, color, texture, size, luster, etc.texture, size, luster, etc.

Non-matter: heat, light, microwaves (forms Non-matter: heat, light, microwaves (forms of of energy)energy)

Kinetic Theory and MatterKinetic Theory and MatterHow does the kinetic theory explain the observed How does the kinetic theory explain the observed

properties of matter?properties of matter?Brainstorm how this works. Brainstorm how this works.

What does kinetic theory contribute to our understanding? (2.8.1, 2.8.5)What does kinetic theory contribute to our understanding? (2.8.1, 2.8.5)Outside-In: Clearing up how cloud droplets freezeOutside-In: Clearing up how cloud droplets freeze

http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20021130/fob3.asphttp://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20021130/fob3.asp

2.2 THE STUDENT WILL USE SIMPLE MODELS TO EXPLAIN OBSERVED PROPERTIES OF MATTER (5,7)

h

http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/matter/slides/index.shtml

http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~ctab/AS1002/Lecture_Notes/lecture_8.pdf

Solids, Liquids, Gases, Solids, Liquids, Gases, PlasmasPlasmas

How are these types of matter different or similar to How are these types of matter different or similar to each other? each other?

How can you distinguish among them? How can you distinguish among them?

How would you define a property? How would you define a property?

2.3 THE STUDENT WILL DIFFERENTIATE AMONG THE PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, GASES AND PLASMAS. (11,12)

PropertiesProperties

Extensive: related to the amount of mass Extensive: related to the amount of mass present. Examples include: mass, present. Examples include: mass, volume, length. Extensive properties volume, length. Extensive properties change as the amount of a particular change as the amount of a particular substance changes.substance changes.Intensive: are unique to the substance. Intensive: are unique to the substance. Sometimes called “fingerprints” of a Sometimes called “fingerprints” of a substance. Examples include: density, substance. Examples include: density, boiling point, melting point, color, smell, boiling point, melting point, color, smell, etc.etc.

Solids, Liquids, GasesSolids, Liquids, Gases

SolidSolids: Sulfur, graphite, salt crystals, copper s: Sulfur, graphite, salt crystals, copper metal.metal.

Amorphous solids: gum, rubber, glass Amorphous solids: gum, rubber, glass

Liquids: water, alcohol, glycerinLiquids: water, alcohol, glycerin

Gases: oxygen, nitrogen, helium, etc.Gases: oxygen, nitrogen, helium, etc.

CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Solids: Solids: – Retain their shapeRetain their shape– Are virtually Are virtually

incompressibleincompressible– Do not flowDo not flow– Experience very slow Experience very slow

diffusiondiffusion

Gases:Gases:– Assume volume and shape Assume volume and shape

of containerof container– Are compressibleAre compressible– FlowFlow– Diffuse rapidlyDiffuse rapidly

Liquids:Liquids:– Assume shape of containerAssume shape of container– Does not expand to fill Does not expand to fill

containercontainer– Flows readilyFlows readily– Diffuses slowlyDiffuses slowly

Gases and the Kinetic Gases and the Kinetic Molecular TheoryMolecular Theory

How do gases compress or expand? How do gases compress or expand?

Where are gases found? Where are gases found?

What are their behaviors when temperatures change or What are their behaviors when temperatures change or pressures change? pressures change?

What is temperature and what is pressure?What is temperature and what is pressure?

Why Baseballs Fly Further at Higher Altitudeshttp://www.usatoday.com/weather/tg/wbasebal/wbasebal.htm

Understanding Air Density and Its Effectshttp://www.usatoday.com/weather/wdensity.htm

SolidsSolids

According to Kinetic Molecular Theory, According to Kinetic Molecular Theory, particles in a solid occupy fixed positions (well-particles in a solid occupy fixed positions (well-defined arrangements). Particles are close defined arrangements). Particles are close together. Diamond, pyrite, amethyst, quartz. together. Diamond, pyrite, amethyst, quartz. Melting points occur at a specific temperature.Melting points occur at a specific temperature.The attractive forces are strong enough to hold The attractive forces are strong enough to hold them in place. They are not compressible.them in place. They are not compressible.Amorphous solids have no orderly Amorphous solids have no orderly arrangements. No well-defined faces and arrangements. No well-defined faces and shapes. Melting points occur over a range of shapes. Melting points occur over a range of temperatures.temperatures.

LiquidsLiquids

According to Kinetic Molecular Theory, According to Kinetic Molecular Theory, particles in a liquid have more attractions particles in a liquid have more attractions between them than in a gas which holds between them than in a gas which holds the particles together.the particles together.They are denser and far less compressible They are denser and far less compressible than in a gas.than in a gas.The attractive forces are not strong The attractive forces are not strong enough to let them move away from each enough to let them move away from each other, so any liquid can be poured.other, so any liquid can be poured.

PlasmasPlasmas

Plasmas: Theoretically, 99% of the universe is Plasmas: Theoretically, 99% of the universe is made of plasma.made of plasma.

Plasma: no definite shape or volume and Plasma: no definite shape or volume and contains broken particles. They conduct contains broken particles. They conduct electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.

Found in lightning, fire and aurora borealis. Found in lightning, fire and aurora borealis. Artificial plasma is in fluorescent lights and Artificial plasma is in fluorescent lights and plasma balls (created by passing electric plasma balls (created by passing electric charges through gases).charges through gases).

Phase ChangesPhase ChangesWhat is meant by a phase? What is meant by a phase?

How do we understand phase change?How do we understand phase change?

How do we understand the changes which How do we understand the changes which occur during the phase change? (3.8.2) occur during the phase change? (3.8.2) – All phase changes are accompanied by changes in All phase changes are accompanied by changes in

energy and pressure.energy and pressure.

2.4 THE STUDENT WILL INVESTIGATE AND DESCRIBE HOW ALL PHASE CHANGES ARE ACCOMPANIED BY CHANGES IN ENERGY AND PRESSURE. (4,5,6,7)

http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/heatAndTemperature/changesOfPhase/changeOfState.html

http://www.usatoday.com/weather/wwatphse.htm

Heterogeneous vs. Heterogeneous vs. HomogeneousHomogeneous

Heterogeneous mixtures contain Heterogeneous mixtures contain different substances which can be different substances which can be physically separated (see the physically separated (see the heterogeneous rock, raisin bread).heterogeneous rock, raisin bread).

Homogeneous mixtures contain Homogeneous mixtures contain substances which are all in the substances which are all in the same phase or contain all the same same phase or contain all the same substance (air, copper, sodium substance (air, copper, sodium chloride, bronze). chloride, bronze).

2.5 THE STUDENT WILL INVESTIGATE AND DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES. (4,5,7)

Heterogeneous Matter

http://www.fotosearch.com/BDX115/bxp26795/

Homogeneous Matter

http://www.jericho-underhill.com/09l.htm

http://theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/Elements/035/

http://www.seawhy.com/xlcuso4.html

Bromine gasSnowflake

Diamond

Copper(II)SulfatePentahydrate

Separating SubstancesSeparating Substances

Using properties of substances, we can Using properties of substances, we can separate mixtures based on the different separate mixtures based on the different physical and chemical properties (2.8.2). physical and chemical properties (2.8.2). This is the basis for using unknowns in This is the basis for using unknowns in labs.labs.

What types of properties can be used?What types of properties can be used?

Solutions, Suspensions, ColloidsSolutions, Suspensions, Colloids

Solutions: homogeneous mixtures which pass through Solutions: homogeneous mixtures which pass through filter paper unchanged, do not settle on standing and filter paper unchanged, do not settle on standing and show no show no Tyndall EffectTyndall Effect..Suspensions: heterogeneous mixtures which do not Suspensions: heterogeneous mixtures which do not pass through filter paper, settle upon standing, and pass through filter paper, settle upon standing, and can show a Tyndall Effect.can show a Tyndall Effect.Colloids: heterogeneous mixtures which pass through Colloids: heterogeneous mixtures which pass through a filter paper unchanged, do not settle upon standing a filter paper unchanged, do not settle upon standing and have a Tyndall Effect.and have a Tyndall Effect.

2.6 THE STUDENT WILL DIFFERENTIATE AMONG MIXTURES, SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS, AND COLLOIDS. (11,12)

Examples of Examples of Tyndall EffectsTyndall EffectsIn liquids the Tyndall Effect can be easily seen by using a laser pointer. If you dilute milk to Where it is almost clear, or if you have any type of sol, such as colloidal silver, then the beam of thelaser can be easilyseen as it travels through the liquid.

http://www.silver-lightning.com/tyndall/

Tyndall EffectTyndall EffectThe Tyndall Effect is caused by reflection of light by very small particles in suspension in a transparent medium. It is often seen from the dust in the air when sunlight comes in through a window, or comes down through holes in clouds. It is seen when headlight beams are visible on foggy nights, and in most X-File episodes when Moulder and Sculley check out some dark place with flashlights.

http://www.silver-lightning.com/tyndall/

Examples of colloidsExamples of colloids

Aerosols: Man-made: Aerosol sprays, insecticide spray, smog. Natural: Fog, clouds.

Solid aerosol: Natural: Smoke, dust. Foam: Man-made: Shaving lather, whipped cream.Emulsions: Natural: Milk. Man-made: Mayonnaise, cosmetic lotion, lubricants. Sols: Man-made: Paint, ink, detergents, rubber (a latex - also occur

naturally)

Solid Foams: Man-made: Marshmallow, styrofoam, insulation, cushioning.

Gels: Man-made: Butter, jelly.

Solid sols: Man-made: Certain alloys. Natural: Pearl, opal.Biological macromolecules and cells may be considered to be biocolloids and

many foods are also colloidal in nature. Colloids are also an important feature of the natural environment.

http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2002/pdavies/examples.html

http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/physics/bama/aerosch2pg3.html

Solutions and SuspensionsSolutions and Suspensions

Properties of MatterProperties of Matter

http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/balloon/blob.hthttp://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/balloon/blob.htmm

Chemical vs. Physical Chemical vs. Physical ChangesChanges

Physical changes do not alter the Physical changes do not alter the properties of a substance. Tearing paper, properties of a substance. Tearing paper, crushing rocks, pounding metals, etc.crushing rocks, pounding metals, etc.

Chemical changes alter the properties of a Chemical changes alter the properties of a substance. Lighting a candle, souring of substance. Lighting a candle, souring of milk, baking bread. milk, baking bread.

Chemical Change - Fireworks

http://www.skydreamz.com/

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/antenna/climatechange/Cip3/422.asp/

Physical Change - Melting

properties of matter

Documents

properties of solids

observed properties

properties of matterobjective

extensive properties

amorphous solids

kinetic molecular theoryhow

types of matter different

glass liquids