project report workshop

8/4/2019 Project Report Workshop

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WRITING PROJECT REPORTWORKSHOP

FORMAT OF PROPOSAL /THESIS WRITING

Prepared By:

Normala Binti RahmatLecturer of Electrical Engineering Department

July 2011



The arrangement of a good project report is thefollowing:

Title

Authentication / Declaration

AcknowledgementAbstract

Table of Contents

List of Figures

List of Table

Chapter

Topic 1 : Introduction

Topic 2 : Literature Review

Topic 3 : Methodology

Topic 4 : Results (Findings and Data Analysis) and Discussion

Topic 5 : Conclusion and Recommendation

Topic 6 : References

Appendices

ARRANGEMENT A GOOD PROJECT REPORT



The requirements for good titles are the following:1. The title should indicate the topic of the study.

2. The title should indicate the scope of the study (i.e. neither

overstating nor understating its significance).

3. The title should be self-explanatory to readers in the chosenarea.

TITLE: DISTRIBUTED 68000 MICROPROCESSORS USINGCONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CANBUS)

TITLE PAGE



4

Consists of

Title

Author/candidate Purpose (Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the

requirements for the degree of …)

Month and Year of submission

TITLE PAGE



DISTRIBUTED 68000 MICROPROCESSORS USINGCONTROLLER AREA NETWORK (CANBUS)

NAME REGISTRATION NO.MUHAMMAD ADLIE B ABDUL RAHMAN 16DET07F043

SAMSUL B OTHMAN 16DET07F045

ZULFAHMI B MOHAMED RIDUAN 16DET07F047

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

POLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH

JANUARI 2010




NAME REGISTRATION NO.

MUHAMMAD ADLIE B ABDUL RAHMAN 16DET07F043



ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENTPOLITEKNIK TUANKU SULTANAH BAHIYAH

JANUARI 2010

i




NAME REGISTRATION NO.

MUHAMMAD ADLIE B ABDUL RAHMAN 16DET07F043



This report is presented to Electrical Engineering Department to

half of term and condition for be awarding

Diploma in Electronic Engineering

ii



AUTHENTICATION OF REPORT

PROJECT I admit that I had this report and from my opinion this reportis complete and fulfill from aspect scope and quality to be

awarding Diploma in Electronic Engineering

Checked By:

Supervisor Name : Puan Normala Binti Rahmat

Signature :

Date :

Confirmed By:Coordinator : Puan Siti Rohani Binti Abu Bakar

Signature :

Date :

iii



“We admit that this report is made by us except information andsummary that we already explain the source”

Signature : _____________________

Writer Name 1 :

Registration No. :

Signature : _____________________

Writer Name 2 :

Registration No. :

Signature : _____________________

Writer Name 3 :

Registration No. :

Date :

iv



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to express my thanks and greatestgratitude to Merciful God, Allah S.W.T. as for his blessings and mercyfor giving me strength, spirit, ideas and miracle for completing thisproject report. Even though there are times when I’m down and lostof spirit. You are always there for me to pray and asked for help nomatter where or when. Thank you, God.

Next, I would like to express my thanks, gratitude and

appreciation to my supervisor, the beloved Puan Normala bintiRahmat for her guidance with her expertise to finish my projectreport. Not forgotten, thanks also to all Diploma in ElectricEngineering student Department of Electrical Engineering for theirguidance, advice and patient in accomplishing this project report.Without their support, knowledge, experience and interest, Iwouldn’t be able to finish this project report.

Thanks also to all of my classmates for being helpful onteaching, cooperation and moral support along these three incredibleyears in completing my study. Thank you.

v



The table of contents page is titledCONTENTS. The table of contents includesheadings,references and appendices.

The headings are numbered and havepossible subsections (as in the text) in thetable of contents.

There is no full stop after the last digit. After the table of contents write a list of

figures and a list of tables.

LIST OF contentS



13

LIST OF CONTENTS

Very important

Only done AFTER you finalise your

content. If not, it will be messy and confusing.

Microsoft Word can generate it

automatically. But all your documents must have proper

heading, rules.



14



15



16

List of Figures, Tables,

appendices

Straight forward

3 important components

Figure/Table, Title, Page Not included in List of Contents



17



18



20

ABBREVIATIONS

Especially useful for chemistry-relatedresearch

Examiner can be quite particular about this



21



An abstract is written in English and Bahasa Malaysia and itsmaximum length is one page.

o The abstract should be written last and it should completelysummarise the essence of the report.

• It usually is a synopsis of the four sections of the thesis:introduction (the main aims), materials and methods, results,and discussion.

• The abstract should never include any information that is notstated in the paper.

The text should be written in full sentences.

No abbreviations, tables or figures are used in the abstract.

ABSTRACT



If the report/thesis is confidential, this should be mentioned inthe abstract.

Potential readers use the abstract to see whether it is necessaryor worthwhile to read the whole study.

The abstract is independent: the reader has to catch the ideawithout reading the whole report.

Skilful use of connectors, such as however, first, second,then, finally, thus, for example, furthermore, in addition, inconclusion,consequently, etc. makes the abstract more fluent and coherent.

An abstract can be just one paragraph or separated into a fewparagraphs, each paragraph being, however, longer that onesentence.

ABSTRACT



24

Common mistakes

Not well balanced- A good abstract mustclearly define purpose, approach, results,interpretation, conclusion

Bad English

Inconsistency with content! (bad!!)

Inconsistency between English and Bahasa

version

Read journals to be familiar with writingstyle



27

INTRODUCTION

Should be written first, but yet, checkedregularly

This is where you justify why Your field is important

Your area is important

Your topic is very important!

How wide? Depends on your title

Bad introduction results in `bad mood’ examiners



In the introduction state briefly why thereport has been written. But remember ,“only essential is important”, as stated by

Frank Pappa. It is widely recognised that writing

introductions is slow, troublesome anddifficult.

This is normally the last part of the reportyou write.

INTRODUCTION



Introductions typically are written using thefollowing pattern:

Move 1: Establishing a research area

a) by showing that the research area isimportant, central, interesting orproblematic in some way

b) by introducing items of previousresearch in the area (background for thestudy)

INTRODUCTION



Move 2: Establishing the aim of the study State the research problems, methods and the

main conclusions.

The following phrases can be used in introductions

when introducing the aim of the study:a) The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of

...on...

b) This project is designed to...

c) The primary purpose of this study is to determine...

d) This study is an attempt to examine the influence of ...on...

e) The objectives of this study are to...

f) This study has two major purposes: (1) to demonstratewhether or not...

g) The major objective of this study is...

h)

“A bad beginning makes a bad ending” (Euripides)

INTRODUCTION



BACKGROUND OF RESEARCH/project

Explanation about a previous research /project done according or related to thetopic we done now.

What their results they get and what wewant to do regarding the results. Usuallywe want to improve it to get betteroutcomes.

Controller Area Network (CANbus) was originally developed forinstrumentations in cars. Due to its ruggedness and provenreliability, it has been adapted in other applications such asrobotics, medical equipments, photocopy machines, etc. Inthis project, a prototype of CANbus system will be developed

using 68000 microprocessors and off-the-shelf CAN controller.



Problem statement

Explanation about situation happen thatattracted us to do the research or project.

So our research or project is to solve the

problem occur.

The recent research are proven the Controller AreaNetwork (CANbus) was originally developed forinstrumentations in cars are ruggedness and reliability.

So it has been adapted in many applications such asrobotics, medical equipment, photocopy machines, etc.So in this project, the capability and reliability of CANbuswill be applied to the three or four microprocessor 68000board to make it’s will be able communicated each otherby using CAN as the bus.



33

objectives

Explanation on the purposes as well as theaims of the project.

The objective of this research are:

• To determine the capability and reliability of the \ CANbus to distributed 68000 microprocessors.

• To understand how to configure the microprocessor68000 to handle CAN signal.

• To develop prototype of CAN Bus system by using atleast three 68000 microprocessor board and off-the-shelf CAN controller.



Research / project Scope

This section explain the scoperesearch/project and what is theirlimitation.

We must explain the scope or limitation soour research or project not very wide andto make sure our research or projectachieve the goals.



Research / project Scope



This part of the paper is very important,because here you present your theory part andits connection to the empirical part.

The literature to be studied should be essential

to the research task.

Different literature, such as books, articles, andresearch reports, can be used, as well asinterviews.

In the theory part, terms crucial to the studyshould be clarified and different views, researchresults and remarkable researchers in the areashould be introduced.

Literature review



37

Literature review

Provide

Background

Past findings: describe what others have donein order to set bench mark for your current

project Current issues/knowledge

Please understand the literature. Do not cut andpaste or simply copy without understanding

what it means. Your duty is to edit, paraphrase.

Figures maybe useful. You may adapt or directlyuse existing figures.



38



39



40



CITATIONS / Reference TECHNIQUES



methodology

The methods section describes, in variousdegrees of detail, the methodology,materials and procedures, which should bedescribed in such detail that another

researcher would be able to repeat yourprocedure.

You must be concise, yet you must notomit essential methods.

If you have used many methods, describethem in chronological order.

Do not describe the results in this part.



49

Methodology

Straight forward

Describe your methodology

Including description of chemicals, location,equipment, sample size, assay flow, etc

Should be clear enough for future referenceby others

Very common steps should be avoided

Tables, figures and at times, picturesmaybe useful



50



The results section is naturally veryimportant, since it is there that the readercan read about your findings.

However, remember the KISS-principle alsoin this section.

Using figures and tables, will help clarifyyour findings.

In the results section, the findings aredescribed, accompanied by variousamounts of commentary.

RESULTS (findings and dataanalysis)



The findings are usually commented on anddiscussed after each research problem.

Comments are either generalised based on

the results, the reason for the findings isexplained or the findings are comparedwith the results of some other studies.




Phrases related to the results section:

When the data were analysed according to..., it was foundthat...

There were no significant differences in ... among the three

groups as measured by... It was concluded that...

Contrary to prediction...

Also investigated were the relationships between...

...was not found to be a statistically significant factor

Further analysis of Task B revealed that...

It was observed, contrary to existing theories, that...

These data support the view that...

The main findings were...




When summarising and discussing yourresults, use phrases like In sum,

In summary, To sum up,

To conclude,

To put it briefly,

In brief,




55

Please arrange them in orderly fashion,according to your methodology flow.

Experiments 1.1 = Results 1.1; Experiment

1.2 = Results 1.2;

Learn to elaborate on your results, butdon’t over do it! Only discuss what isrelevant to YOUR objectives


Tables and Figures in the



56


results

5 golden rules :

Must have proper title. Title of tables shallbe above and of figures below.

A table or figure must be possible to readand understand in itself without reading thetext. Must have explanation- stastisticalmarkings, etc

Must be seen clearly- not too crowded

Must be discussed in text- not orphan tablesor figures

Must be in EITHER Table or Figure





results



58

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

M a c r o d i p

l a x

O n y c h

o t h e

m i s t

e s t a

c e a

O

r t h e t r u m

c h r y s

i s

H e l i o

g o m p h

u s

M a c r o m i a

I s c h n

u r a

E p o p h t h

a l m i a

M e g

a l o g o

m p h

u s

L i b e l l a g

o l i n

e a t a ? ?

?

C o p e

r a

S i e b

o l d i u s

P o t a

m a r c h a

V e s t a

l i s ?

B u r m

a g o m

p h u s

C r o

c o t h

e m i s

s e r v i l i a

M a c r o g o

m p h

u s

Nov Dec Jan Feb

Figure 4. Distribution and abundance of Odonata in Sungai Serdang duringNovember, December 2002 and January, February 2003.

(a) Pseudagrion microcephalum



59

Figure 1. Distribution of (a) Pseudagrion microcephalum and (b)Onychothemis testacea in Saleh, Setul and Serdang riversin the Kerian River Basin

(a) Pseudagrion microcephalum

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mac Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

N u m b e r o

f i n d i v i d u a l s m

- 2Saleh River

Setul River

Serdang River

(b) Onychothemis testacea

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200


N u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s m

- 2

Saleh River

Setul River

Serdang River

1600m

- 2



60

Figure 2. Comparison of Odonata composition in Serdang (upper)

and Setul (lower) rivers in the Krian River Basin, Perak.

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Nov Dec Jan Feb March Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct N u m b

e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s m

Station 1 Station 2 Station 3



61Figure 3. Distribution of larval instars of Onychothemis testacea over November 2002 to July 2003in Serdang River, Serdang, Kedah

November 2002

0

20

40

60

F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1 F N u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s Setul River

Serdang River

February 2003

0

20

40

60

F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1 F N u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s

May 2003

0

20

40

60

F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1 F N u m b e r o f i n d i v

i d u a l s

Decem ber 2002

0

20

40

60

F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1 F N u m b e r o f i n d i v i d

u a l s

January 2003

0

20

40

60

F- 7 F- 6 F -5 F- 4 F- 3 F -2 F- 1 F N u m b e r o f i n d i v i d

u a l s

March 2003

0

20

40

60

F- 7 F- 6 F- 5 F- 4 F- 3 F- 2 F- 1 F N u m b e r o f i n d i v i d

u a l s

April 2003

0

20

40

60

F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1 F N u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u

a l s

June 2003

0

20

40

60

F-7 F-6 F-5 F-4 F-3 F-2 F-1 F N u m b e r o f i n d i v i d

u a l s

July 2003

0

20

40

60

F-7 F -6 F-5 F -4 F-3 F -2 F-1 F N u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u

a l s

140

160

180200

a l s m - 2

(a) Station 1



62

Figure 5. Distribution of larvae of major Odonata taxa in different stations of

Setul River in the Kerian River Basin

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


N u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a

(b) Station 2

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180


N u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s m - 2

(c) Station 3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180


N u m b e r o f i n d i v i d u a l s m - 2

P.m icrocephalum N.chinens is L.lineata P.caprinicornis

B.divaricatus O.testecea M.shanens is

TOO CROWDED

30

d i f l i l h f C b d



63

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 0.1 0.3 0.5

BA (mg/L)

N o .

o f s h o o t

IBA=0

IBA=0.1

IBA=0.3

IBA=0.5

Production of multiple shoots of Cymbopogon nardu

in MS medium + B(0-0.5 mg/L) + IBA (0-0.5 mg/L)

after nine weeks of culturing

*

* *

Wrong format and incomplete; * - not explained



64

b

Effect of 2,4-D on cell suspension

culture of Cymbopogon nardus

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0 2 4 6 8 10

concentration of 2,4-D (mg/L)

m

i n i n c r e a s e d i n b i o m a s s

( g )

weightb

a

bc

cd cde

e

Wrong format, letters in figures not explained



Results & DISCUSSION

The discussion part is the most difficultsection.

Avoid summarising your results.

You may, however, mention them, at leastthe most important of them, or you canrefer to the information relayed in suchareas as in tables or figures.

If you can provide the answers to yourresearch problems, it facilitates discussion.



Results and DISCUSSION

Discussions should be more thansummaries.

They should go beyond the results.

It means that in the discussion section youshould look at your study and findings as awhole.



Typically, a series of points are presented in thediscussion section: Move 1 Points to consolidate your research area

Move 2 Points to indicate the limitations of your study

Move 3 Points to identify useful areas of further research.

The following parts are to be included in discussions:- refer to the aim of the study

- explain the most important results, also the unexpected ones

- compare the results with earlier research results

- think over the generalising of the results- think over practical implications and further research

Results & DISCUSSION



68

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Provide summary of the mainfindings of the dissertation

List the contribution of the work

Give direction for further research

Write this chapter with a punchy(forceful argument) style and should

not be too long Present conclusions and contributions

concisely and factually



Useful phrases to be used in the conclusionpart: To put it in a nutshell, ...

In short, there appears to be...

I would like to suggest two conclusions beforeleaving this point:...

We are now returning to the topic we started toexplore:...

For now, let us summarise the major line of the

argument... This study also raises several questions that

might be addressed in future research.

Further research is needed to determine theprecise effect of such training.




6.2 Future research.

The demonstrator only focuses on the transmission of BasicCAN (11 identifier), research

can be done in extended data frame format (CAN Version 2.0B) and also in manipulating

the transmission of error frame in demonstrating the error confinement specified by the

CAN module. Further research can also be done in manipulating the acceptance filter inthe node; such that it will receive messages from more than one node. This project can be

improve by make further studies to make two ways communication or serial parallel

communication mode. The effect of the node identifier assignment in resolving the

collisions happening in the network-bus and for prioritization purpose can also be further

investigated. This might result in a pattern for node identifier assignment in a CAN system,

which might ease the designer’ s work in assigning the node identifier in a network. This

project can be expanded into a specific applications purpose for example for education areato show that we can made our own CANbus system by using SJA1000 because it can work

to any microprocessor or microcontroller that doesn’ t have CAN embedded into the chip.

This is because the CAN protocol can be entirely utilized as a networking solution for

distributed embedded system application.




72

References

Choose 1 style, be Consistent! (APAStyle)

No orphans

Updated ones. Don’t build a referencedatabase!

Use End Note! Free, training available,

save time. Learn early to avoidproblems!



HOW TO WRITE Reference



WRITING PROJECT REPORT



WRITING PROJECT REPORTWORKSHOP

FORMAT OF WRITING ????

PLEASE REFER THEHANDBOOK



THANK YOU

project report workshop

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