project report on four wheel turning car

8/13/2019 Project Report On four Wheel Turning Car

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PROJECT REPORT

On

Four Wheel Turning Car

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof. Sumer Singh Solani

DEPTT. OF !ECHANICA" ENGINEERING

SU#!ITTED #$%&

SANDESH RANA '()*'+'

RAHU" THA,UR '()*'-)

AASH!OH!!AD '()*'*)

SANDEEP ER!A '()*'+/

DEPTT. OF !ECHANICA" ENGINEERING

SHREE RA! !U",H INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING 0

TECHNO"OG$

/*)*&)-

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CANDIDATE1S DEC"ARATION

Thi2 i2 3o 4er3if5 3ha3 San6e2h Rana7Uni8 No. '()*'+'9:Rahul Thaur7Uni8 No.

'()*'-)9: Aa2hmohmma6 7Uni8 No. '()*'*)9 0 San6ee; erma7Uni8 No. '()*'+/9:

ha8e 2a3i2fa43or5 4om;le3e6 3he ;rouiremen3 for a?ar6 of 3he 6egree of #a4helor of Te4hnolog5 in !e4hani4al

Engineering 6uring a4a6emi4 5ear /*)*&)-.

Pro


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AC,NOW"EDGE!ENT

We e@;re22 our gra3i3u6e 3o 3he ,uru2he3ra Uni8er2i35: ,uru2he3ra: for gi8ing u2 3he

o;;or3uni35 3o ?or on 3he !inor ;ro


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ABSTRACT

Abstract corresponding reference inputs to the trajectorytrackingsystem so that the vehicle will move along aThis paper develops a

trajectory planning algorithm for aspecified path. The vehicle

trajectory planning is notfour-wheel-steering (4W! vehicle based

on vehicle"s well researched as that of vehicle path

planning#kinematics. The fle$ibility offered by the steering isutili%ed

fully in the trajectory planning. A two-part and to our knowledge#only several works trajectory planning algorithm consists of the

steering &') addressed this problem.planning and velocity

planning. The limits of vehicleThis paper develops a methodology

that consists ofmechanism and drive tor*ue are taken into

account.so-called rotation planning and translation

planningimulation results are presented to illustrate thefor the

trajectory planning for 4W vehicles. Theapplication of the

proposed algorithm.methodology utili%es the fle$ibility of the 4Wvehicle

to plan the vehicle orientation.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topic Page

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A032W,/563T......................................................................................7

A8T1A0T.................................................................................................4

TA8, 29 023T3T.....................................................................................:

,+T 29 TA8,...................................................................................................;

,+T 29 9+5/ (1A1 T1 62/! .....'?

. @+5@ >/ (01A8 62/! ......

.7 B12 T


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CHAPTER III. VARIOUS PARTS OF THE FOUR WHEEL TURNING CAR

7.' Alloy wheels ..C

7. 1ack and >inion.C

7.7 four wheel steering =

7.4 Tie rod and Toe..?

7.: 1elay7'

7.C lectric /c 6otor...77

7.; hock Absorber..74

7.= 8attery..7:

CHAPTER IV. SOLUTION: THE PROPOSED CIRCUIT MODEL

4.' olution to the >roblems...................................

4. 0ollaborating the solutions..............................................................

4.7 0ircuit /escription.........................................................................

CHAPTER V. IMPLEMENTATION

:.' 6aking the 0ar 8ody.44

:.. 2utdoor +mplementation..44

:.7 Advantages of four wheel turning system..4C

:.4 /isadvantages of four wheel turning system....4;

:.: Applications of four wheel turning system.4;

CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSION

C.' 0onclusion 2f 2f 9our Wheel Turning .:

LIST OF REFERENCES..........................................................................:7

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LIST OF TABLES

Ta!e Page

Table .'.aE ffect of ,oad (Weight! on the

Table .E 6easurement of voltage rising with respect to time

LIST OF FIGURE

Fig"#$.$ Me%&o'o!og( O) Fo*+ W&ee! T*+,i,g S(-%e

Fig"#$.$/a0 F+o,% W&ee! %*+,i,g

Fig:#$.$/0 Rea+ W&ee! T*+,i,g

Fig"#$.1 Di-%+i*%io, o) To+2*e I, Rea+ W&ee!

Fig"#1.3/a0 S%ee+i,g S(-%e Wi%& Rac4 A,' Pi,io,

Fig"#1.3 /a0 Rac4 a,' Pi,io,

Fig:#1.5 Tie Ro' a,' Toe

Fig"#1.6/a70 Re!a(

Fig"#1.8 S&oc4 A-o+e+

Fig"#1.9 $3#Ba%%e+(

Fig"#5.$/a; U-i,g a 'io'e

Fig"# 5.$/0 U-i,g a Bac4*p

Fig "# 5.$/c0U-i,g a, OP#AMP Cop

Fig 6.$ .a o'( o*%e+ coe+( -%ai,!e-- -%ee!

Fig6.$.: %(+e *-e' i, )o*+


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Fig"#6.6/a0 Copa+i-o, o) La,e C&a,gi,g Be&aio*+ Wi%& 5WS a,' 3WS

Fig6.$.: %(+e *-e' i, )o*+


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

$.$ I,%+o'*c%io, o) Fo*+ W&ee! T*+,i,g S(-%e

Four-wheel steering, 4WS, also called rear-wheel steering or

all-wheel steering, provides a means to actively steer the rear

wheels during turning maneuvers.

The vehicle responds more quickly to steering input because

rear wheel lag is eliminated.

4WS is a serious eort on the part o automotive design

engineers to provide near-neutral steering.

! vehicle requires less driver input or any steering maneuver i

all our wheels are steering the vehicle.

4WS stabili"es all cornering orces generated while responding

to steering input.

4WS greatly reduces vehicle#s turning circle thus turning radius

reduces up to "ero degree.

$.3 Me%&o'o!og( O) Fo*+ W&ee! T*+,i,g S(-%e

$odiication will made in the rear wheel assembly and addition o one

more rack and pinion steering gear bo% or steering the rear wheels.

Then a transer rod will placed in between the ront and rear steering

gear bo% to transer the motion to rear steering gear bo%.

&evel gear is used to transmit the rotary motion perpendicularly, so

the one bevel gear will introduced in the ront steering rod. 'ther

bevel gear will connected to the transer rod.

Two supports will used to support the transer rod. Transer rod will

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connected to the rear steering gear bo%

Fig;-1.1 Methodology of Four Wheel Turning System

.

!s the steering will steered, the rear wheels also turn by the

arrangements made and the rear wheel turn in the opposite direction

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Fig"#$.$/a0 F+o,% W&ee! T*+,i,g

Fig"#$.$/0 Rea+ W&ee! T*+,i,g

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. (ear steering gear bo% will be i%ed to body by bolts and nuts and

the ends o the steering bo% are connected to the rear wheel hub

where the tires will mounted

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$.1 To+2*e 'i-%+i*%io, -%+a%eg(

tor*ue distribution scheme for a front and rear wheel driven D in order to

improve the drive train efficiency over a wide tor*ue and speed range as a partof the < funded >-628 project. +t has been shown the ma$imum efficiency is

achieved if the total tor*ue re*uired by the vehicle is shared e*ually between

the two identical motors. +n addition# the distribution of the energy consumption

over a 3ew uropean /riving 0ycle (3/0! is analy%ed and the regions of

high speed# low tor*ue are identified to have a high level of energy

consumption# where the motor efficiency improvement in these regions is the

most important. Therefore# this paper further proposes to operate just one

motor to provide the total re*uired tor*ue in the low tor*ue region. A clutch may

be employed between one motor and gearbo$ (differential!# thus Fswitching offG

its idle loss (no-load loss# flu$-weakening loss!# and improving the drive train

efficiency. An online optimi%ed tor*ue distribution algorithm has been devised

based on the motor efficiency map to determine whether the second motor

should be disengaged by the clutch in the low tor*ue region. With the proposed

optimi%ation scheme# the drive train efficiency can be improved by 4H over the

3/0 cycle. $perimental test results validate the proposed tor*ue distribution

strategy.

Fig $.1 'i-%+i*%io, o) %o+2*e i, +ea+


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Fig $.1.: G+ap&ica! +ep+e-e,%a%io,

As shown by the graphical representation and diagram there is distribution of

the tor*ue rated with respect to rated speed

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http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=k2qoB1pl1pK2mM&tbnid=AR1f3VVWjm-E-M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Foee.nrcan.gc.ca%2Findustrial%2Fequipment%2Fmotors%2F14713&ei=v4KYUuOpM4iOrQe9xoHoDg&bvm=bv.57155469,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNFb3BZLGZCYXwW2e9y_ii6cXTIPKw&ust=1385812997305950


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CHAPTER II

ANALYSIS

0ontemporary rear a$les allows for coincidental steering through the influence

of

variation of elasto kinematic steeringI rear wheels rotate# due to an influence of

variation

of vertical load of wheels (tilting!# in the same direction as front wheels.

3evertheless#

such a turn of rear wheels is very small and driver"s will-independent. A

disadvantage of

this so-called passive steering system is that it operates even when driving in

straight

direction when single wheel of an a$le hits surface irregularity (deterioration of

directional stability!. 3ew generation of active steering systems distinguishes a

need of

steering of rear wheels for the reason of directional stability from a need ofsteering of

rear wheels for the reason of cornering at slow speed. Therefore# the active

system

means that rear wheels are possible to be turned either coincidently or non-

coincidently.

The increase of the maneuverability when parking the vehicle is achieved by

means of

disconcordant steering# meanwhile the increase of the driving stability at higher

speeds

is achieved through concordant steering.

+n a typical front wheel steering system# the rear wheels do not turn in the

direction of

the curve# and thus curb on the efficiency of the steering. 3ormally# this system

has not

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been the preferred choice due to the comple$ity of conventional mechanical

four wheel

steering systems. @owever# a few cars like the @onda >relude# 3issan kyline

5T-1 have been available with four wheel steering systems# where the rear

wheels turn by a small

angle to aid the front wheels in steering. @owever# these systems had the rear

wheels

steered by only or 7 degrees# as their main aim was to assist the front wheels

rather than

steer by themselves.

With advances inn technologyy# modern foour wheel steeering systemms boast

off fully

ellectronic steer-by-wire ssystems# e*uual steer anglles for front and rear

whheels# and sensors

too monitor the vehicle dyynamics and adjust the steer angles iin real time.

Although suuch a

coomple$ 4WW model hhas not beeen created ffor productiion purposees# a

numbeer of

e$$perimental concepts wwith some of these tecchnologies have been built

and ttested

successfully

3.$ S!o< -peee' # Rea+ S%%ee+ Mo'e

At sloow speeds# thhe rear wheeels turn in thhe direction opposite to the front

whheels.

TThis mode coomes in partiicularly usefful in case of pickup truccks and

busees# more so wwhen

navigating hiilly regions.. +t can redduce the turnning circle radius by :H# and

caan be

e**ually effective in conggested city cconditions# wwhere


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eaasier to naviigate. +t is deescribed as fofollowing in 9+5 '..

3.3 Hig& -peee'

+n higgh speeds# tuurning the reear wheels thhrough an anngle oppositte to

front wwheels

mmight lead too vehicle insttability and is thus unsuuitable. @encce# at speedss

above = kkmph#

thhe rear wheeels are turneed in the samme directionn of front wwheels in

fouru -wheel steeering

syystems.9or a typical vehiicle# the vehiicle speed determining tthe change oof phase has

been

foound to be = kmJhr. TThe steeringg ratio# howeever# can bee changed

ddepending onn the

efffectiveness of the rear ssteering mecchanism# andd can be as hhigh as 'E'.

3.1 =e+o %*+,,i,g ci+c!e ++a'i*- # 1>; Mo'e

+n adddition to thhe aforemenntioned steeering types# a new typpe of four-

wwheel

stteering wass introducedd by the cconcept vehhicle Keep @urricane# one that

ccould

siignificantly affect the wway our veehicles are pparked in thhe future.

This vvehicle has aall the three mmodes of steeering descriibed above# tthoughit spoorts a

trruly comple$$ drive-trainn and steering layout witth two transffer cases to

ddrive the lefft and

riight wheels sseparately. TThe four wheeels have fully independdent steeringg

and need too turn

inn an unconvventional dirrection to ennsure that thhe vehicle tuurns around on

its own a$is.

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uch a system re*uires precise calculation from a servo motor with real-time

feedback to

make certain that all three steering modes function perfectly. The concept didn"t

make it

to production# possibly due to the high costs involved in the power train layout.

8ut the

idea presented by the concept continues to find importance. The only major

problem

posed by this layout is that a conventional rack-and-pinion steering with pitman

arms

would not be suitable for this mode# since the two front wheels are steered in

opposite

directions. teer-by-wire systems would work fine# however# since independent

control

can be achieved

3.5 E))ec% o) Loa' /Weig&%0 o, %&e Ca+

To successfully complete the whole project# initially we need to choose the

proper solar panel with appropriate power rating and weight. 8ecause# these

things are directly related to the efficiency of the car. o# we did an e$periment

which involved the load management of the car while driving along with the D-+

rating.

@ere# we chose a random car and put different bars with different weights on

different position of that car. Then we connected the multi-meter to the

respective input pins (LMve" and L-veL! of the battery of that particular car in

parallel. Through this process we found out the voltage re*uired to drive the

motor of the car at different situation. Again# after that# we connected an

ammeter with those respective in series to find out the current flow re*uired to

drive the motor of the car.

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The result we found out for that random car is like thisE

l.no Weight rpm

'. kg 7:

. 7: kg ==

7. := kg C7

4. ;= kg 47

Ta!e 3.$.a: E))ec% o) Loa' /Weig&%0 o, %&e Ca+

@ere as shown in table there is as the weight increases ther is rpm of wheeldecreases respectively.

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8y the way# the battery of that random car was providing ' vM'v# voltage and

current rating respectively. This e$periment gave us the idea about the solar

panel we should collect for our future project implementation.

3.6 Mea-*+ee,% o) o!%age +i-i,g


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Corresponding T! "#r$e %&s &s 'o((o%s)

Fig 3.1.$.a %# c*+e

3.> V # I C&a+ac%e+i-%ic

After collecting the solar panel it is important to measure the D-+ rating of the

panel for further implementation. o# we went outside in an open place under

the sunlight at midday and did the job. We connected different loads with the

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panel to measure the voltage and current at different loads. 8ut at first we

found out the voltage and current at Lwithout any load" situation.

Fig 3.1.3.a: Mea-*+ee,% o) o!%age a,' c*++e,%

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CHAPTER III

Va+io*- pa+%- o) )o*+


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%+ae!. S*i%a!e %oo%&i,g o) %&e +ac4 a!!o


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Fig"#1.3/0 Rac4 a,' Pi,io, o) )+o,%


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four-wheel steering to assist maneuverability in bus terminals# and also to

improve road stability.

P

1.5 Tie @Ro' a,' Toe

P

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P Fig"#1.5 Tie a,' Toe +o'

P A tie rod end is attached to the tie-rod shaft. These pivot as the rack is

e$tended or retracted when the vehicle is negotiating turns. ome tie-

rods and tie-rod ends are left or right hand threaded. This allows toe-in

or toe-out to be adjusted to the manufacturerOs specifications.

P Toe

P Toe is defined as the difference of the distance between the leading

edge of the wheels and the distance between the trailing edge of the

wheels when viewed from above. Toe-in means the front of the wheels

are closer than the rearI toe-out implies the opposite. 9igure ;. shows

both cases.

P 9or a rear-wheel-drive vehicle# the front wheels normally have a slight

amount of toe-in.. W&e, %&e e&ic!e egi,- %o +o!!7 +o!!i,g +e-i-%a,ce

p+o'*ce- a force through the tire contact patch perpendicular to the

rolling a$is. This force produces a tor*ue around the steering a$is that

tends to cause the wheels to toe-out. The slight toe-in allows for this#

and when rolling# the wheels align along the a$is of the vehicle.

0onversely# front-wheel-drive vehicles re*uire slight toe out. +n this case#

the tractive force of the front wheels produces a moment about the

steering a$is that tends to toe the wheels inward. +n this case# proper

toe-out absorbs this motion and allows the wheels to parallel the

direction of motion of the vehicle.

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P

'* Re"/

A +e!a(is an electricallyoperated switch. 6any relays use an electromagnetto

operate a switching mechanism mechanically# but other operating principles

are also used. 1elays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a

low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and

controlled circuits!# or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits#

28
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet


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Fig"1.6a0 Re!a(

Fig"#/1.60Re!a(

29
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relay.jpg


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repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another.

1elays were used e$tensively in telephone e$changes and early computers to

perform logical operations.

A type of relay that can handle the high power re*uired to directly control an

electric motor or other loads is called a contactor. olid-state relayscontrol

power circuits with no moving parts# instead using a semiconductor device to

perform switching. 1elays with calibrated operating characteristics and

sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from

overload or faultsI in modern electric power systems these functions are

performed by digital instruments still called Nprotective relaysN.

1.> E!ec%+ic o%o+

An e!ec%+ic o%o+is an electric machinethat converts electrical energy into

mechanicalenergy.

30
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_partshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contactorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_partshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protective_relayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanical


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Fig"#1.> E!ec%+ic Mo%o+

+n normal motoring mode# most electric motors operate through the interaction

between an electric motorOs magnetic fieldand winding currentsto generate

force within the motor. +n certain applications# such as in the transportation

industry with traction motors# electric motors can operate in both motoring and

generating or brakingmodes to also produce electrical energy from mechanical

energy

31
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brakinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_braking


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1.8 S&oc4 a-o+e+

+n a vehicle# shock absorbers reduce the effect of traveling over rough ground#

leading to improved ride *ualityand vehicle handling. While shock absorbers

serve the purpose of limiting e$cessive suspension movement# their intended

sole purpose is to damp spring oscillations. hock absorbers use valving of oil

and gasses to absorb e$cess energy from the springs. pring rates are chosen

by the manufacturer based on the weight of the vehicle# loaded and unloaded.

ome people use shocks to modify spring rates but this is not the correct use.

Along with hysteresisin the tire itself# they damp the energy stored in the

motion of the unsprung weightup and down. ffective wheel bounce damping

may re*uire tuning shocks to an optimal resistance.

Fig"#1.8 S&oc4 A-o+e+

32
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_handlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsprung_weighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ride_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_handlinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteresishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsprung_weight


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Fig 3.8 :- 12v battery

CHAPTER IV

SOLUTION :

THE PROPOSED CIRCUIT MODEL

5.$ So!*%io, %o %&e P+o!e-

The above problems can be worked out *uite easily by following the

subse*uent stepsE

P U-i,g a 'io'e

+t is possible to use a diode between the output and the solar panel to take the

input. The diode will prevent e$cessive voltage coming through the panel to the

motor.

Fig 5.$.a: U-i,g a 'io'e

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U-i,g a ac4#*p a%%e+(

A rechargeable battery can be used as a back-up source of energy so

that whenever there is no sunlight# the car can get the re*uired energy from the

battery to run. 8y the way# the battery is connected such way that it will not be

necessary to charge it from outside source. +t will be connected with the solar

panel through the diode so that the panel can both charge the battery and

provide enough energy to the motor to drive the wheel.

Fig 5.$.: U-i,g a ac4#*p a%%e+(

P U-i,g a, OP#AMP copa+a%o+

To ensure bi-input (solar source and the battery! supply# we can use a

comparator 2>-A6>. The two input will be connected to the comparator in

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such way that it compares the voltage of the two sources and give a single#

higher output voltage to drive the motor.

9igE- 4.'.c sing an !"-#M" comparator

U%i!ii,g %&e OP#AMP copa+a%o+ a!o,g


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relay. 8y the way# the solar panel cannot provide the re*uired current to drive

the relay circuit as normally they are driven at a higher current than that of a

solar panel provides. That is why# a transistor is used between the comparator

output and the relay input because we know transistor multiplies the current.

@owever# if any fluctuation occurs with the solar panel# the relay will switch to

the battery to close the circuitry and provide a smooth output. Therefore# we

can survive from the difficulty of voltage fluctuation which hampers the

operation of the motor and have the car be driven smoothly.

Fig 5.$.': U%i!ii,g %&e OP#AMP copa+a%o+ a!o,g


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P A rechargeable battery

P Two diodes

P An 2>-A6> comparator

P Two 'v batteries (may be rechargeable!

P A relay circuit

P A transistor

P /0 motor

P An stainless steel plate (as car body! along with four wheels.

0ollecting all these components and combining them together we get thefollowing circuitry.

Fig $.2.

Fig $.2.a: The propose% mo%el

5.1 Ci+c*i% De-c+ip%io,

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@ere# the solar panel and the rechargeable battery is connected in a

parallel connection with a diode in between them. The diode is used so that

whenever the battery is not over-charged. Again# these two sources are

connected to the comparator so that the comparator can compare their

voltages and provide a single higher output the circuit. @ere# two 'D batteries

needed to be used for biasing purpose. After that# comparator output is

connected to the transistor to multiply the current to drive the relay circuit on.

3ow# getting the re*uired energy# the relay turns on and does the switching

operation according to the respective input. The Lcommon" pin of the relay

circuit which is the output of the relay circuit is connected to the car"s motor. As

a result# the car is getting enough electrical energy to drive it"s wheel and run

along.

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CHAPTER V

IMPLEMENTATION

6.$ Ma4i,g %&e Ca+ Bo'( o make the car body# we collected stain less steel

sheets some iron parts e. +t was gm in weight. We cut the plate at different

places smoothly to set the wheels. We already collected some wheels# so after

that we set those wheels by using mant processes like welding shaping etc.

there is prepared the body of car# we put the motor at back with the wheels.

Then we connected a gear train along with the motor to drive the wheels. At

front part# we used an iron stick to go through the wheel so that it can rotate

easily. There we get our re*uired car body to use it in further application.

6.3 O*%'oo+ ip!ee,%a%io,

This project is basically an out door project . so we take out to a out door

work shop where the many process are done on this .like welding #cutting

#drilling#threading etc its all are done on work shop with the help of many tools

2r many tool e*uipments are used. +n this it is still moving but at a lower speed.

8ut# nonetheless# the main job has been done.

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Fig 6.$ .a o'( o*%e+ coe+( -%ai,!e-- -%ee!

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Fig6.$.: %(+e *-e' i, )o*+


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situations in which the driver must make a sudden and relatively large

change of direction.

Sa!!e+ %*+,i,g +a'i*-E- by steering the rear wheels in the duration

opposite the front wheels at low speed #the vehicle"s turning circle is

greatly reduced. Therefore# vehicle maneuvering on narrow roads and

during parking become easier.

6.5 Di-a'a,%age- o) )o*+


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the vehicle can be turned easily at a function.

Fig"#6.6 S!ip o+ A%%i%*'e A,g!e o) S*+)ace

S!ippe+( +oa' -*+)ace-E- during steering operation on snow# icy# muddy

and other low friction surfaces# steering of the rear wheels suppress

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sideways drift

Fi#89*'*(") Com0"5i2on o3 L"ne C7"n#in# :e7"$io45 Wi!7 &WS "n;

,WS

of the vehicle"s rear end. As s result the vehicles" direction is easier to

control.

Hig& -pee' -%+aig&% !i,e ope+a%io,E-when traveling in a straight line at

high speed# a vehicle"s driver fre*uently needs to make small steering

correction to maintain the desired direction# in phase steering of the rearwheels minimi%es these corrective steering inputs.

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Fi#89*'*(


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Fig&-'.'(c) -Turn of $*+

U#T*+,-E- by minimi%ing the vehicle"s turning radius# counter Qphase

steering

of the rear wheels enables


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CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSION

9our wheel steering is a relatively new technology# that imposes

maneuverability in cars# trucks and trailers .in standard two wheels steering

vehicles# the rear set of wheels are always directed forward therefore and do

not play an active role in controlling the steering in four wheel steering system

the rear wheel can turn left and right . To keep the driving controls as simple as

possible.

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Li2! o3 Re3e5en1e2

Wikipedia

ncyclopedia

5oogle

Rahoo

www.nrel.govJeducationJ

study of electronic component by K.A.smith

battery scienceI make widgets that work. 8y /onald

A.3eumann#6c grawhil book company#


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project report on four wheel turning car

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