Anna Groendyk Josh Uitvlugt Amanda Hayes Engineering 339

December 6, 2010

Project Proposal and Feasibility Study

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Abstract The nation of Cambodia is slowly developing into a stable and prosperous part of the

global community. Because of the devastation of the nation's political, educational, and

healthcare systems in recent history, much of the remaining population is young and

poorly educated. The Genesis Community of Transformation (GCT) was created as a

non-profit, Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) by Navy Chann and Ly Chhay to help

educate and improve the lives of Cambodian Citizens. GCT is currently renting office space

in Phnom Penh, but they would like to construct their own building to serve as a new base

of operations.

The Khmer Genesis project focuses on the design of a nine-story building and a basic site

plan for the location of GCT’s new office facility. The building itself is designed with space

for offices, condominiums, hotel-style rooms, meeting areas, and permanent residence for

GCT’s directors. The site plan for the property includes space for a garden, parking, access

for cars to drive through the site, a small pool, and, of course, the building itself. Through

this project, Team 11 will utilize culturally appropriate materials and construction practices,

provide clear and usable feedback to GCT, and design a structure that can be trusted. The

final product delivered to GCT will include structural, architectural, and promotional

drawings of the building, as well as a proposed general layout of the developed site and

feasibility-level suggestions for managing waste and drinking water.

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Table of Contents Page No. Abstract ............................................................................................................................ i 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Project Statement ................................................................................................. 1

1.2. Team .................................................................................................................... 1

2. Background ................................................................................................................. 2 2.1. Cambodia History ................................................................................................. 2

2.2. Cambodia Today .................................................................................................. 3

2.3. Weather Data........................................................................................................ 3

2.4. Genesis Community of Transformation ................................................................ 4

3. Problem Definition ....................................................................................................... 5 4. Project ......................................................................................................................... 8

4.1. Scope ................................................................................................................... 8

4.2. Timeline ................................................................................................................ 8

4.3. Cost .................................................................................................................... 10

4.3.1. Design Costs ................................................................................................ 10

4.3.2. Construction Costs ....................................................................................... 10

5. Design Considerations .............................................................................................. 12 5.1. Building code ...................................................................................................... 12

5.2. All Loading Factors ............................................................................................. 13

5.2.1. Wind load ..................................................................................................... 13

5.2.2. Earthquake ................................................................................................... 13

5.2.3. Rainfall ......................................................................................................... 13

5.2.4. Dead Load .................................................................................................... 13

5.2.5. Live Load...................................................................................................... 13

5.3. Materials and Building Style................................................................................ 14

5.3.1. Building Material ........................................................................................... 14

5.3.2. Traditional Building Styles ............................................................................ 14

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5.3.3. Alternate Building Materials .......................................................................... 15

5.3.4. Pile Foundations .......................................................................................... 16

5.4. Site ..................................................................................................................... 17

5.4.1. Site History: Existing infrastructure .............................................................. 17

5.4.2. Topography .................................................................................................. 17

5.4.3. Hydrology ..................................................................................................... 17

5.4.4. Soil ............................................................................................................... 18

5.5. Drinking Water .................................................................................................... 20

5.5.1. Current Condition/Quality Needed ............................................................... 20

5.5.2. Current/Future Water Use ............................................................................ 21

5.5.3. GCT Drinking Water Possibilities/Alternatives .............................................. 21

5.6. Waste Water ....................................................................................................... 22

5.6.1. Current/Future Water Use ............................................................................ 22

5.6.2. GCT Sewage Possibilities/Alternatives ........................................................ 22

5.6.3. Sewage Trench/Trench Control Options ...................................................... 23

5.7. Flooding & Flood Control Options ....................................................................... 24

5.8. Utilities ................................................................................................................ 25

5.8.1. Electricity ...................................................................................................... 25

5.8.2. City Water .................................................................................................... 25

5.8.3. City Sanitary Sewer ...................................................................................... 25

5.8.4. Gas .............................................................................................................. 25

5.9. Air Conditioning .................................................................................................. 25

6. Design Norms ........................................................................................................... 25 6.1. Cultural Appropriateness .................................................................................... 25

6.2. Stewardship ........................................................................................................ 26

6.3. Integrity ............................................................................................................... 26

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6.4. Trust ................................................................................................................... 26

7. Alternative Solutions .................................................................................................. 27

8. Safety Considerations ............................................................................................... 38

9. Business Plan ........................................................................................................... 38

10. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 38

Appendix A - References .............................................................................................. 39

Appendix B – Cost Estimates ........................................................................................ 42

Abbreviation List

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1. Introduction

1.1. Project Statement The Khmer Genesis project focuses on designing a multi-story office building for the

Cambodian non-profit non-government organization (NGO) Genesis Community of

Transformation (GCT). GCT was created by Cambodian national Navy Chan to help

improve the lives of the people of Cambodia by training farmers, improving local

community organization, and providing educational opportunities to people who

would not normally have them. This proposed office building would allow the

organization to expand significantly and greatly increase its ability to serve the

community.

1.2. Team 1.2.1. Amanda Hayes

Amanda Hayes will be graduating from Calvin in the spring of 2011with a degree

in engineering and a concentration in the civil and environmental discipline. She

spent last summer in Atlanta working for the Environmental Protection Agency,

and the summer before doing engineering research at Calvin. She grew up in

suburban Pittsburgh, but hopes to spend the rest of her life in the developing

world or inner city, whether doing engineering work, ministry, teaching, or

anywhere else God leads. Currently, she is applying to graduate schools with

Peace Corps partnerships, considering inner-city teaching with Memphis Teacher

Residency, and looking for an organization and funds to go to Cambodia.

1.2.2. Anna Groendyk

Anna Groendyk is a senior from Kalamazoo, Michigan. At Calvin, Anna is

pursuing a Bachelor Degree of Science in Engineering with a concentration in

Civil and Environmental Engineering. Last summer she had an internship under

the City Engineer with the City of St. Joseph, Michigan. After graduating in the

spring of 2011, Anna plans to pursue a career in civil/environmental engineering.

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1.2.3. Josh Uitvlugt Josh Uitvlugt is a Grand Rapids resident who will graduate from Calvin in the

spring of 2011 with a degree in engineering: civil and environmental

concentration. He is also an artist who owns and operates his own web-comic

site, which he continues to update regularly. After graduation, Josh hopes to

pursue a career in structural engineering and design.

2. Background

2.1. Cambodia History During the last century, Cambodia was overwhelmed with war and political chaos

that destroyed infrastructure and crippled progression. Since October 1887,

Cambodia was a French protectorate as part of French Indo-China.13 In 1941,

France gave Cambodian nationalist Prince Norodom Sihanouk the throne expecting

to manipulate him because he was only 18-years old. However, Sihanouk became

very popular among the Cambodian people, and in 1953, he petitioned the French

government for independence. Cambodia achieved independence from France on

November 9, 1953.7

In 1955, Sihanouk stepped down as King to run for President, for which he was

elected. Sihanouk was very popular politically but he was worried about his country

since bordering countries Vietnam and Laos each were involved in civil wars and

cold war tension was rising in Cambodia. A communist group called the Khmer

Rouge, which means Red Cambodians, was a growing source of resistance to

Sihanouk. In a 1970 coup, Sihanouk’s advisor and Prime Minister Lon Nol removed

Sihanouk from power, leaving Lon Nol as the head of government. Sihanouk went

into exile in China and allied himself with the Khmer Rouge to try to overthrow Lon

Nol’s new government.7

During the next few years, the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, gained power and

eventually captured Phnom Penh on April 17, 1975. The Khmer Rouge slaughtered

many Cambodian people and destroyed many libraries, hospitals, schools, and

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cultural sites. In 1978, Vietnam invaded Cambodia to overthrow the Khmer Rouge.

Vietnamese troops took control of Phnom Penh on January 7, 1979. Vietnam

occupied Cambodia for 10 years. The United Nations intervened to help Cambodia

with democratic elections. Sihanouk broke all ties to the Khmer Rouge, thus ending

their regime. In 1991, a UN peace agreement was signed in Paris.7

2.2. Cambodia Today Cambodia’s government is a constitutional monarchy. The current leaders are

Norodom Sihamoni, the King and Head of State; Hun Sen, the Prime Minister and

Head of Government; Chea Sim, the President of the Senate; and Heng Samrin, the

President of National Assembly. Table 1 has some current Cambodian statistics

from the CIA World Factbook.

2.3. Weather Data Table 2 - Table 6 show historical weather data from the Phnom Penh Airport that is

compiled by the Weather Underground.18 The data used was collected daily from

January 1, 2001 to November 30, 2010 and these charts averages as well as

extrema. Temperature data is important for consideration in construction. The

humidity data is important for design when thinking about indoor climate control for

the building as well as concrete curing. The wind data is important for looking at the

wind loads on the building. Table 6 contains the average number of precipitation

events to compare to the depth rainfall data in Table 14 to see that the depth rainfall

is proportional to the number of rainfall events.

Table 1: Summary of Cambodian statistics.7

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2.4. Genesis Community of Transformation Genesis Community of Transformation (GCT) is headed by couple Navy Chann and

Ly Chhay, Cambodian nationals who grew up during the Khmer Rouge, then moved

to Canada until 1998, when they returned to Cambodia. Navy worked for 10 years

for the Christian Reformed World Relief Committee (CRWRC) as the Country

Director for Cambodia. Later she resigned and started her own Non-Government

Organization (NGO), GCT, in 2009.

Table 2: The daily average temperatures (°C) listed by month for Phnom Penh, Cambodia.16

Table 3: The record high and low temperatures for each month from January 2001 to November 2010.16

Table 4: The daily average humidity for each month 16

Table 5: The daily wind data for Phnom Penh, Cambodia by month.16

Table 6: The average number of precipitation events in Phnom Penh.16

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GCT uses the CRWRC’s Community Organization (CO) process, in which they train

a few people in a village to help their village establish a leadership committee,

discover their own resources, and decide how to organize themselves to solve

important village problems. GCT also supports and collaborates with other NGOs in

the area that have similar goals, such as World Hope International, whose

employees were trained by GCT in the CO process. Although the villages they

serve are in the countryside of southern Cambodia, GCT’s offices are located in

Phnom Penh, Cambodia’s capital.14

GCT is distinct from CRWRC in that it is much smaller-scale and works more directly

with villages. GCT has also purchased farmland to use for experimenting with and

demonstrating new agricultural techniques. These techniques show potential for

improving yields and environmental sustainability for small farmers in villages.

Eventually, GCT will bring farmers to teach them these techniques. GCT also

specifically focuses on education and job training for women and youth, including

education about the effects of environmental health on human health.14

3. Problem Definition GCT is currently renting office space in Phnom Penh. However, they would like to have

their own property with buildings to house their offices, a residence for the director, and

a variety of spaces to rent out such that they could earn rent instead of paying it. They

would also like to promote the farming methods they teach by planting a vegetable

garden and by selling some of their farmers’ crops through a farmer’s market and

restaurant.

GCT’s dream building would be twelve stories high, fifteen meters wide, and twenty-four

meters long. Twelve stories is not as much an estimation of the space that they need

for their proposed enterprises; it is a vision that they have latched onto. Other buildings

in the area are six stories high at most, although there are buildings in other areas of

Phnom Penh that are much taller than twelve stories.

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This building will need to be built in stages as funding becomes available. GCT hopes

to begin by building the foundation and first two floors. GCT will need drawings of their

future building and other promotional material to raise the funds to build it.

The twelve-story building will only include GCT’s commercial investments: a restaurant,

a fitness center, office space for other NGOs to rent out, a large hall with small breakout

rooms for organizations to rent during conferences, hotel rooms, and condominiums.

GCT’s offices and the director’s residence would be housed in a separate building on

the property. They also plan to build a pool with landscaping around it and a garden.

Most of the rest of the land will be used for parking.

GCT has already purchased a 30-m x 60-m piece of land in Phnom Penh, down the

street from GCT’s current rental office building (see Figure 1 and Figure 2). The land

is low in elevation and floods knee-deep during the rainy season. This is especially a

problem because there is an open dirt trench along the side of the property through

which the neighborhood’s sanitary sewage line runs.

The land is so low because it used to be a pond. GCT and the previous owners have

both added soil to the land, as much as three or four meters deep. However, the soil

has settled significantly, and the land still floods. The soil type and origin of this soil fill

is unknown, as is the soil type beneath the fill and the depth of bedrock.

GCT can connect to the city power grid and water supply. However, water used for

drinking and cooking or washing food must be treated further. GCT is interested in

alternatives to releasing sanitary sewage into the trench along their property.

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Figure 1: GCT's Property in Phnom Penh marked with the "A" balloon.16

Figure 2: Arial View of GCT's Land. Corners of the property are marked with blue balloons.16

Sewage Ditch

Buddhist Temple

School

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4. Project

4.1. Scope This project will focus on the design of the commercial building only, involving:

• Identifying an optimal height for the building,

• Designing floor plans for each level,

• Creating a working model in RAM Concrete, a structural design program from

Bentley Systems, Incorporated,

• Considering site weather, hydrology, and soil type,

• Honoring local culture, including architectural style,

• Meeting international building standards,

• Accommodating plumbing, electrical wiring, and elevator installation,

• Estimating an accurate cost of construction,

• Creating detailed drawings that a licensed engineer could check and stamp, and

a contractor could build from, and

• Creating images and possibly videos of the building for promotional use.

4.2. Timeline Table 7 shows a schedule of tasks for both semesters of Senior Design Class. In

addition to the due dates required by the class, the schedule includes estimated

completion dates for deadlines set internally by the team.

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Table 7: Project Tasks for First and Second Semester.

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4.3. Cost

4.3.1. Design Costs Since the final product will be drawings and computer models, since RAM

Concrete is available to this team through Calvin College, and since team

members will be volunteering their time, this project’s budget is minimal. Team

11 has budgeted $200 for purchasing codebooks and other research material,

and constructing a physical model of the building. Table 8 gives the results of

estimating the equivalent value of time spent working on the feasibility study and

design. The bases of these calculations are working on the project for five to ten

hours a week, so an average of 7.5-hours per week has been use. For thirteen

weeks per semester and a week during interim comes to twenty-seven weeks

spent on the project. This came to each team-member spending 202.5-hours on

the project which has been rounded to two-hundred hours.

4.3.2. Construction Costs GCT’s building, with twelve floors, each dimensioned at 24-m x 15-m, would be a

total of 4320-m2. Using this square meterage, rough per-square-meter costs

were estimated using two separate methods and used to estimate total

construction costs.

In the first method, Means Assemblies30 was used to estimate per-square-foot

US 2009 costs for each floor, which were then summed and converted to SI

units, yielding $3.1 million. Using the Consumer Price Indexes (CPI) for 1992

and 2009, found on the US Department of Labor’s website,32 the estimate was

Table 8: Estimation of the fee an engineering consultation firm would charge for the feasibility study and design reports for this project.

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brought up to a present-day US value of $4.8 million. Then, using a construction

cost index from Turner & Townsend, an average developing countries

construction index and a US construction index were found.15 These were used

to scale the 2009 US estimate to a 2009 Cambodia estimate of $2.5 million.

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), a measure of the purchasing power was also

used to scale the 2009 US estimate to a 2009 Cambodia estimate, which came

to $1.8 million.11

Error in these calculations is due to the following assumptions in order of least to

most error:

1. The DOL’s CPI is essentially the price index for construction. This is

estimated to be at least 15% error from comparing the DOL and MEANS CPIs

for years previous to 1992;

2. GCT’s parking garage, gym, program space, and hotel rooms are well

represented by Means’ parking garage, gymnasium, high rise offices, and

high rise apartments, respectively;

3. For the construction cost index method, that Cambodia’s construction cost

index resembles that of China, Indonesia, India, and South Africa, the

countries whose indexes were averaged to use as Cambodia’s construction

cost index; and

4. For the PPP method, the basket of prices used to calculate PPP represents

construction costs accurately. It is believed that the actual cost is within 200%

of these cost estimates.

The second method for estimating the building cost was by using an estimate

per-square-meter that was given to the director of GCT by a contractor in Phnom

Penh. The estimate given by the contractor is $300/m2 with up to a 30%

variation. This includes both labor and materials. This estimation also has the

engineering feasibility study and design cost shown in Table 8 added to it. The

results from cost estimation using the information GCT and a contractor in

Phnom Penh are shown in Table 9.

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The third method for estimating per-square-meter costs was to find costs for

similar buildings being constructed in Phnom Penh. The results of these

estimates are shown in Table 10.

Between these three methods of cost estimation, the cost of the nine-story-

building design through construction will be between 1.3 - and four - million USD

(United States Dollars). Construction cost estimates will be refined during the

project’s design stage.

5. Design Considerations

5.1. Building code Cambodia does not yet have a widely recognized standardized building code. To

ensure that the constructed building is safe, the International Building Code is being

used for design. Because the metric system is widely used in Cambodia, the metric

system editions of the International Building Code1 and Structural Concrete Building

Code3 are being used. This code will provide the necessary strength for the

calculated design loads to provide a structurally sound building.

Table 10: Building cost estimation based on buildings that have been built recently or are currently being built in Phnom Penh.19, 20, 27

Table 9: Project cost calculation from GCT’s cost-per-square-meter estimation.

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5.2. All Loading Factors

5.2.1. Wind load The minimum wind load to be used in the design of the Main Wind-Force

Resisting System is around 218-kN on the 15-meter side of the building and

around 346-kN on the 24-meter side of the building as defined in Section 6.1.4.1

of ASCE 7 (American Society of Civil Engineers).23

5.2.2. Earthquake The seismic base shear is determined in accordance with the equation V=CSW

as defined in Section 12.8.1 of ASCE 7. CS represents the seismic response

coefficient as defined in Section12.8.1.1 of ASCE 7, and W represents the

effective seismic weight of the structure as defined in Section 12.7.2 of ASCE 7.

The seismic base shear of this structure cannot be determined without additional

information on seismology of the site and an estimation of the final overall weight

of the structure, which shall be determined by the structure’s design.23

5.2.3. Rainfall Rainfall load follows the equation R=0.0098(ds+dh) according to section 1611.1 of

International Building Code. This is an empirical formula with dh representing the

depth of water on the undeflected roof above the inlet of secondary drainage

system at design flow (in mm); ds represents the depth on the undeflected roof

up to the inlet of the secondary drainage system when the primary drainage

system is blocked (mm); and R is the rain load (kN/m2). The roof has not yet

been designed, but the rain load will be 3.53-kN per millimeter of rain depth

collected on the roof.1

5.2.4. Dead Load 6 in. concrete slab dead load: 54 psf.1

5.2.5. Live Load Table 11 is a summary of the live loads for the spaces in the multi-use building.

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5.3. Materials and Building Style

5.3.1. Building Material Concrete has been chosen as a construction material because of its relative low

cost and high availability in Cambodia.

5.3.2. Traditional Building Styles Traditionally, many buildings in Cambodia are constructed with wrap-around

balconies on every floor.5 Figure 3 below shows an example of this pattern in

Phnom Penh. However, GCT has decided to not have this feature on this

building because of concerns of thieves gaining access to higher floors by

climbing up the balconies.

Figure 3: Apartment Complex in Phnom Penh Featuring Wrap-Around Balcony.5

Table 11: Uniform and Point Loads by Space Use.1

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5.3.3. Alternate Building Materials

5.3.3.1. Wood Section 2308.12.1 of International Building Code (IBC) states that wood

structures of conventional light-frame construction cannot exceed one story in

height in Seismic Design Category D or E: representing stiff soil and soft soil

as defined in section 1613.5 of IBC.1 In addition, wood is rather expensive in

Cambodia, and the land is experiencing heavy deforestation. Because of

Cambodia's wet climate, termites are a large problem facing all wood

construction, and measures would need to be taken to reduce this threat. Due to its high cost, environmental impact, and the fact that it fails to meet structural requirements, wood is not recommended for this design.

5.3.3.2. Steel Structural steel allows buildings to be constructed with a lower weight than

buildings of a similar strength in concrete. However, steel is much more

expensive and less widely available in Cambodia than concrete. In addition,

structural steel requires off-site prefabrication and shipping of completed

structural members to the site. Because of the higher cost and reduced availability of structural steel, it is not recommended for this design.

5.3.3.3. Concrete Structural concrete is of lower cost and is more widely available in Cambodia

than structural steel. Concrete forms are constructed on-site, meaning that

no off-site prefabrication and shipping is required. The construction of forms

requires a large amount of labor, but labor is low-cost in Cambodia. Floors

and columns constructed with concrete are extremely heavy and must be

strong enough to handle the self-weight of the structure. This problem

increases with the height of the structure. If concrete is not reinforced

correctly during construction, it may undergo brittle failure, resulting in total

catastrophic failure of a member with little or no warning. Due to of the

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significantly lower cost of concrete, it is the recommended material for design.

5.3.4. Pile Foundations Pile foundations transfer the loads of a structure to deeper soil that has a higher

bearing capacity. They are used when there are poor shallow soils with low

bearing capacity. The piles are usually made from wood, steel, concrete, or a

combination of these materials.2 Due to costs and availability of materials in

Phnom Penh, concrete piles will to be looked into further for design.

Concrete piles can be precast or cast-in-place. Cast-in-place piles can be cased

or uncased. One method of uncased piles are auger grout injected piles or

hollow stem auger piles. These piles are cast using a mandrel and typically are

cast to depths of 15-m to 24-m. The typical loads are from 222-kN to 534-kN.28

These piles have low initial costs. Table 12 gives values for the typical slump for

different types of concrete piles.

The Menard pressure-meter values shown in Table 13 are good for estimating

soil conditions when experimental data is not available and these values will be

used for preliminary design.28

Table 12: The typical slump for various pile types.28 Table 13: The typical Menard pressure-meter values for various soil types.28

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5.4. Site

5.4.1. Site History: Existing infrastructure GCT’s property used to be a pond, which is why the elevation is so much lower

than the surrounding area. Over the course of many years, both GCT and the

property’s previous owner have tried to fill in the land with soil, in total of 2-m to

4-m deep, and they still hope to add another meter. For this reason, the soil on

their property may not be of the expected composition in that area.

5.4.2. Topography At this time, the area several blocks around the site is low enough to flood

annually, but the site no longer acts as a pond during the rainy season. The

topography of most of Cambodia as a whole is relatively flat - to the extent that it

is possible for one of its main rivers, the Tonle Sap, which completely reverses its

direction of flow for a portion of the year.22

5.4.3. Hydrology During Cambodia's rainy season, which generally occurs from May to October,

the large Mekong River’s water level will rise high enough to force the flow of the

Tonle Sap River to reverse direction and flood the Tonle Sap Lake.4 During this

season, the area of the lake increases by almost 500%, as can be seen in Figure 4 on the next page. The city of Phnom Penh is located just outside of this

floodplain. However, parts of the neighborhood immediately around the site will

still flood to a depth of about 0.6-m during the rainy season. Table 14 lists the

average monthly rainfall in Cambodia.22

Table 14: Cambodian Rainfall22

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5.4.4. Soil According to the General Soil Map of the Kingdom of Cambodia, shown on the

next page in Figure 5, published by the French Ministry of Agriculture in 1963,

the Phnom Penh area has Alluvial or Brown Alluvial soils.9

Figure 4: Tonle Sap Floodplain31

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Figure 5: General Soil Map of the Kingdom of Cambodia.9

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5.5. Drinking Water

5.5.1. Current Condition/Quality Needed There is no guarantee that city water pipes will not leak, allowing infiltration of

untreated groundwater and even sewage. A high concentration of chlorine is

used by the city’s water treatment plant to combat this, but sometimes the water

is not potable, despite this. According to GCT, about 10% of the city’s population

drinks the city water without treatment, but others use additional treatment.

Therefore, GCT will require a system to reduce chlorine content and insure no

pathogens.

GCT does use city water currently for everything but drinking and washing food.

Currently, they are using Research Development International (RDI) Ceramic

Filtration System, to treat their water.29 This is a simple filter made from clay,

mixed with ground rice husks that burn away during firing, leaving tiny pores.

The silver nitrate, which kills any bacteria, coats the inside of the pot. The clay

“pot” is set inside a plastic container with a spout (Figure 6). These filters are

very inexpensive, about $10 for a product that lasts two years. However, the flow

through one ceramic filter is only 2-L per hour. However, if GCT wanted to purify

all the water used by guests in their facility, they would need about five-hundred

of these pots. This is not feasible; therefore, it is necessary to purchasing a

different system.

Figure 6: RDI Ceramic Filtration System.29

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5.5.2. Current/Future Water Use GCT’s director gave the estimated current population, current water use, and

projected populations, from which the future water use was projected as shown

in Table 15. The current water use includes the water used in GCT’s office

space, as well as in the director’s residence. The projections of future water use

assume that per capita water use will be constant for the current and future

populations. For this reason, they are extremely rough, since they do not include

irrigation or pool maintenance.

5.5.3. GCT Drinking Water Possibilities/Alternatives Extent of system:

• Filters for drinking water

• Filters for specific appliances

• Whole-building filtration system

Table 15: Future Water Use Projections.

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Water heating technology:

GCT mentioned the possibility of pumping water to a tank on the roof

and using a solar water heater. A Korean NGO in Cambodia has done

this.

Filtration technology alternatives are shown in below Table 16.

5.6. Waste Water

5.6.1. Current/Future Water Use It is assumed that the future wastewater production will be approximately the

same as the future drinking water use.

5.6.2. GCT Sewage Possibilities/Alternatives

• Sending waste down the current sewage stream is always an option.

• Must be a sewage system (that is, it will include water and human waste)

because GCT would like to have western-style flush toilets.

• Separating human waste products makes composting more efficient, since

feces have the correct ratio of carbon to nitrogen, but urine adds too much

nitrogen. Composting of the feces needs to occur before use as fertilizer in

Table 16: Options for GCT’s Drinking Water Treatment.24, 26

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order to kill pathogens, but urine is useful as fertilizer with minimal treatment,

since it is sterile and high in nitrogen and phosphorus. Team 11 is proposing

utilization of Novaquatis NoMix Toilets for separation of urine for fertilizer

and feces for composting.24

• Composting on-site may be an option, even without separation, since

landscaping will provide carbon-rich material to balance out overly

nitrogenous human waste. Additionally, GCT can demonstrate composting

by land-applying the treated waste in the garden. GCT has expressed an

interest in composting waste.

• Aerobic vs. Anaerobic – Aerobic might work better for space constraints,

since it heats up faster, but would probably require stirring machinery – at a

greater expense. Anaerobic also produces methane (which is only beneficial

if it is captured)

• Space constraints and the high water table level rule out on-site infiltration of

liquids.

• It might also be possible to treat a fraction of the waste for composting, and

send the rest into the sewer.

• Consider using greywater from sinks for irrigation, though only if non-toxic

soaps and detergents are used.

• Find a company that will empty septic tanks and take care of the waste.

5.6.3. Sewage Trench/Trench Control Options

• A pipe was constructed to transfer sewage across the site, but the neighbor

on the south side constructed a large wall directly over top of the buried pipe,

which was crushed. Sewage now flows along the edge of the site in an open,

unlined channel. This event took place before GCT came to own the site.

• The government intended to construct a sewage pipe to replace the pipe that

was destroyed by the construction of the neighbor’s wall, but this has not

happened yet. GCT is attempting to persuade them to replace the pipe as

soon as possible.

• The sewage channel could be lined with concrete to contain the sewage and

reduce sewage exposure to ground water. This system would still be

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vulnerable to flooding, but a concrete cap could be added after main

construction to eliminate this problem.

• GCT is working with the city to have this problem fixed.

5.7. Flooding & Flood Control Options Because of the current hydrologic conditions of the site, the site regularly floods to a

depth of about 0.6-m during Cambodia’s rainy season, which occurs between the

months of May and October.22 The ground floor of the building will consist of

structural columns and serve as space for uses such as motorcycle parking or

hosting a farmers' market. This raises the elevation of the lowest finished floor so

that it will not be flooded during flood conditions. This space cannot be used for car

parking because of the narrow spacing between columns, the difficulty of placing

traffic flows through the building, and the danger of cars hitting and damaging

structural components. While the building site is in the lowest part of the

surrounding area, it is possible that a flood relief channel could be constructed to a

nearby stream or pond. Construction of this channel is not feasible until more

information on local hydrology and topography become available. A dike and pump

system could be constructed to reduce the water level in the site during flood

conditions. This option would be prohibitively expensive and implementation is not

likely to occur at any time. Because raising the first finished floor onto stilts will reduce or eliminate all flood damage to the building and the difficulties associated with the dike and relief channel systems, Team 11 recommends that the building be raised on stilts and no other flood control options be implemented at this time.

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5.8. Utilities Team 11 recommends that GCT connect to the available utilities.

5.8.1. Electricity Connections can be made with help from Cambodian authorities.

5.8.2. City Water Connections can be made with help from Cambodian authorities.

5.8.3. City Sanitary Sewer Connection to sanitary sewer can be made at the open sewage trench running

along the edge of the property

5.8.4. Gas There are no natural gas pipelines in the area; gas tanks will need to be used.

5.9. Air Conditioning Window or wall mounted air conditioning units could be used in areas that require air

conditioning. Centralized air could also be used, but it is more expensive than the

individual air conditioning units are. Due to the wide variety of use of the building, Team 11 recommends the use of central air conditioning to provide a more comfortable environment for the residents and clientele.

6. Design Norms

6.1. Cultural Appropriateness The building must use construction materials that are available in Cambodia. It must

also take into consideration the lower cost of labor in Cambodia in comparison to

building materials. GCT has requested that the outside design of the building look

traditionally Cambodian, although they want the inside to look more Western. The

design must also consider cultural expectations. For instance, since many

Cambodians ride motorcycles and bikes, parking should be available for these as

well as cars, and the number of car spaces should be modified accordingly.

Additionally, the final products, particularly the structural drawings, must also be

clear and specific enough to transcend culture and language barriers.

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6.2. Stewardship Some aspect of stewardship has guided most decisions in this project. Team 11

does want to design in a way that is responsible toward creation, particularly

because GCT is trying to raise environmental awareness. This comes into play

mainly through our recommendations for GCT’s sanitary sewage handling.

However, in most decisions, stewardship means making the best use of GCT’s

resources. GCT’s funding comes mainly from donations and grants, and while God

has graciously provided for GCT, these resources must be used wisely. The design

must take into consideration GCT’s limited land, and strive to use materials in the

most efficient way. One recommendation for efficient land use is for GCT to build

one taller building, rather than two shorter buildings. This will allow more space to

be reserved for parking, which will be essential for GCT’s new business ventures to

thrive. Team 11 has also recommended a shorter building to cut down on GCT’s

foundation costs and worked hard to line up columns and plumbing from floor to

floor, avoiding the expenses of shifting columns or adding excessive connecting

pipes.

6.3. Integrity Integrity in many ways combines our first two design norms. Similar to but more

broad than cultural appropriateness, integrity requires that the design be convenient

for users. Also similar to stewardship, the building must fit together in a harmonious

way. The rooms should be the most useful size and shape, and all the floor space

should be effectively used. Areas that people will use in conjunction should be

located close to one another. Mechanical rooms should be located in an area of the

building that can handle the extra noise, but is also easily accessible for

maintenance, and the elevator should be located in a wheelchair-accessible,

convenient area.

6.4. Trust GCT must be able to trust this design. It must be structurally sound and dry during

seasonal flooding. The structure must be strong enough to resist all reasonably

possible loads and serve GCT reliably for many years. The design must also handle

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unexpected situations, such as evacuation during a fire or a car accidentally hitting a

column. Although Cambodia does not have a required building code, Team 11 will

design the building to meet international code. This will help to ensure that the

design is trustworthy, taking advantage of the foresight, experience, and modeling of

many people over many years, rather than only this team’s knowledge.

7. Alternative Solutions GCT wants this building to generate income for their organization. Because the cost of

a foundation for a twelve-story building is prohibitive, Team 11 is looking into alternative

solutions. The first alternative Team 11 considered is a six-story building with a larger

footprint and comparable square-meterage. This option is suboptimal because of the

limited space available to GCT. Originally, GCT also wanted to have two buildings on

their property, but due to space constraints that would leave them with too few parking

spaces. There would not even be enough parking to guarantee the residents in the

condominiums that they would have a place to park. The site and building footprint are

too small to be able to have a parking ramp that meets IBC on the first two floors of the

building.1

Team 11 feels that in order for GCT’s facilities to be competitive with others in the area,

GCT needs to have as more space for parking. So, Team 11 has chosen to move

forward on the design of the second alternative: a nine-story building with the

recommendation of having only that building on this property. All of the components

that GCT desires in the multi-use building fit into the nine-stories. A parking study was

conducted to determine the minimum amount of parking that the multi-purpose building

should have. Using the “Parking Provision for New Developments: Supplementary

Planning Document,” a parking design guide from England, Team 11 determined that

there can be enough parking on GCT’s property.25 Table 17 shows the results of this

investigation. This guide provides standards for “central-areas” and “non-central-areas.”

The central-areas require less parking because things are closer together and because

of the available public transit. The non-central-areas require more parking because

more people need to drive to be to this location. Table 17 has the amount of parking

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required according to this guide for both central- and non-central-areas. The parking

required for central-areas is 24-spaces.25 GCT has space for at least 26-car-parking-

spaces; there may be more parking available that cannot be determined right now due

to uncertainty with the sewage channel. GCT’s property is in the capitol of Cambodia

where public transit is available; therefore, the site can be classified as a central-area

with sufficient parking available.

The ground level of the building is mostly open with columns so that the finished floors

are not damaged during the wet season when the site floods. However, when the land

is dry, the space underneath the building can be used for bicycle and motorcycle

parking or GCT can use it for a farmer’s market.

The overall site layout is shown in Figure 7. Table 18 is the legend for all the labels

used to identify components of the building floor plans shown in Figure 8 - Figure 14.

Table 17: The results of parking needs investigation using the new development parking planning guide from England.25. "Parking Provision for New Developments: Supplementary Planning Document." Stockton-on-Tees

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Figure 7: The overall site plan. It includes one building, the 9-story multi-use building; as well as a garden; a pool that is partially below ground and partially elevated above ground to remain uninfluenced by flooding; 26-car parking spaces; and a guard station at the front and back gates.

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Table 18: The legend for the floor plan labels.

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Figure 8: The ground level of the 9-story multi-use building. The stairwell sections provide shear support. The stairwells will be open at this level and the elevator will be partially elevated so annual flooding will not destroy them.

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Figure 9: The first finished level is comprised of reception area; a store; men’s, women’s, and family locker-rooms; and also the fitness center.

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Figure 10: The second finished level with a 60-person occupancy restaurant, with attached kitchen, and a 150-person occupancy hall.

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Figure 11: The third and seventh finished levels are office space.

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Figure 12: The fourth finished floor has eight hotel-type guest-rooms and laundry space that can be used by guests, but are mainly for the condominium tenants.

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Figure 13: The fifth and sixth finished levels each have two condominiums.

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Figure 14: The eighth finished level is the residence for the director of GCT.

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8. Safety Considerations Cambodia has few to no building codes, but our team will design to international

building standards. Using these standards will help to insure that the building is

structurally sound and that proper railings, etc. are in place to keep users safe.

Because the first floor of structural columns will be open, there is a danger of cars

hitting these columns and damaging the structure. Car parking will be located away

from the building and no routes of car traffic will travel under the structure.

9. Business Plan JAA Design LLC (Limited Liability Company) is a new engineering firm. This is the first

project this design team has undertaken, and it is an exciting opportunity for learning

and helping the community. JAA Design LLC chose to be a Limited Liability Company

for its simplicity, to have the personal liability protection like a typical corporation and to

have the tax benefits similar to a traditional partnership.12 JAA Design LLC will obtain

more contracts by making fair bids on projects, providing trustworthy designs to build

the company portfolio and reputation, and build good relationships with the clients who

are served to obtain repeat business.

10. Conclusion This project will consist of design of the building and a proposed site plan as requested

by GCT. Because of the limited funding available, GCT will construct the first few floors

first and add new floors on as additional funding becomes available. The next step in

this project is to begin the design of the structure. Team 11 has selected a building

height of nine stories because the cost of this size seems reasonable for GCT to meet

and because it meets all of the needs specified by GCT. The first floor of this structure

will be open and unfinished so that the first finished floor of the structure will not be

damaged during periods of flooding. The site plan includes space for parking, a garden,

access for cars to drive through the site, a small pool and deck, and the building itself.

Because of the extreme distance to our site and the difficulty of gathering specific data

about it, much of Team 11’s time will still be spent in gathering information. This project

completion date is by May 2011, including site drawings, building plans, and a full report

submitted to GCT.

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Appendix A - References 1. 2006 International Building Code. ICC, 2006. Print. 2. Abebe, Ascalew, and Dr. Ian GN. Smith. "Pile Foundation Design: A Student Guide. "School

of the Built Environment, Napier University, Edinburgh, May 1999. Web. 19 Nov. 2010. <http://www.sbe.napier.ac.uk/projects/piledesign/guide/index.htm>

3. ACI Committee 318. Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary –

Metric (ACI 318M-05). 2005. Print. 4. "Annual Mekong Flood Report 2006." Mekong River Commission, Mar. 2007. Web. Nov.

2010. <www.mrcmekong.org> 5. "Architecture of Phnom Penh, The." Canby Publications Co., Ltd. Web. 2010.

<http://www.canbypublications.com/phnompenh/phnom-penh-architecture.htm> 6. "CAMBODIA COUNTRY REPORT ON FLOOD INFORMATION IN CAMBODIA." Mekong

River Commission, May 2006. Web. Nov. 2010. <http://www.mrcmekong.org/download/free_download/AFF-4/session1/Cambodia_country_report.pdf>

7. Cambodia. Europa World Plus Online. London, Routledge. Calvin College, Hekman Library.

Oct. 2010. <http://www.europaworld.com/entry?id=kh&go_country=GO> 8. "Cambodia." The World Factbook. CIA, Nov. 2010. Web. Nov. 2010.

<https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cb.html> 9. Charles, D. and D. Crocker. General Soil Map. Map. Ministry of Agriculture, 1963.

<http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/esdb_archive/eudasm/asia/images/maps/download/kh2000_so.jpg>

10. "Disaster Risk Management Programs for Priority Counties." Country Programs for Disaster

Risk Management & Climate Adaptation. Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, 2009. Web. Nov. 2010. <http://gfdrr.org/ctrydrmnotes/Cambodia.pdf>

11. Economy Watch: Economy, Investment, & Financial Reports. Stanley St Labs, 2009. Web.

<http://www.economywatch.com/economic-statistics/country/Cambodia/> 12. Entrepreneur. Entrepreneur Media, Inc., Web. 2010. <http://www.entrepreneur.com> 13. "French Indochina." Educational, Entertainment, and Research Material Relevant to the

Study of the Vietnam War. Dec. 2010. <http://www.vietnamwar.net/FrenchIndochina.htm>

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14. Genesis Community of Transformation. Newsletter of Transformation. 2 Aug. 2010: 1-4. Print.

15. "Global Construction Costs." Turner and Townsend. Turner and Townsend, Sept. 2009.

Web. <www.turnerandtownsend.com> 16. Google Maps. Google. Web. <maps.google.com> 17. Hazarika, Dr. M. K.; Bormudoi, A.; Kafle, T. P.; Samarkoon, Dr. L.; Noun, K.; Savuth, Y.;

and Narith, R. "FLOOD HAZARD MAPPING IN FOUR PROVINCES OF CAMBODIA UNDER THE MEKONG BASIN." Geo-Informatics Center. Asian Institute of Technology. May 2007. Web. Oct. 2010. <http://geoinfo.ait.ac.th/publications/paper_cambodia.pdf>

18. "History Data - Phnom Penh, Cambodia." Weather Underground.

<http://www.wunderground.com> 19. Invest in Cambodia. Web. Nov. 2010. <http://investincambodia.com/property.htm> 20. "Korean centre invests in closer relations." Khmer Property Magazine 2009. Web. Nov.

2010. <http://www.khmerpropertynews.com/?inc=content.php&id=326> 21. "MCR Flood Management and Mitigation Programme Component 2: Structural Measures

and Flood Proofing." Mekong River Commission, Dec. 2009. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. <mcrmekong.org>

22. Mekong River Commission 2005. Overview of the Hydrology of the Mekong Basin.

Mekong River Commission, Vientiane, November 2005. 23. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings And Other Structures (Asce Standard No. 7-05).

Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. Print. 24. Novaquatis. Novaquatis, 5 Nov. 2010. Web.<http://www.novaquatis.eawag.ch> 25. "Parking Provision for New Developments: Supplementary Planning Document." Stockton-

on-Tees Borough Council, Nov. 2006. Web. Nov. 2010. <http://www.stockton.gov.uk/resources/transportstreets/48506/parkprov/parkingprov.pdf>

26. Perfect Web. Spectra Watermakers. Spectra Watermakers, 2008. Web

<http://www.spectrawatermakers.com/landbased/> 27. Phnom Penh Tower. HYUNDAI AMCO, 2010. Web. Nov. 2010.

<http://office-cambodia.com/phnom-penh-tower-cambodia.html>

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28. Prakash, Shamsher, and Hari D. Sharma. Pile foundations in Engineering Practice. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1990. Print.

29. RDI Cambodia: For a Hope and a Future. Research Development International. Web.

<http://www.rdic.org/waterfiltrationsystems.htm> 30. RS Means Assemblies. Reed Construction Data, 1992. Print. 31. Rybczynski, Witold, Chongrak Polprasert, and Michael McGarry. Appropriate Technology

for Water Supply and Sanitation: Low-Cost Technology Options for Sanitation, a State-of-the-Art Review and Annotated Bibliography. International Development Research Centre, Health Sciences Divisions and World Bank, 1982. Print.

32. Salidjanova, Nargiza. "ICE Case Study #218: Chinese Damming of Mekong and Negative

Repercussions for Tonle Sap." The Inventory of Conflict & Environment (ICE). American University, The School of International Service, 9 May 2007. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. <http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/mekong-china.htm>

33. U.S. Department Of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index

<ftp://ftp.bls.gov/pub/special.requests/cpi/cpiai.txt>

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Appendix B – Cost Estimates

Table 19: Cost estimate summary for the first method.

Table 20: Consumer Price Index.33

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Table 21: Calculations of construction cost indexes.15

Table 22: Purchasing Power Parity index for Cambodia.11