project 1 shadow

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Project 1:SHADOW AND MOVEMENT

1) Ashadow is an area where direct light from a light source cannot reach due toobstruction by an object. It occupies all of the space behind an opaque object with lightin front of it. The cross section of a shadow is a two-dimensional silhouette, or reverse

projection of the object blocking the light.

2) The farther the distance from the object blocking the light to the surface of projection,the larger the silhouette (they are considered proportional). Also, if the object is

moving, the shadow cast by the object will project an image with dimensions (length)

expanding proportionally faster than the object's own length of movement. The

increase of size and movement is also true if the distance between the object ofinterference and the light source are closer. This, however, does not mean the shadow

may move faster than light, even when projected at vast distances, such as light years.

The loss of light, which projects the shadow, will move towards the surface of projection

at light speed.

3) The projected shadow may appear to have moved faster than the speed of light, butthere is no actual physical manifestation moving upon the surface. The misconception is

that the edge of a shadow "moves" along a wall, when in actuality the increase of a

shadow's length is part of a new projection, which will propagate at the speed of light

from the object of interference.

4) The umbra, penumbra and antumbra are the names given to three distinct parts of ashadow, created by any light source. For a point source only the umbra is cast.These

names are usually used when referring to the shadows cast by celestial bodies.


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5) The umbra (Latin for "shadow") is the darkest part of the shadow. From within theumbra, the light source is completely occluded. In astronomy, an observer in the umbra

is said to be in the shadows experiencing total eclipse.

6) The penumbra (from the Latinpaenes "almost, nearly" and umbra "shadow") is theregion in which only a portion of the light source is obscured by the occluding body. An

observer in the penumbra experiences a partial eclipse.

7) An alternative definition is that the penumbra is the region where some or allof thelight source is obscured (i.e., the umbra is a subset of the penumbra). For example,

NASA's Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility defines that a body in the umbra is

also in the penumbra.

GESTALT THEORY

1) Gestaltpsychology or gestaltism (German:Gestalt- "essence or shape of an entity'scomplete form") of the Berlin School is a theory of mind and brain positing that the

operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing

tendencies. The Gestalteffect refers to the form-forming capability of our senses,

particularly with respect to the visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead of

just a collection of simple lines and curves. In psychology, gestaltism is often opposed to

structuralism and Wundt. The phrase "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is

often used when explaining Gestalt theory.


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2) The key principles of Gestalt systems are emergence, reification, multistability andinvariance.

3) Emergence is the process of complex pattern formation from simpler rules. Itdemonstrated by the perception of the Dog Picture, which depicts a Dalmatian dog

sniffing the ground in the shade of overhanging trees. The dog is not recognized by firstidentifying its parts (feet, ears, nose, tail, etc.), and then inferring the dog from those

component parts. Instead, the dog is perceived as a whole, all at once. However, this is a

description of what occurs in vision and not an explanation. Gestalt theory does not

explain how the percept of a dog emerges

4) Reification is the constructive or generative aspect of perception, by which theexperienced percept contains more explicit spatial information than the sensory

stimulus on which it is based.5) For instance, a triangle will be perceived in picture A, although no triangle has actually

been drawn. In pictures B and D the eye will recognize disparate shapes as "belonging"

to a single shape, in C a complete three-dimensional shape is seen, where in actuality no

such thing is drawn.

6) Reification can be explained by progress in the study of illusory contours, which aretreated by the visual system as "real" contours.

Reification

7) Multistability (or multistable perception) is the tendency of ambiguous perceptualexperiences to pop back and forth unstably between two or more alternative

interpretations. This is seen for example in the Necker cube, and in Rubin's Figure/Vase


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illusion shown here. Other examples include the 'three-pronged widget' and artist M. C.

Escher's artwork and the appearance of flashing marquee lights moving first one

direction and then suddenly the other. Again, Gestalt does not explain howimages

appear multistable, only that they do.

Multistability

1) Invariance is the property of perception whereby simple geometrical objects arerecognized independent of rotation, translation, and scale; as well as several other

variations such as elastic deformations, different lighting, and different component

features. For example, the objects in A in the figure are all immediately recognized as

the same basic shape, which are immediately distinguishable from the forms in B. They

are even recognized despite perspective and elastic deformations as in C, and when

depicted using different graphic elements as in D. Computational theories of vision, such

as those by David Marr, have had more success in explaining how objects are classified.


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The groups we see are

1 + 2 = as one group

3 + 4 = as another group

Similarly, on the left, three groups of dots in three lines. What happens with the evenly spaced

dots?

The principle of proximity or contiguity states that things which are closer together will be seen

as belonging together.

Principle 2 - Similarity


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Similarity means there is a tendency to see groups which have the same characteristics so in

this example, there are three groups of black squares and three groups of white squares

arranged in lines.

The principle of similarity states that things which share visual characteristics such as shape,

size, color, texture, value or orientation will be seen as belonging together.

Principle 3 - Common Fate

Suppose both principles of proximity and similarity are in place - then a movement takes place -

the dots begin to move down the page.

They appear to change grouping.

Principle 4 - Good Continuation

Seeing things as whole lines (sequential) is clearly important. But 'being in wholes means' that


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few interruptions change the reading of the whole

lines.

A to O and Oto D are two lines. Similarly,

C to O and O to B are two lines.

The principle of continuity predicts the preference for continuous figures. We perceive the

figure as two crossed lines instead of 4 lines meeting at the center.

Principle 5 - Closure

Related to principle of good continuation, there is

a tendency to close simple figures, independent of continuity or similarity. This results in a


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effect of filling in missing information or organising information which is present to make a

whole

In the circle at the top its seen easily. In the other to figures it's a little more complex. The

second figure can be read as two overlapping rectangles (the gestalt) whereas it can also be

seen as three shapes touching; a square and two other irregular shapes.

The final shape can be seen as a curve joining three squares or as three uneven shapes

touching.

Principle 6 - Areaand Symmetry

The principle of symmetry describes the instance where the whole of a figure is perceived

rather than the individual parts which make up the figure.


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BA (HONS)INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE 05:GROUP A

SESSION : JAN 2010-APRIL 2010

TUTORS: STUDIO COORDINATOR-EN.MOHD NOOR ARIFFIN

PN SHAMSIDAR AHMAD & EN.AZLAINI ABD AZIZ

PROJECT 1: SHADOW AND MOVEMENT

TASK: study of shadow movement , the study of shadow will investigate the idea of

penumbra and umbra.


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project 1 shadow

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