“Allah’s name to begin with, the most Beneficent and Merciful.”

• Adnan 08-EE-27• Junaid 08-EE-99• Anas 08-EE-114• Khubaib 08-EE-126• Naqash 08-EE-132

Group MembersGroup Members

outlines

• What is précis? • Definition• How to write a précis?• Characteristics• Purpose• Effectiveness• Examples• References

CONTENTSCONTENTS

• The term précis is derived from a French word which means “precise or Accurate”

• Or roughly speaking; an abstract or gist of a longer passages or document.

• Précis is the main theme of the passage in concise form as possible complete .

WHAT IS PRECIS?WHAT IS PRECIS?

• Paraphrase, you are explaining your source's argument, following its line of reasoning and its sequence of ideas, in your own words.

• The paraphrase should give the reader an accurate understanding of the author's position on the topic.

• Remember, your job is not to prove yourself correct, but to uncover and explain all the facts and arguments involved in your subject.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

• A summary restates only the author's main ideas, omitting all the examples an evidence used in supporting and illustrating those points.

• A summary is NOT a personal interpretation of a work or an expression of your opinion of the idea; it is, rather, an exact replica in miniature of the work, often reduced to one-quarter to one-fifth of its size, in which you express the complete argument!

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

DEFINITION

• “Restatement in one’s own words of the chief ideas of original passage in about one-fourth of the original length.”

DEFINITIONDEFINITION

• Goals of the Précis is to Compress and clarify a lengthy passage, article, or book, while retaining important concepts, key words, and important data.

• Remove what is superfluous and retain the core essence of the work.

• Give a brief description of key terms.

EXPLANATIONEXPLANATION

• STEP #1

Read the passage thoroughly and make sure that you understand it.

Read at least three times.

Try to grasp the writer's main idea given in the core of the passage…

HOW TO WRITE A PRECIS?HOW TO WRITE A PRECIS?

• STEP #2

Select the most important points contained in the article.

Underline or highlight those points.

HOW TO WRITE A PRECIS?HOW TO WRITE A PRECIS?

• STEP #3

Collect your key points.

HOW TO WRITE A PRECIS?HOW TO WRITE A PRECIS?

• STEP #4

Place your ideas in sentences.

Arrange your sentences into one unit, the "Synopsis."

HOW TO WRITE A PRECIS?HOW TO WRITE A PRECIS?

• STEP #5

Think about the article and how it relates to the unit , we're discussing.

Present your ideas in the form of your "Reaction."

HOW TO WRITE A PRECIS?HOW TO WRITE A PRECIS?

• STEP #6

Consider what you would like to do or study as a result of this situation.

Present your ideas in the form of your "Follow-Up."

HOW TO WRITE A PRECIS?HOW TO WRITE A PRECIS?

• STEP #7

Add appropriate documentation for the original article.

Give examples.

HOW TO WRITE A PRECIS?HOW TO WRITE A PRECIS?

• A summary should contain only the information that has been presented in the original passage. Therefore, do not:

include your own opinionsuse your own examplesgive additional informationalter the balance of any argument presented

REMEMBER…………..REMEMBER…………..

• Use reported(past tense) or indirect speech and the third person. e.g.

• The chief inspector said, 'I have never seen such a horrible crime in all my years as a police officer.' (Direct speech.)

The chief inspector claimed never to have witnessed such a horrible crime in his entire career. (Indirect speech)

REMEMBER…………..REMEMBER…………..

When using indirect speech, use the past tense (as above).

• Write in formal English.

• Use your own words (paraphrase) as far as possible.

• Leave out examples, illustrations, etc.

• activity

REMEMBER…………..REMEMBER…………..

• A precis is a condensed restatement, roughly ¼ the length of the original or less.

• preserve the article’s logic and emphases.• Written from the original author’s point of view,

without editorializing.• Every important idea must be retained, preferably

in the order in which it appears.• Unimportant points, including details, illustrations

and anecdotes, should be discarded.

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

• Although you should be as brief as possible. Guard against being so condensed that you obscure the point of passage.

• Tone or feeling of the original, particularly if it is deliberately humorous, ironic or biased.

• A precis is a short summary.• A precis gives only the "heart" of a passage.

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

Precis do not make any conclusions about the original.It must provide that What the writer thinks about the source text or the topic of the text is not relevant when writing a précis.Précis usually:

• State the name of the article/document, the author and the source (is it from a magazine, book, encyclopedia, etc.)

• Have subheadings which are underlined or in italics.

CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS

WHAT is the purpose of the PRECIS WRITING…..?• student awareness of logical argument

development.• working with difficult primary documents.• university courses but rarely taught.• challenging reading material.• self-directed process.

PURPOSESPURPOSES

• When finished, the précis should clearly state:

• This is what was studied.• This is how it was done.• This is what was learned.• This is what it means.

SO its effectiveness increases……..

EFFECTIVENESSEFFECTIVENESS

Why? (other than for course credit)

• A precis demonstrates that you have assimilated the key information provided in an article.

• Precis can be used as ‘briefs’, but are also very similar to the first section of manuscript reviews for peer-reviewed journals.

• Writing a precis (or any summary) of an article is an excellent way of learning material for the long term, and gives you a record to ‘jog your memory’.

EFFECTIVENESSEFFECTIVENESS

• Time save

Précis has a great importance in practical life.

• it teaches to elaborate our ides in as few words as possible and to express it clearly and effectively

EFFECTIVENESSEFFECTIVENESS

• For example (generate a list of actions): Wrestler Throw Hit Thump Crash Jump Kick Punch

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

Original “I say,' first we have despised Literature, what do

we, as anation,care about books?Isay,we have despised science. say we have despised Art.”

précis

The writer said that they had despised

Literature,Sciense and Art.

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

OriginalWe hereby wish to let you know that our

company is pleased with the confidence you have reposed in us.

précisWriter said that they appreciate his

confidence.

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

• C++ RESULT 3rd SMESTER(2k8)

EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

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• ALTAVISTA• ENCARTA ENCYCLOPEDIA• GOOGLE• ENGLISH GRAMMAR(BSC)• BASIC GRAMMAR BY FRANK.• DISCUSSION WITH FRIENDS

REFRENCESREFRENCES

?

Fly the Partisan Skies• The political divisions in this country being

what they are, it's not enough that liberals and conservatives have different radio networks, different Web sites and different networks of friends. In order to eliminate all possibility of trans-partisan conversation, I really think it's time we stopped flying together.

TASK…..!TASK…..!

• It's time to set up two different airlines: Liberal Air, with direct flights between Madison, Berkeley, Ann Arbor and the New School for Social Research; and Right Wing Express, which will have planes with no oxygen masks in case of emergencies because anybody who can't handle a little asphyxiation doesn't deserve to live.

TASK…..!TASK…..!

• In “Fly the Partisan Skies” (2004), David Brooks suggest that “in order to eliminate all possibility of trans-partisan conversation, I really think it’s time we stopped flying together.”

PRECISPRECIS