project on corruption in pakistan

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TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSDefinition...................................................................................................... 3

Corruption in Pakistan...................................................................................3

Factors which constitute corruption in Pakistan.............................................3

Corruption Report 2010 – Transparency International....................................4

Some highlights of transparency international corruption report:..................5

More from the Transparency international report.........................................5

Levels of Corruption in Pakistan.....................................................................6

Percentage of Respondents having encountered Corruption in South Asian countries....................................................................................................... 6

Key Sectors Affected by Corruption in Pakistan..............................................7

Corruption in judiciary:.....................................................................................7

Corruption in Tax and public finance:..............................................................7

Corruption in political leaders:.........................................................................7

General corruption Cases in Pakistan:..............................................................7

Impact of Corruption in Pakistan:...................................................................8

Defective or dangerous Infrastructure:............................................................8

Inadequate Infrastructure:...............................................................................8

Lack of education:............................................................................................8

Lack of hospital facilities:.................................................................................9

Impacts of Corruption on poor’s:.....................................................................9

Causes of Corruption and Current anti-corruption institutions in Pakistan.....9

NAB (anti corruption institution in Pakistan)...............................................9

Causes of Corruption in Pakistan:..............................................................10

Fault in political system...............................................................................10

Politicization and inefficiency at top management levels...........................10

Need and Greed..........................................................................................10


Solution of corruption in Pakistan:...............................................................11

Suggestions about the system of government required for Pakistan are as follows:........................................................................................................12

Conclusion...................................................................................................13


WHAT IS CORRUPTIONWHAT IS CORRUPTION

“Corruption creates such behavior on the part of office holders in the public or private sector whereby they improperly and unlawfully enrich themselves and/or those close to

them, or induce others to do so, by misusing the position in which they are placed.”

Or

“Corruption is the behavior of private individuals or public officials who deviate from set responsibilities and use their position of power in order to serve private ends and

secure private gains”

CORRUPTION IN PAKISTANCORRUPTION IN PAKISTAN

Corruption is rampant (out of control) in Pakistan and is pushing our nation to a dead end. It is being constituted by favoritism, nepotism, misappropriation of public fund, bad debts and misuse of power, all these factors are on rise in Pakistan.

The underlying motive of corruption is to provide some one unfair advantage at the expense of either another individual entity (person or corporate) or a collective entity (country, province, city, community or company). In all cases, it is illegal, dishonest, and/or unethical. A bribe may be a cash payment or a gift item of considerable value.

FACTORS WHICH CONSTITUTE CORRUPTION IN PAKISTANFACTORS WHICH CONSTITUTE CORRUPTION IN PAKISTAN

The Main factors which constitute corruption are:

Injustice Insecurity Fear of survival Illogical system Unnecessary and over expanded Government machinery Under paid manpower in public and private sector Non existence of accountability Lacking of social and Moral Values Escalation in prices of goods in market


Money devaluation Greed Main Forms of Corruption Placing of incompetent, characterless and ineligible persons in public and private

sectors i.e. without comprehensive checks and merit according to laws and rules Undue pressures to influence for wrong by the authoritative people Misuse of powers Mala fide intentions Theft through white collar crime (Forgery, fudge and false) Lack of scrutiny Difficulties and obstacles to seek easy, comprehensive, true and timely justice with

due respect and comfort Torture Briber, Bribery against wrong and Bribery against right Impacts of injustice

CORRUPTION REPORT 2010 – TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONALCORRUPTION REPORT 2010 – TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

Every Pakistani is familiar with the word “Corruption”. Because they know there work can only be done in every department if they follow corruption, help corruption. It is impossible for an ordinary person to done his work by following the proper procedure in many Public departments. But from last few years after the end of Army regime the corruption perception has worsened especially the last year, as stated by the latest Transparency International Corruption report 2010. Though the 2010 Corruption Survey Report was an eye-opener, but this year it was shocking Khyber Pakhton Khawa Province (former N.W.F.P) beat all the provinces and has the highest rate of corruption in Pakistan.


SOME HIGHLIGHTS OF TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONALSOME HIGHLIGHTS OF TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL

CORRUPTION REPORT:CORRUPTION REPORT:

MORE FROM THE TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL REPORTMORE FROM THE TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL REPORT

The report titled the National Corruption Perception Survey 2010 showed a high rise in corruption from 195 billion rupees in the year 2009 to 223 billion rupees in the year 2010.

Bureaucracy and Police had maintained their ranking as the two of the most corrupt departments in public sector in 2010.

Land administration departments were placed third in corrupt practices.

Corruption in the judiciary, local government and education sectors has also increased as compared to the last year.


About 70 % of people believed that the previous military government of General Pervez Musharraf was less corrupt then the present Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) led coalition (partnership) government.

In terms of bribery, land administration was the most corrupt sector, where average bribe paid in each incident was 46, 414 rupees.

Khyber Pukhton Khan is highlighted to be the most corrupt of all the provinces.

LEVELS OF CORRUPTION IN PAKISTANLEVELS OF CORRUPTION IN PAKISTAN

It is a widely held view that corruption in Pakistan is widespread, systematic, and that it is entrenched at all levels of government. A World Bank report containing an assessment of the Pakistan’s Infrastructure Capacity (PICA) dated February 2010 states that 25% of Pakistan’s Development budget for 2009-2010 was lost in the procurement process alone due to corruption. This does not include subsequent costs of corruption in the implementation and maintenance stages of projects.

The important business publications such as World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report (2009-2010) say that corruption is the third greatest problem for companies for doing business in Pakistan. The report lists the first two problems as government bureaucracy and poor infrastructure.

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) says that the World Bank and the Auditor General of Pakistan have complained about governance problems in recruitment, site selection, absenteeism and bribery. This has resulted in cancellation or suspension of some of the World Bank’s projects such as the Baluchistan Primary Education Project. Also, certain other loans were withheld after irregularities were uncovered.

PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS HAVING ENCOUNTEREDPERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS HAVING ENCOUNTERED

CORRUPTION IN SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIESCORRUPTION IN SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES

A survey of South Asian countries reports the following percentages of respondents for having encountered corruption in key sectors in various South-Asian countries:


Country Education Health Power Land and adm.

tax police Judiciary

Bangladesh 40% 58% 32% 73% 19% 84% 75%India 34% 15% 30% 47% 15% 100% 100%Nepal 25% 18% 12% 17% 25% 48% 12%Pakistan 92% 96% 96% 100% 99% 100% 96%

General perceptions and actual public surveys about corruption show that Police, Power Sector, Judiciary, various Taxation departments (Custom duties, Income Tax), and irrigation departments are considered the most corruption prone departments in Pakistan.

According to a report, appointments in the police force are often based on political considerations. The instances where conflicts of interest due to personal loyalties and family connections exist are numerous. Many complain that local landlords or urban groups with police support exploit poor people through extortion (bogus fines, etc.).

KEY SECTORS AFFECTED BY CORRUPTION IN PAKISTANKEY SECTORS AFFECTED BY CORRUPTION IN PAKISTAN

Corruption in judiciary:According to a 2010 survey, 96 percent of the people said that they had encountered corruption in Judiciary. 44% of them reported that they paid a bribe to a court official. In Pakistan, The judiciary is not viewed as independent of the Executive side of the government but rather part of it. Another report says that the Pakistani court takes an average of 880 days to settle a business dispute at a cost of 24% of the claim. (www.doingbusinesss.org).

Corruption in Tax and public finance:Pakistan’s tax and public finance administration is also affected by corruption. Corruption in tax sector and tax administration also dissuades honest tax payers by rendering them less competitive and making the black- markets a more attractive alternative. Tax administration is an attractive sector for corruption to take place as the opportunities and incentives to engage in illegal activity are numerous.

Corruption in political leaders:An article in one of Pakistan’s major English newspaper Daily Times says that the cost of corruption by political leaders using public office for private gain in banking sector alone cost 10 to 15%. The same newspaper reports that the overall cost of corruption by political leaders in Pakistan is between 20% and 25% of the GDP. This is equitant to an annual average GDP growth rate over 4 years.

General corruption Cases in Pakistan:A statement by Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) issued on December 8, 2010 says that “. . . long periods of martial law have provided opportunities for the generals to loot the


country, by transferring public funds for their own personal gain. The media, judiciary, military and civil bureaucracy, became part of the loot of the generals’ corruption.”

Following are some explicit and implicit examples of corruption in Pakistan:

”Perks are a type of corruption which country’s ruling politicians, bureaucracy and military elite is enjoying in the form of free fuel, electricity, accommodation, luxury cars, army of servants. There is no legal and/or moral justification for such perks.”

“It is opined that 30 percent of total corruption is in government departments and banks. In 1997 Nawaz Sharif government appointed 30 judges to settle 48,000 registered bank loans cases of 217 billion rupees. The reports of 193 billion rupee loan right off from 1999 to 2009.

A 1996 investigation by Sindh Education Department discovered that 2,932 schools in rural areas existed only on paper. Many of the buildings had been converted into guesthouses, stables, or storage facilities.

Similarly, the Punjab government found that about 1,600 “ghost schools” which had not operated for years, but the teachers continued to get paid.

IMPACT OF CORRUPTION IN PAKISTANIMPACT OF CORRUPTION IN PAKISTAN

To a varying (reliable) degree, Corruption exists in the almost all countries. However, the degree to which corruption adversely impacts common people’s lives and increases poverty is directly proportional to the level of corruption and how wide spread it is in the society. A country’s or province’s development depends on how much of that country’s resources are lost to corruption. In developed countries where corruption is limited to a small number of projects and where common people do not encounter corruption on a daily basis, the adverse impacts tend to be marginal and do not jeopardize (put a risk) the welfare of its people. In contrast, a poor country like Pakistan, where each paisa must be spent to uplift people from poverty, corruption has a significant impact. The following are some examples of the damage that is caused by corruption:

Defective or dangerous Infrastructure:Poor roads, badly constructed college buildings, schools, railway tracks, hospital facilities, water projects, bridges or housing units.

Inadequate Infrastructure:Incomplete roads, fewer classrooms in schools, dams that cannot stop floods or buildings that do not meet original requirements.

Lack of education:Poor education standards as Schools remain unoccupied due to absence by teachers or fewer teachers to effectively educate students. Technical and Engineering schools that lack laboratory facilities or library books.


Lack of hospital facilities:Hospitals that have inadequate number of beds, no medicine for patients, and no vehicles to transport patients to hospitals.

Eventually, the budget planners and donor countries lose confidence in the ability of an organization to deliver improved infrastructure and become unwilling to provide further funding. As people of rural areas are poor and cannot pay for any services, they will not have access to educational or health institutions. Alternatively donor agencies force privatization of infrastructure building and delivery of services giving contracts to companies that specialize in urban areas. Such private companies often do not trust or have confidence in the local labor and tend to bring labor from other provinces or focus only on projects in urban areas resulting in the continued suffering of people living in rural communities.

Impacts of Corruption on poor’s:Corruption affects the poor unreasonably, due to their powerlessness to change the status and inability to pay bribes (dishonestly), creating inequalities that violate human rights.

Corruption is a core poverty issue as viewed by the poor themselves

Corruption affects poor's basic livelihood

Corruption can affect poor's political choices and participation

Corruption affects poor's access to health services

Due to the corruption occurrence in our country, the poor is getting poorer and the rich is getting richest day by day. Even the basic health facilities are getting away from the poor’s. The poor’s have no access to the health services; most of them are unemployed or having very low wages which doesn’t fulfill their basic requirements of life.

CAUSES OF CORRUPTION AND CURRENT ANTI-CORRUPTIONCAUSES OF CORRUPTION AND CURRENT ANTI-CORRUPTION

INSTITUTIONS IN PAKISTANINSTITUTIONS IN PAKISTAN

NAB (anti corruption institution in Pakistan)In addition to the law enforcement agency call anti-corruption department which is largely a non-effective organization, a high-level body called National Accountability Bureau (NAB) is supposed to ensure accountability of high officials and political leaders. According to governance experts, the NAB is influenced by the military and largely ignores corruption by military. Its real function appears to be a tool for those in power to target political opponents and junior government officials. They rarely investigate cases against judges, military, and


political allies of the group that is in power. Moreover, NAB suffers from structural limitations and its authority is widely contested. Other than innuendo and allegations, there is hardly any high-profile cases prosecuted in Pakistan.

Causes of Corruption in Pakistan: It is a point to ponder on why the corruption has become so rampant? What are the causes behind its rapid growth?

Fault in political system Pakistan, for its faulty political system, has been facing acute administrative disorder. Incapable and unskilled persons reach to high positions who decide the fate and future of the nation. The ruling elite, mostly coming from feudal class, is quite indifferent to public welfare. No matter, most of them are educated from Oxford and Cambridge, but they lack the refinement essential for a statesman. They come into power through public mandate, although, people elect them against their wishes. Their free will is always threatened by the use of brutal force. The rulers are no other than the emperors of the bye-gone age; the omnipotent masters of their empire. The state revenue seems to be their personal property. Another class, which has a lion’s share in the finance and economy of the state, is the capitalist. This creates in the deprived class a desire to become over-rich. There is a mad race to over-take and over-cross each other on the highway of life. People in order to protect themselves from this polluted situation, because more pollution by doing undesirable things, speaking of common man, it is observed that the average class also longs for leading the life of pomp and show. This makes them to seek new ways of money making without any consideration of right or wrong. Government servant’s shrinking amount of salary is too small to meet their rightful needs. They, in order to make their both ends meet, tamper with the rules and regulations.

Politicization and inefficiency at top management levelsThe corporate sector is also littered with failures due to corrupt practices. Scandals in the corporate sector are subjects of headlines in the media. Wrong practices seem too common, and unacceptable behavior has become a normal practice. Corporate governance has been practiced only in form and not substance. Chairmen, chief executive officers and directors are appointed on the basis of political and personal clout. Merit is a less visible commodity. Thus politicization and inefficiency at the top management levels has resulted in steep decline in the quality of output.

Need and GreedNeed and greed are cited as the reasons of corruption and corrupt practices. Need as a reason is applied to low paid employees specially those entrusted with service delivery powers and public contact. Corruption occurs out of compulsion, as those indulging in corruption are in need of the basic necessities and lack access to social entitlement. However, need very easily merges with greed once need is taken as a justification by those indulging in corruption and corrupt practices. It is because of this fact that corruption is linked to poverty which is termed as corruption of need. Absence of an ethical base in societal attitudes is also cited as one of the root causes of corruption.


According to the findings of National Anti- corruption Strategy and the National corruption Perception Survey 2006 carried out by Transparency International, major causes of corruption in Pakistan are as follows:

Lack of effective Internal accountability mechanism Discretionary powers and their flagrant abuse by the public office holders Absence of and weakness of the watch-dog agencies Elected government's perpetual failure to develop proper ethical and business Standards for the public and private sector Political leaders' incompetence and betrayal of public trust with penchant for Self-enrichment Lack of transparency in the government's decision-making process Lengthy and cumbersome procedures in the executive system Weaknesses in the judicial system Illiterate, apathetic or ignorant populace with inadequate discernment of Political choices Power of influential people Inadequate wage envelope

SOLUTION OF CORRUPTION IN PAKISTAN:SOLUTION OF CORRUPTION IN PAKISTAN:

1) Whole system of government including laws and rules of country needs to be reviewed by competent, well paid, positive and patriot, law knowing people who should be well educated and experts of laws and rules to revalidate and improve the laws, rules and procedures in totality. All sick laws, rules and procedures need to be improved, changed or destroyed as per need. The rules and laws should be easy to understand, logical and comfortable to implement

2) Fair, open and speedy trials and disposals of issues and cases according to law, along with accountability (But the accountability should be from top to bottom and not from bottom to top)

3) No innocent should ever suffer to any limit or be punished in any case. If by mistake it happens that must be compensated to satisfaction of sufferer.

4) Focus to law of tort should be brought in practice to improve the norms of society as in Europe

5) Proper and thorough monitoring towards implementation of rules and laws.

6) There must be a Better System of Government there is no any system of government which fails if not based on injustice and discrimination.


SUGGESTIONS ABOUT THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENTSUGGESTIONS ABOUT THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT

REQUIRED FOR PAKISTAN ARE AS FOLLOWS:REQUIRED FOR PAKISTAN ARE AS FOLLOWS:

Elected Presidential form of Government should be modified according to requirement of our country prepared by the best experts of law having un-doubtful credibility and integrity and should not have any concern with Government or to any political party.

The three important tiers of government i.e. Legislative Body, Judiciary and Executive should be independent and power full but must have counter checks on each other to be devised in constitution for smooth system of government as well as accountable to each other.

We must follow the fundamental concept of formulation of government which includes:

1. Rule of divine’s law given by Allah in Quran and further illustrated by Sunnah

2. Only one competent elected/selected Muslim (Having Education of Highest Level concerning to System of Government i.e. must at least possess a valid degree of Law) should be the head of state as in elected Presidential form of Government and not a group as it happens in parliamentary form of Governments. Important Portfolios and Ministries should be separate from Legislative bodies to keep the legislation impartial, neat and clean

3. The rulers should not have any exemption before the law. The qualities required by the leadership to come forward the leaders to come forward must have following set of concepts and slogan

Fear of Allah Vision Truth Value of time Value of competence Value of hard work Having concept to boost local and private enterprises Reliance to national resources Honest

Corruption can never be reduced without comprehensive justice nor without qualitative leadership to come or brought forward Humble submission to address corruption and to curtail it gradually the whole system of Pakistan needs review in totality i.e. all the laws, rules and system needs reviewing and all the flaws and defective rules and laws need to be destroyed. All the system needs to be revised and reviewed according to true massage of Islam mainly given in Quran, along with all of system needs to be based on comprehensive


justice, reduction in government machinery at every level according to right sizing, the whole system should be based on logic, human nature, rationalism, justice, humanity, love, truth, humbled, vision and support.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

The future of Pakistan and elimination of poverty in rural areas of Pakistan is highly dependent on successful and completion of all development projects. This success is threatened by the evil of corruption that must be stopped on urgently before it is too late. The religious extremism, failing economic conditions and bad living conditions are frightening the people of rural Sindh and Baluchistan, who until now have refused to fall in the trap of extremism. It is imperative that all stakeholders including political parties, government officials, civil society organizations, private companies, donor agencies and common people recognize the carnage that current levels of corruption can do to the heartlands of Pakistan. They must form a grand alliance to stop the danger before it is too late.

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