project report on energy efficient lighting

7/28/2019 PROJECT REPORT on Energy Efficient Lighting

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ABSTRACT

The reportpresents study of the project Energy Efficient lighting. The project is based on the

implementation of microcontroller 8051. This project describes the automatic lightning system

which is designed to save energy which is a rising issue in todays date. In this project, the lights

of a corridor are turned on gradually only when we pass through it and as we retreat back the

lights are turned off automatically, thus saving 50% of the energy. This project utilizes the IR

transmitter and receiver for sensing the presence of a human being.


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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

With the growing concern about the energy crisis, almost all the industrialized countries are nowcoming out with new methods to save energy, especially electrical energy. It is estimated that the

yearly usage of lighting for a single office room is 1000 h which leads to 20KWh/m2

for a light

source which gives 20W/m2. With a microcontroller-based light switching, a 50% savings

can be achieved.

In the long corridors of the hotels, unnecessary electricity is consumed on the lights. Ideally

when no one is there the lights should be switched off. As the person passes from one end to the

other the corresponding lights should be switched on so that he or she will be guided towards the

corridor end. Through our project we have tried to solve this problem by a simple and cheap

solution that will be discussed further in detail.


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COMPONENTS USED

Sr.No. Component used Quantity

1. 89C51microcontroller(base+ic) 1

2. LM324(base+ic) 1

3. 3mm IR TX-RX pair 4

4. LEDs 4

5. 4.7K resistance 4

6. 10K resistance 4

7. 10K potentiometer 2

7. 150 ohm resistance 4

8. 330 ohm resistance 4

9. Crystal Oscillator(12 Mhz) 1

10. Reset switch 1

11. 2-pin connector 1

12. General purpose grid PCB 1

13. Connecting wires

14. Ceramic Capacitor(33 pf) 2

15. 5 volt power supply 1


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Chapter 2

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

2.1 89C51 microcontroller:

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes ofFlash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured

using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-

standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to

be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By

combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51 is a

powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many

embedded control applications.

The AT89C51 provides the following standard features:

4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-

level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In

addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and

supports two software selectable power saving modes.


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Pin Configuration:

2.2 LM 358:

It is a low power dual operational amplifier. Its features are as follows:

Features:

1. Available in 8-Bump micro SMD chip sized package,2. Internally frequency compensated for unity gain

3. Large dc voltage gain: 100 dB

4. Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated)

Ground


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5. Wide power supply range:

Single supply: 3V to 32V

Dual supplies: 1.5V to 16V

6. Very low supply current drain (500 A)essentially independent of supply voltage

7. Low input offset voltage: 2 mV

8. Input common-mode voltage range includes ground

9. Differential input voltage range equal to the power supply voltage

10. Large output voltage swing

Advantages:

1. Two internally compensated op amps

2. Eliminates need for dual supplies

3. Allows direct sensing near GND and VOUT also goes to GND

4. Compatible with all forms of logic

5. Power drain suitable for battery operation

Pin Connections:

1 8

Output A Vcc

2 7

Inverting Input A Output B

3 6

Non-inverting input A Inverting input B

4 5

GND Non-inverting input B

LM358


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2.3 IR Transmitter-Receiver pair:

IR LED is used as a source of infrared rays. It comes in two packages 3mm or 5mm. 3mm is

better as it is requires less space. IR sensor is nothing but a diode, which is sensitive for infrared

radiation. The infrared transmitter and receiver is called as IR TX-RX pair. It can be obtained

from any decent electronics component shop and costs less than 10Rs. Following snap shows

3mm and 5mm IR pairs.

Principle of operation:

IR LED emits infrared radiation. This radiation illuminates the surface in front of LED. Surface

reflects the infrared light. Depending on reflectivity of the surface, amount of light reflected

varies. This reflected light is made incident on reverse biased IR sensor. When photons are

incident on reverse biased junction of this diode, electron-hole pairs are generated, which results

in reverse leakage current. Amount of electron-hole pairs generated depends on intensity of

incident IR radiation. More intense radiation results in more reverse leakage current. This current

can be passed through a resistor so as to get proportional voltage. Thus as intensity of incident

rays varies, voltage across resistor will vary accordingly.

This voltage can then be given to OPAMP based comparator. Output of the comparator can be

read by microcontroller.
http://elecrom.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/sensor.jpghttp://elecrom.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/sensor.jpg


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2.4Light emitting diodes:A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. When a light-emitting diode is

forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the

device, releasing energy in the form ofphotons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the

colorof the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of

the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical

components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over

incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved

robustness, smaller size, and faster switching.

2.5Resistance:The electrical resistance of an object is a measure of its opposition to the passage of a steady

electric current. An object of uniform cross section will have a resistance proportional to its

length and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area, and proportional to the resistivity of

the material.

The resistance of a resistive object determines the amount of current through the object for a

given potential difference across the object, in accordance with Ohm's law: I =V/R

R is the resistance of the object, measured in ohms, equivalent to Js/C2

Vis the potential difference across the object, measured in volts
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_generation_and_recombinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_gaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#Advantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_differencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RBG-LED.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_(unit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm%27s_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_differencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_lifehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_conservationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode#Advantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_gaphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_holehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_generation_and_recombinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_biashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_diodehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor


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Iis the current through the object, measured in amperes .

The calculation of colour code of a resistance is done as shown:

2.6 Adjustable Potentiometer:

A potentiometer, informally, a pot, is a three-terminal resistorwith a sliding contact that forms

an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used (one side and the wiper), it acts as a

variable resistor or rheostat. Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_dividerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_dividerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(electronics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere


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such as volume controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a mechanism can be

used as position transducers, for example, in a joystick.

In this project we have used an adjustable potentiometer which can open up many

interesting user interfaces. Turn the pot and the resistance changes. Connect VCC to an

outer pin, GND to the other, and the center pin will have a voltage that varies from 0 to

VCC depending on the rotation of the pot. Hook the center pin to an ADC on a

microcontroller and get a variable input from the user.This pot has a 1/4" mounting

diameter and has a 10K logarithmic taper.

2.7Capacitors:A capacitor orcondenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair ofconductors

separated by a dielectric (insulator). When a potential difference (voltage) exists across the

conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a

mechanical force between the conductors. The effect is greatest when there is a narrow

separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called plates.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while

allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output ofpower

supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency

equipment to select particularfrequencies from a signal with many frequencies.

2.8Crystal Oscillator:A crystal oscillator is an electronic circuit that uses the mechanical resonance of a vibrating

crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical signal with a very precise frequency. This
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_differencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LC_circuithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supplyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_differencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectrichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_conductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_componenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passivity_(engineering)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transducer


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frequency is commonly used to keep track of time (as in quartz wristwatches), to provide a stable

clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and

receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is the quartz crystal, so

oscillator circuits designed around them were called "crystal oscillators". Quartz crystals are

manufactured for frequencies from a few tens of kilohertz to tens of megahertz.

2.9RESET Switch:In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting

the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.

A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a

computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch.

Automatically-operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for example, to

indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a

position to accept another workpiece. Switches may be operated by process variables such as

pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting as sensors in a process and used to

automatically control a system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Tactile_switches.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Tactile_switches.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_switch


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Chapter 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM


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Chapter 4

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The circuit basically makes use of cheap and efficient sensors which can optimize the electricpower consumption in the corridors.

The sensor circuit is designed using IR transmitter-receiver pair. The sensor module is connected

to an LM358 IC which acts as a comparator. The output from LM358 is given to port 1 line of

89C51 microcontroller. In this project we have used P1.0 and P1.1 of port 0.

Working:

Initially when supply is connected to the circuit then LEDs connected to both LM358 IC at pin 1

position glow indicating a high output.

As an obstacle is brought in between IR transmitter and receiver then LM358 output changes

from high to low state thereby turning off the LEDs.

This is shown in the following pictures:

(1)Sensors output when supply is connected


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(2) Sensors output when obstacle present between transmitter and receiver

Now when LM 358s output is given to P1.0 and P1.1 of 89C51 then output at corresponding

P2.0 and P2.1 will be at high or low state depending on the input coming from port 0 line.

If an obstacle is present in between IR TX-RX pair then a 0 input is fed to P1.0 or P1.0 and

corresponding to this a low output appears at P2.0 or P2.1.As the cathode of LED is connected

with pin of microcontroller so a low output on P2.0 or P2.1 results in turning on of the LEDs.

Thus in brief, when an obstacle is present the LEDs turn on otherwise they remain in turn off

state. This is shown by the following pictures:


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(3)When Obstacle is present in between Tx-Rx of sensor 1

(4)When Obstacle is present in between Tx-Rx of sensor 2

LED connected to

P2.0 is turned on

LM358 output given to P1.0& P1.1

LED connected to

P2.1 is turned on

Obstacle present in

between transmitter &

receiver of sensor 2

Obstacle present

in between Tx-Rx

of sensor 1


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(5) A view of the complete circuit:


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Chapter 5

SOURCE CODE IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

$mod51

org 00h

s:

jnb p1.0,ledon0

setb p2.0

jnb p1.1,ledon1

setb p2.1

jnb p1.2,ledon2

setb p2.2

jnb p1.3,ledon3

setb p2.3

sjmp s

ledon0:

clr p2.0

sjmp s

ledon1:

clr p2.1

sjmp s

ledon2:

clr p2.2

sjmp s

ledon3:clr p2.3

sjmp s

end


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Chapter 6

BENEFITS

(1) The motion sensors switch on and off light thereby resulting in 50% of energy savings.(2)This kind of system would also be helpful in detection of intruders intervening the

corridors.

(3)Use of LEDs makes the project all the more cheap and efficient.(4)No manual intervention required.(5)Programming is easy.(6)Such systems can be of great help in corridors of hotels, offices providing efficient usage

of energy.


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CONCLUSION

This era demands sincere efforts to save and manage energy as the conventional sources ofenergy are depleting at a high rate and non conventional sources of energy are not yet that

developed to empower the world.

This project lends a hand to the motive of energy saving by automation of the entire system of

lightning by using the embedded system technology and programming in Assembly Language.

The automation process makes use of the IR transmitter receiver system. It is programmed

such that when there is continuous communication between the transmitter and the receiver the

lights are off and when there is any obstacle in between the sensors it is programmed such that

the lights are turned off.

This project is not only limited to lightning system in a corridor but can also be used for a room,

or street lightning system.


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REFERENCES

INTRODUCTION TO 8051 MICROCONTROLLER MAZIDI

INTRODUCTION TO 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AYALA

www.wikipedia.com

project report on energy efficient lighting

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