project astronomy

8/4/2019 Project Astronomy

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Natural disasters occur when extreme magnitude events of stochastic natural processes cause severe

damage to societyFloods make an enormous impact on the environment and society. Floods destroy drainage systems incities, causing raw sewage to spill out into bodies of water. Also, in cases of severe floods, buildings can

be significantly damaged and even destroyed. This can lead to catastrophic effects on the environment asmany toxic materials such as paint, pesticide and gasoline can be released into the rivers, lakes, bays,and ocean, killing maritime life. Floods may also cause millions of dollars worth of damage to a city, both

evicting people from their homes and ruining businesses. Floods cause significant amounts of erosion tocoasts, leading to more frequent flooding if not repaired.

the world is facing its death or at least a big trouble. At this time the cause of public concern was the moon. On March 19,as promised by scientists, the Moon will be at the point of perigee - its maximum proximity to the Earth. Only 356.6thousand miles will separate us from our natural satellite on the night of the Supermoon. In terms of space distances it is

just a stone's throw away.Earth is standing still in suspense. Recently, the sky has been frightening. People must haveangered the higher powers. Frequent solar flares cause magnetic storms that affect physical condition of the peoplesensitive to them. Scientists believe it is only the beginning. They say that the sun will be waking up in full force. Indeed, inrecent months, the solar activity has been more powerful than in recent years. Its activity is at record levels and isapproaching the state dangerous to the Earth.Some unidentified objects that "shoot" protons, alpha particles and nuclei ofheavier elements at Earth have been discovered in our solar system. Scientists are shrugging their shoulders and stillcannot understand what is going on.The super moon is not bringing any good news either. Gone are the days when ahuge disk of the moon awoke nice and bright associations. Now such things make us anxiously listen to the news andthink of the scene from "Bruce Almighty" where ignorant of astronomy but divinely omnipotent guy has "pulled" the mooncloser to the Earth to secure a romantic night with his beloved. It ended in a series of disasters.The Internet community

decided there was a reason to worry and has immediately issued numerous predictions and memories associated withprevious incidents when the Moon was at perigee. It turns out that every time a natural satellite approached Earth, theplanet reacted angrily with earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. For example, in 2005, a huge wave floodedIndonesia two weeks before the Supermoon. In 1974 a devastating cyclone Tracy hit the Australian city of Darwin.What to expect this time? Massive volcanic eruptions? Ocean floods? Or, perhaps, the Earth will stumble upon a celestialaxis?

As Above in the Celestial Realm, so Below in the Sub-Atomic Realm

What makes possible such high precision earthquake predictions today (though suchpredictions are never publically released), is the fact that in this modern age, due totechnological advancements most notably in computers and astronomical hardware, scientistshave been able to generate celestial models of the heavens to an extremely high degree ofaccuracy, well beyond what has been possible in previous centuries.

Now indeed, it is the very patterns as are achieved in the heavens with respect to the earth,that are the key predictor in knowing just where and when a given earthquake will occur. Ifone knows which patterns i.e. which planetary/celestial arrangements of the major bodies ofthe solar system with respect to the earth, actually accompany high magnitude earthquakes,then one could run a forward simulation of the heavens to search out and isolate thosepatterns as they arise. And thus be in a position to make a credible prediction.

Patterns in the sky; the arrangements of the planets and of the sun and moonthis presentauthor does not wish to imply that they somehow mystically trigger highly targetedearthquakes at precise times. There is a real physical mechanism in play. Essentially, certainstrange and exotic effects as are well known to occur at the sub-atomic level also occur at thecelestial level, most notably the transfer of an electron from one orbit to anotherinstantaneously via a quantum leap. However one may choose to model it, one has a portion

of matter literally go from one place to another in zero-time. Such a physical process as thisoccurs also in macroscopic systems like solar systems. And this is the key to understandingand even defining just what an earthquake actually is.


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Earthquake modelling

The correct model to employ in predicting earthquakes is a geocentric model, wherein theearth is modelled as a true ellipsoid (the most advanced model so far developed for its form

being the WGS84 model) rotating on its axis, surrounded by the sun, the moon, and all of themajor planets. In modelling the system as presented, one would take a straight line measurefrom the centre of the earth to the centre of each of the noted principle bodies as extendedfrom the earth. With each body so linked, one would note that the lines themselves wouldpierce through the surface of the earth at various points, establishing a 'ground position' foreach of the extended bodies:

In the diagram as given (not to true dimensions and scale), one could note an example of howany given celestial body in the solar system might be modelled in this way. Pictured, are threeexamples: The Sun, the Moon and Venus. The black dots represent the surface groundpositions of the celestial bodies, as may be expressed in terms of latitude and longitude co-ordinates on the surface of the earth. The expressed model is highly dynamic in its nature andtransformed from moment to moment, taking into account the axial rotation of the earth asper its daily cycle and also the orbital cycles of the other major celestial bodies. The formerwould be the largest or fastest movement, with the latter being much slower.

In light of the above model, just how then are earthquakes caused?

Well, as indicated, an earthquake is a highly targeted matter transfer between differentcelestial bodies causing an extreme geological disturbance at both ends. Essentially, thedynamic patterns as achieved in the heavens by the major celestial bodies tend to naturally'activate' certain key points upon the earth (just under the surface) making them the focalpoint for a matter-energy exchange. Now indeed, this does not necessarily mean that anygiven earthquake will occur directly upon the earth under the 'ground position' of a givencelestial body. But what it does mean though is that when an earthquake does occur at agiven latitude and longitude point upon the earth, there will be a key musical relationshipbetween the various arc lengths as connect up the epicentre point of the earthquake at the


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moment of occurrence, to the various celestial ground positions of the bodies involved in thematter transfer.

Basic musical ratios will be evident, or variations thereof of a slightly more complex nature atthe time of a given earthquake - all associated with the select group of celestial bodiesinvolved in the event. The numeric sequences of the ratios and also the arc lengths asexpressed in Imperial measures will themselves also be found to possess an affinity to theprimary numbers of the ancient sexagesimal system, and close variations thereof.

The phenomenon, called lunar perigee or Supermoon, happens when the moon reaches its absolute closest point to

Earth. On March 19, the natural satellite will be only 221,567 miles away from our planet.

There were Supermoons in 1955, 1974, 1992 and 2005, and these years had their share of extreme weather conditions,

too. Although there are scientific laws that say the moon affects the Earth, its still ambiguous whether the lunar perigee

and natural disasters is coincidence or not.

British freelance weatherman John Kettley was quoted as saying A moon cant cause a geological event like an

earthquake, but it will cause a difference to the tide. If that combines with certain weather conditions, thenthat could

cause a few problems for coastal areas.


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The term celestial body is as expansive as the entire universe, both known and unknown. By

body is definition a celestial any natural body outside of the Earths atmosphere. Easy

examples are the Moon, Sun, and the other planets of our solar system . But those are

very limited examples. The Kuiper belt contains many celestial bodies. Any asteroid in

space is a celestial body What is a Super Moon?

An extreme Super Moon happens when a new or Full Moon makes its closet approach

to Earth (also called a lunar perigree), and it only happens every 18 years. An upcoming

extreme Super Moon on March 19 is already making an impact. An extreme Super Moon

happens when the New or Full Moon is at its closet degree (100% to Earth) while a

Super Moon is at 90% of its degree closest to Earth.

these are the massive objects which define our universe. From our home, Earth,to the stars in the sky, these massive bodies are the product of billions of yearsof development. Now you can learn about these masses to familiarize yourselfwith more local objects of the universe.Stars

Planets

Quasars, Black Holes Comets Galaxies Meteors and Asteroids
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What causes Drought?

Droughts are caused by lack of rain over a long period of time. If rain does

occur it usually isn't enough for the ground to absorb before it is evaporated

again. Plants and animals need water to survive, so if there is not enough waterthey will eventually die from thirst and dehydration. Water is one of the main

ingredients in the food chain, for example: If a plant dies from lack of water

then the animal that eats that plant will also die, the cycle will then continue to

die out.

Most droughts tend to occur during summer, as the weather is hot and water is

quickly evaporated. Droughts can last for years in most extreme cases. These

types of droughts effect outback properties and can devastate crops and

livestock. However, many crops are effected. If a farmer has lost his crop due

to drought then he will get no money to pay for the next seasonal crop.

Where do Droughts occur?

Droughts usually occur in hot dry areas of land. In most cases the area is dry

because there is very minimal rainfall. The rain that does fall will be quickly

absorbed into the ground or blown away by the dry air flow that moves along

the ground. Therefore the land is very dry and not many things can live there.

Natural hazards are things like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides,

tsunamis, floods and drought - any physical event that happens naturally. Theyare caused by changes in the atmosphere, the earths surface or the sea or other

body of water. They can happen quickly, called a rapid onset hazard, or build

up gradually, called a slow onset hazard. They can happen over smaller ,local

areas or affect countries, regions or the whole world some even happen in

space, on the sun for example. Natural Disasters happen when the effects of a

natural hazard cause serious problems for the people they affect, either in

maintaining or improving their standard of living. This can be an economic

effect (destroying crops for example), a social one (e.g. families being

separated), or both.


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An impact event is the collision of a large meteorite,asteroid,comet, or othercelestial objectwith

theEarth or anotherplanet. Throughout recorded history, hundreds of minor impact events (and

explodingbolides) have been reported, with some occurrences causing deaths, injuries, property damage or

other significant localised consequences.[1]Some scholars have argued that an impact event in

anocean orseamay create a tsunami (a giant wave), which can cause destruction both at sea and on land

along the coast,[2]but this is disputed.[3]

Impact events have been a plot and background element in science fictionsince knowledge of real impacts

became established in the scientific mainstream.
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Any asteroid falling from the sky would have a tremendous amount of energy. Here's a typical example. In 2028, the

asteroid 1997XF11 will come extremely close to Earth but will miss the planet. If something were to change and it did hit

Earth, what you would have is a mile-wide asteroid striking the planet's surface at about 30,000 mph. An asteroid that big

traveling at that speed has the energy roughly equal to a 1 million megaton bomb. It's very likely that an asteroid like this

would wipe out most of the life on the planet.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/bomb.htmhttp://science.howstuffworks.com/bomb.htm


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It's difficult to imagine 1 million megatons, so let's try some smaller sizes.

Let's say that an asteroid the size of ahousecrashed on Earth at 30,000

mph. It would have an amount of energy roughly equal to the bomb that fell

onHiroshima-- perhaps 20 kilotons. An asteroid like this would flatten

reinforced concrete buildings up to half a mile from ground zero, and flatten

wooden structures perhaps a mile and a half from ground zero. It would, in

other words, do extensive damage to any city.

If the asteroid is as big as a 20-story building (200 feet on a side), it has an

amount of energy equal to the largest nuclear bombsmade today -- on the

order of 25 to 50 megatons. An asteroid like this would flatten reinforced

concrete buildings five miles from ground zero. It would completely destroy

most major cities in theUnited States.

By the time you get up to a mile-wide asteroid, you are working in the 1

million megaton range. This asteroid has the energy that's 10 million times greater than the bomb that fell on Hiroshima.

It's able to flatten everything for 100 to 200 miles out from ground zero. In other words, if a mile-wide asteroid were to

directly hitNew York City, the force of the impact probably would completely flatten every single thing fromWashington

D.C. toBoston, and would cause extensive damage perhaps 1,000 miles out -- that's as far away asChicago. The

amount of dust and debris thrown up into the atmosphere would block out the sun and cause most living things on the

planet to perish. If an asteroid that big were to land in the ocean, it would cause massive tidal waves hundreds of feet high

that would completely scrub the coastlines in the vicinity.

Meteor Impact

A meteor is a small piece of matter entering the Earths atmosphere. As it enters the atmosphere the friction created by i ts

speed causes the surface of the meteor to heat up and it appears as a bright streak of light in the night sky. These

meteors are also called shooting stars.

Most meteors are so small that they burn up completely in the Earths atmosphere and never hit the ground. If a meteor

survives its fiery descent and hits the ground it then becomes a meteorite. A large meteorite will leave a pit in the ground

and may shatter into many fragments and spread over a large distance from the site of the impact. Very large meteorites

may leave craters hundreds of metres across but these are very rare and only occur about once every 100 million years.

Collision of 10-km meteorite with Earth would be ULTIMATE global

catastrophe/disaster + result in mass extinction, perhaps including human

beings. However, collision of 10-km meteorite probably occurs only every 100

m.y. 1-km meteorite can devastate most nations + 50 - 100 m objects couldlevel whole cities.There is a unique difference. With the trigger effect for earthquakes the effect ismainly caused by two or three celestial bodies pulling in the same direction, butsometimes there is an area of tidal conflict where planets are pulling in a nearopposite direction. With solar flares this combined effect of contrary tractionappears to be more common.

It is emphasized that with earth tides there is not a seismic effect if the tectonicplates are not suitably stressed, and this implies that a flare will not alwayseventuate if the sunspot is not suitably developed, but investigation indicates that

all flares cannot be attributed to this process.

Photodisc/Getty Images

A rendering of an asteroid

colliding with Earth.
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A natural disasteris the effect of anatural hazard (e.g., flood,tornado, hurricane,volcaniceruption,earthquake, orlandslide). It leads to financial, environmental or human losses. The resulting lossdepends on the vulnerability of the affected population to resist the hazard, also called theirresilience.[1]Thisunderstanding is concentrated in the formulation: "disasters occur when hazards meetvulnerability."[2]Anatural hazard will hence never result in a natural disaster in areas without vulnerability, e.g. strongearthquakes in uninhabited areas.[3

The Moon, although much smaller Tides refer to the rise and fall of our oceans surfaces. It is caused

by the attractive forces ofthe Moonand Suns gravitational fields as well as the centrifugalforcedue to

the Earths spin. As the positions of these celestial bodies change, so do the surfaces heights. For

example, when the Sun and Moon are aligned with the Earth, water levels in ocean surfaces fronting

them are pulled and subsequently rise.

than the Sun, is much closer. Now, gravitational forces decrease rapidly as the distance between two

masses widen. Thus, the Moons gravity has a larger effect on tides than the Sun. In fact, the Suns

effect is only about half that of the Moons.

Since the total mass of the oceans does not change when this happens, part of it that was added to

the high water regions must have come from somewhere. These mass-depleted regions then

experience low water levels. Hence, if water on a beach near you is advancing, you can be sure that in

other parts of the world, it is receding.

Most illustrations containing the Sun, Moon, Earth and tides depict tides to be most pronounced in

regions near or at the equator. On the contrary, it is actually in these regions where the difference in

high tide and low tide are not as great as those in other places in the world.

This is because the bulging of the oceans surface follows the Moons orbital plane. Now, this plane is

not in line with the Earths equatorial plane. Instead, it actually makes a 23-degree angle relative to it.

This essentially allows the water levels at the equator to seesaw within a relatively smaller range

(compared to the ranges in other places) as the orbiting moon pulls the oceans water.

Not all tides are caused by the relative positions of these celestial bodies. Some bodies of water, like

those that are relatively shallow compared to oceans, experience changing water levels because of
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variations in the surrounding atmospheric pressure. There are also other extreme situations wherein

tides are manifested but have nothing to do with astronomical positioning.

A tidal wave or tsunami, for example, makes use of the word tide and actually exhibits rise and fall of

water levels (in fact, it is very noticeable). However, this phenomena is caused entirely by a

displacement of a huge amount of water due to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, underwater

explosions, and others. All these causes take place on the Earths surface and have nothing to do with

the Moon or Sun.

There are also volcanoes on otherplanetsand satellites, although most of them are not active. Theonly celestial bodies with active volcanoes are the Earth, Jupiters moon Io,Neptunes satelliteTriton,and Saturns moon Enceladus. Io is the most volcanically active place in the Solar System. Scientistsbelieve that there are currently more than 400 active volcanoes on the satellite. The large amount ofvolcanic activity on the moon is due to the satellites eccentric orbit which causes tidal heating. Tidalheating is where one celestial object is heated by the effect of the gravitational pull of another celestialbody.
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