programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
1/15
January 2014
Artem Polomannyy
Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor
thermal comfort improvement
Term 1 Research Paper
A E+E Environment & Energy Studies Programme
AArchitectural Association School of Architecture
MSc & MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2013-14
Graduate School
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
2/15
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
3/15
AA E+E Environment & Energy Studies Programme_Architectural Association
School of Architecture
MSc+MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2013-14
AUTORSHIP DECLARATION FORM
Term 1 Research Paper
TITLE: Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
NUMBER OF WORDS: 3117
STUDENT NAME: ARTEM POLOMANI
DECLARATION
I certify that the content of this document is entirely my own work and that
any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is
duly acknowledged.
SIGNATURE:
DATE: 17/01/2014
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
4/15
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
5/15
Summary and Introduction
A theory
A test
Conclusions
References
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1
1
3
7
9
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
6/15
It nally has become a good trend to include people in
the building performance system, rather than leave them
alone as space consumers. Today we can come across
headlines such as Burn calories, not electricity and
the others fostering us to pay attention to environment.
This tendency is a result of the global energy crisis in
different elds including transport, construction andothers.
Before the epoch of articial light our schedules
were driven and constrained mostly by the solar
rhythms. Currently we are almost totally independent
in our activities from illuminance of the sun and take a
exibility in scheduling our activities for granted without
any idea that articial light can by any chance contribute
in a deviation to our harmony with the environment or
bring danger to the earth.
Should we blame people for irresponsibility?
Average lifestyle is dictated by such superstructures
as the global market. Changes usually emerge
unnoticeable for the majority and they simply adapt to
the given circumstances. In a similar way architectural
programmes lead people. Ones attitude to what he or
she does in a building is neutral since we rely on intention
of an architect. Meanwhile architects omit interfering
lifestyle and simply serve the needs. Can architectural
interference in a building programme bring positive
result in performance and improve life in a whole?
For centuries human life was constrained by the
seasons. Nomadic settlements lived in a harmony with
the environment coping with the extreme conditions by
changing locations rather than adjusting a built form.
Now we can seal and heat building and therefore itbecomes inert and independent to the outdoors and
we unfortunately have already got used to it. Today
we know that exactly this effortless attitude brought
us to the energy crisis. Author assumes that several
environmental issues could be xed by subtle work
with programmes inside the built form, in particular by
adapting of environment with the change of function.
Author interrogates how signicant is the inuence of
activity on the building performance proportionally to
the other factors?
The idea arises from the concepts widely implemented
in the mixed-use architecture design approach. Theresults of research tend to contribute in the scope of
knowledge in the eld of programme combinations.
Author seeks for the possibility to make buildings
take advantage of internal activities regarding thermal
conditions and performance.
Provided discussion is maintained by practical test,
which was done to evaluate potentials of programme
managing in building comfort and perfomance.
To set up the scientic basis for discussion of
programme inuence on performance and comfort we
should rst dene a position of a human in building
as a system of thermal processes. In the context of
environmental topics we can dene a person as the
comfort and energy consumer. This research is focused
solely on thermal comfort. The illustrative mechanism toexplain elements of thermal comfort turned out to be the
Fangers thermal comfort equation. It is representative
due to its mathematical form. Schwede (2007) explains
that symbols of equations are allocated into four groups.
The rst group are physical parameters that cannot be
changed. The second group physiological parameters
is dened through body functions which cannot be
changed intentionally to achieve thermal comfort. The
third group contains variables that are subject to human
interaction with the environment and behaviour. The
fourth group contains environmental parameters that
can be adjusted through environmental conditioning
systems.
Most of the architectural history was concentrated on
how to deal with the last part of equation by improving
a building envelope through constructions and details
designed by architects and adjusting the environment
qualities through the plants developed by the engineers.
Even now the majority of architectural projects focuses
on space improvement strategies making buildings
literally moveable and exible to meet ones need in
comfort by auxiliary energy input. Conventional design
process imply direct course of servicing the clients
need and concentrate on strategies to adjust space
to the human. Design process becomes inverse onlyin a city scale where a masterplan by law regulates
distribution of activities by obligating the existence of
particular programmes and prohibiting others based on
hygienic, infrastructural and aspects. Then what is the
right direction of design?
A person existence in architecture is described
by programme. Up to now it has not been accurately
estimated what is the inuence of three other
elements embedded in Fangers formula on the energy
consumption and architectural design on the whole.
Nick Baker (2007) did the general estimation based on
multiple case studies. He claims that building simulationsand analysis of data have shown that the building
fabric alone does not narrowly determine the energy
performance. The performance is determined by three
sub systems each having a variance in performance of
about two-fold. The components include a building, a
plant and behaviour.
On the one hand the architectural design should
service the required activities rather than establish them.
On the other hand comfort and building performance
are related to behaviour, programmes and activities of
people inside in the same way they relate to a built unit.
Here we reach a point of doubt where from one point
of view we realize a human component to have a greatinuence, but simultaneously neglect the attempt to x
or tness it. For the author it is evident that programmes
A theorySummary and introduction
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
7/15
provide us with different activities that can occur in
given space. And in adapting architecture the most
exible part is a human.
Regarding the above-discussed author suggests
that architecture can become exible and adaptable by
changing not built form, but programmes inside. Say
comfort occurs where level of ones expectation is equalto existing conditions. Expectation for each function is
static but conditions are dynamic, driven by diurnal and
yearly outdoor conditions change. Normally, each time
expectation doesnt match the given conditions, we
either constitute a built form as an uncomfortable or gain
comfort with the additional mechanisms, maintaining the
required thermal parameters and therefore increasing
energy consumption. The opposite idea would be to
change activities on an hourly and seasonal basis to
correlate them with the existing conditions keeping
people in comfort without any additional energy
consumption. Now how can we imagine the change
of function when speaking about diurnal and seasonal
changes?
As soon as we embrace an idea of programme
matching to the outdoors environment thermal
conditions we then face a following challenge. If given
activity is relevant to a space only for a certain period of
time in order to reduce change of a built form, how can
we ll the empty time slots of a space.
Opportunities are sometimes missed because
designers impose stereotypical solutions, often ignoring
the serendipity of tting a new function into a building
generated by a different set of aims states Nick Baker
(2007) on the problem of refurbishment. But what ifthe refurbishment meaning the change of programme
occurs hourly? Is it possible to design a space that can
include several functions? Actually examples of such
spaces exist globally and appear throughout the whole
history.
Vernacular architecture provides several examples of
programmes disposition movement in time and space
as a tool of adaptation to diurnal and yearly outdoor
thermal conditions uctuations. Recent work (Crichton,
2004) states that migration has traditionally been seen
as a reaction to environmental disasters, but in an age
where we have tools and methodologies to predictand imagine future impacts the movement of peoples
must be developed as a proactive tool. In permanent
settlements people do not have the choice to move
to more comfortable climates but they can practice a
different form of migration, as they move around their
own homes in search of optical microclimates.
There is an opportunity to concentrate on intramural
migrations and evolve lifestyles to accommodate
thermal changes rather than change building or import
heat into buildings. One can mitigate cold by increasing
the level of activity or nding a warmer spot in a given
space as well as cope with heat by the opposite,
matching the activity to the thermal environment. Thisstrategy means a preference of regulating the rate of
internal heat generation and loss, and selection of a
different thermal environment instead of the thermal
environment regulation. This tendency to order and ll
space with activities is natural to people and takes place
without architects intention.
But architects also have something. Mixed-use
architecture became a trend in recent decades. A
design approach concentrated on programmes takingadvantage of their mixture and order has become
extremely popular in contemporary architectural
practice. Author already have made analyses of why
did this new typology emerged and whether design
of mixed-use developments could be mastered as a
scientic knowledge.
Mixed-use comprehensive approach includes two
main methods of design. They are multiplexing and
coupling, which are, overlay of functions in time on
one space and combination of functions in adjacent
position, respectfully. Successful multiplexing could be
achieved by composition of programs and functions in
a year calendar, week schedules mixing and in one-day
timetable. Previously the mixing success was mainly
valuable due to the nancial or market interest, regarding
how one programme can foster the development of
another and how they maintain each other working as
the attractors.
Among all the possibilities of mixing and multiplexing
recently quite trendy became the topic of coupling
functions in order to achieve environmental success.
Santamouris (2006) claims that without mixed uses it
is inevitable that the inhabitants will need to travel (by
car or otherwise) outside of the development for retail,
employment and entertainment, and will, as result,consume energy for such journeys. Another potential
advantage of dense, mixed-use programmes is that
energy supply can be centralized and more efcient.
Yet the author believes that in environmental aspect
more benecial in mixed use approach is the attitude to
programme regarding its time of occurrence.
Now when we realize that we can match activities with
conditions by means of vernacular or mixed use design
or just by taking an advantage of adaptive behaviour,
what then we can take from that?
By ordering the processes it becomes possible to ll
voids of use with different functions.Firstly, it becomes possible to decrease consumption
without investing in buildings by permanent use of
embodied energy increasing its amortization.
Secondly, blank periods during off seasons might
become liveable by lling them with a more appropriate
programme what in turn will lead to another increase
of embodied energy use efciency. Today when we
talk about density we already consider such complex
denitions and parameters as GSI and FSI. Now if we
relate density with period of space use we can nd out
two totally same spaces could be different in passability
and therefore different in efciency of space use. The
idea of multiplexing is to use as much as possible.
2
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
8/15
With the intention to demonstrate numerically the
potentials of functional programming an experiment
with the following generalization was undertaken.
Author decided to make a simple test whether it
is possible to achieve a thermal comfort by change
of function in a space on hourly basis keeping the
hypothetic built circumstance untouched. The particulartest is fostering the discussion of hypothesis that variety
of activities held in a space can respond the environment
in a better reasonable way by means of changing only
the internal gains. The interest of the test is in limits
of programmes on its own to adapt to environmental
thermal circumstances. The numerical target is to
examine whether the scheduling of programmes can
reduce the backup heating regarding the diversity
of activities and internal gains they produce. Author
assumes that the subtle compilation of the gains held
in a place with the outdoors temperature can drift the
space to reduction of auxiliary heat demand.The polygon to test the hypothesis is set in Minsk,
capital of the Republic of Belarus(g.1). The city
architectural features can be described as limited in
construction and engineering technologies comparing
to Europe and high yearly change of temperature.
Because of the proximity of the Baltic Sea, the country
has a temperate continental climate. Winters last
between 105 and 145 days, and summers last up to 150
days. The average temperature in January is 6 C and
the average temperature for July is about 18 C, with
high humidity. The gure 2 shows climate according
to weather data for the 2005. It should be noticed that
derived data is accurate, but in architectural could not
be directly used in Belarusian architectural design since
local regulations exist and have discrepancies with it.
The difference can be seen in tables 1-3.
A test
g.1 Belarus on the map of Europe
g.2 Climate summary of Minsk
table 1-3. Weather data sources comparison
EPW MINSK (2005)
MONTH JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE [C] -3.65 -4.12 0.94 8.39 13.88 16.80 20.08 18.76 13.04 7.19 1.80 -2.31
AMPLITUDE 5.12 6.01 6.67 8.80 9.52 9.64 8.98 8.51 8.45 5.82 4.44 5.60
AVERAGE DAILY DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION 0.36 0.72 1.38 1.99 2.53 2.75 2.74 2.10 1.49 0.92 0.36 0.22
AVERAGE DAILY DIRECT HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION [kWh/m2] 0.07 0.20 0.91 2.14 1.96 2.53 2.40 2.05 1.38 0.45 0.17 0.05
REGULATIONS (1987)
MONTH JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE [C] -6.9 -6.2 -2 5.5 12.7 16 17.7 16.3 11.6 5.8 0.2 -4.3
AMPLITUDE 6.2 6.6 7.3 8.9 11 10.6 10.3 10.1 9.2 6.6 4.3 4.7
AVERAGE DAILY DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION 0.4722226 0.8611118 1.527779 2.018520133 2.638891 2.740742933 2.7222244 2.240742533 1.564816067 0.898148867 0.416667 0.3055558
AVERAGE DAILY DIRECT HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION [kWh/m2] 0.1666668 0.370370667 1.1666676 1.620371667 2.6111132 3.037039467 2.740742933 2.185186933 1.351852933 0.5277782 0.129629733 0.074074133
DELTA
MONTH JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
AVERAGE MONTHLY MEAN TEMPERATURE [C] -3.25 -2.08 -2.94 -2.89 -1.18 -0.80 -2.38 -2.46 -1.44 -1.39 -1.60 -1.99
AMPLITUDE 1.08 0.59 0.63 0.10 1.48 0.96 1.32 1.59 0.75 0.78 0.14 0.90
AVERAGE DAILY DIFFUSE HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION 0.11 0.14 0.15 0.03 0.11 -0.01 -0.02 0.14 0.07 -0.02 0.06 0.09
AVERAGE DAILY DIRECT HORIZONTAL SOLAR RADIATION [kWh/m2] 0.10 0.17 0.26 -0.52 0.65 0.51 0.34 0.13 -0.03 0.08 -0.04 0.03
3
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
9/15
As we can see from gure 5 typical summer day
(1.07) outdoors conditions can be characterized as mild.
Winter typical day (8.01) provide no other choice but use
of back up heating which for public building is set to
18 C by law. The heating period in Minsk according to
regulations starts on the 5 of October and nishes on
the 24 of April. Majority of Minsks buildings in contrastto English one have a centralized heating. Old buildings
that dont have thermostat on the heating source
(convector, radiator) become uncomfortable to stay.
In this test period of interest becomes a mid season.
October and May can be described as unpleasant and
become a drawback of centralised heating. Locals
can describe them as a waiting period for heat. For
midseason conditions the test is about compilation of
outdoor conditions with activities held to gain comfort
as it was described in the previous passages.
The test default space prototype is based on a
generalized built precedent called Measto, which
choice is based on its specicity of modern Minsks
multifunctional spaces. In recent years several bottom-
up model cultural centres have emerged in the city.
Normally they tend to occupy abandoned industrial
spaces. The base case is situated in former block of
factory. For the purpose of simplication the space
is generalized to a typical to this period (see g. 3-4).
The USSR precast concrete industry as well as current
Belarusian industry has as a standard a column beam
system of 36 square meters cells with distance of 6
meters between columns and 3 meters of height. Glazing
area ratio would be set 15% close to the prototype.
Belarusian building regulations set R values instead ofU. They would be converted and set as default. In this
research ventilation rate would be assumed equal to the
demand for the purpose of simplication. The demand
g.3 Precast concrete column beam system
(Shereshevsky, 1986)
g.4 Space for the test
depth 6 area 72
length 12 volume 216 R value U value
height 3 area of glazin 10.8 wall 3.2 0.3125
glazing ratio 0.15 area of expo 25.2 glazing 1 1
g.5Typical summer and winter days
4
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
10/15
for one person is set according to regulations 50 m3/h
for standard activities, 80 m3/h for sport and similar.
The list of activities includes cultural, leisure,
educational and sport activities (see table 4). They differ
by parameters of density, metabolic heat dependent
on activity and age of participant (for children sensible
occupancy load was assumed 75% of grown up male),
ventilation requirement, equipment and articial used.
Articial light was assumed to be 2 bulbs of 24W for
each lighting xture as it is one of the most affordable
and typical for Minsks public buildings (normally the
one used in Armstrong ceiling system).
The functions chosen are then adapted (see gure 7)
to diurnal temperatures solely by how they complement
the outdoor conditions not regarding whether they
would occur in real life in a way we know it. The purpose
of this tolerance is to avoid preconception. The test
implies the condition that the only adaptive opportunity
to improve or maintain comfort would be to change the
programme. The limit might be not totally reecting
reality although it is based on the purpose to focuson one option. Activities are connected with outdoor
temperature in order to gain best performance and
achieve comfort
Two aspects complicate the sequencing process.
Firstly a solar radiation provides an additional internal
gain, which will be essential for the programmes such
as those with the need of natural light. But for some
of them like a movie show or a conference the gains
were excluded as such activities need the darkness
to project pictures on a screen. Secondly, a heat loss
through the ventilation process appeared to be a gain
reducing factor since its effect is reciprocate regardingthe number of people. The more people we have inside
the more is their need in fresh air supply.
According to gure 7 we can generalize next statements.
As we can see the effect of programme matching
acts like heating, replacing the backup heat. The results
illustrate that scheduling and coupling with the weather
programme
degree rise
above
outdoors, K
densit
y
peopl
e met k*
sesnible
occupancy
load, W appliances
eqipment
load, W
total
appliances
gains, W light, W
total light
gains, W m3/h/p ACH
ventilation
heat loss,
W/K
total heat
loss, W/K
concert 4.6 1.2 60.0 115.0 1.0 69.0 loudspeakers 250.0 500.0 - - 50.0 13.9 990.0 1,008.7
kids lectures 5.0 3.0 24.0 115.0 0.8 51.8 projector 450.0 450.0 48.0 384.0 50.0 5.6 396.0 414.7
dancing classes 8.0 6.0 12.0 250.0 1.0 150.0 loudspeakers 250.0 500.0 48.0 384.0 80.0 4.4 316.8 335.5
fitness 6.8 6.0 12.0 250.0 1.0 150.0 stereo 110.0 110.0 48.0 384.0 80.0 4.4 316.8 335.5
conference 4.6 1.2 60.0 115.0 1.0 69.0 projector 450.0 450.0 - - 50.0 13.9 990.0 1,008.7
kids party 5.1 3.0 24.0 115.0 0.8 51.8 stereo 250.0 500.0 48.0 384.0 50.0 5.6 396.0 414.7
kids classes 6.0 4.0 18.0 130.0 0.8 58.5 projector 450.0 450.0 48.0 384.0 50.0 4.2 297.0 315.7
market 5.4 2.0 36.0 130.0 1.0 78.0 stereo 110.0 110.0 48.0 384.0 50.0 8.3 594.0 612.7
movie 3.8 1.0 72.0 95.0 1.0 57.0 projector 450.0 450.0 - - 50.0 16.7 1,188.0 1,206.7drawing 5.3 2.4 30.0 130.0 1.0 78.0 - - - 48.0 384.0 50.0 6.9 495.0 513.7
lecture 6.7 2.0 36.0 115.0 1.0 69.0 laptops+projector 45.0 1,620.0 - - 50.0 8.3 594.0 612.7
exibition 6.1 6.0 12.0 130.0 1.0 78.0 - - - 48.0 384.0 50.0 2.8 198.0 216.7
party 6.6 2.0 36.0 250.0 1.0 150.0 loudspeakers 250.0 1,000.0 - - 80.0 13.3 950.4 969.1
workshop 8.4 3.0 24.0 140.0 1.0 84.0 laptops 45.0 1,080.0 48.0 384.0 50.0 5.6 396.0 414.7
coworking 8.9 6.0 12.0 140.0 1.0 84.0 laptops 45.0 540.0 48.0 384.0 50.0 2.8 198.0 216.7
caf 6.2 5.0 14.4 150.0 1.0 90.0 stereo 110.0 110.0 24.0 192.0 50.0 3.3 237.6 256.3
conditions can have a considerable effect. The increase
of temperature above outdoor provided by the internal
gains is considerable and varies from 4 to 8 K. The
delta of 4 K between can be used to ll the given space
with various programmes to achieve comfort zone
according to EN 15251. It should be noted that in this
particular case the delta between the most and least
contributing programmes has a correspondence with
the diurnal outdoor dry bulb temperature uctuation.
The difference of increase can therefore provide uniform
indoor thermal conditions without signicant picks or
drops, which might have occurred in a monofunctional
space. The indoor thermal microclimate is maintained
solely by activity in a form of metabolic and equipment
gain.
The overall generalization to transpose knowledge
would be next. The internal thermal conditions in relation
to outdoors can be described as sinusoid formula
{y=a+b*cos(x),0
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
11/15
gure 7. Test illustration scheme
6
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
12/15
Famous quotation form follows function fosters
us to think on how we can change the building to be
adaptable to the human need. Instead author thinks
function follow the form, since at list to a certain
limit it is possible to achieve comfort by changing the
distribution of programmes in time and space to match
the environmental circumstances.The inuence of internal activity on the building
performance is considerable and reasonable order of
them can bring favour. People in a building, what we
call a programme, appear to be the most exible part of
the building thermal system and therefore contribute to
adaptability of architecture directly.
As it was examined for a case of Minsk indoor
temperature rise above outdoors can reach considerable
values even with obstructed sky. Accurate order of the
gains taking place in a built form matching with the
outdoor thermal conditions can lead to the decrease of
back up heat use for certain periods.
Conclusions
7
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
13/15
8
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
14/15
REFERENCES
1. Alfer, D. (Ed. 1999).Metric Handbook. Planning and design data.Reed Educational and Professional Publishing
Ltd.
2. Auliciems, A. and S. Szokolay (1997). Thermal Comfort. PLEA Note 3. PLEA International / University of Queensland.
3. Baker, N.V. (2007). Adaptive thermal comfort standards for building refurbishment. Revival Technical
Monograph 2.
4. Building regulations of the Republic of Belarus 2. 04. 02 - 2000 (2000). Construction climatology.
Environmental design of urban buildings.
5. Building regulations of the Republic of Belarus 4. 02. 01 - 03 (2003). Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning.
6. Burberry, P.(1983).Practical thermal design in Buildings. Batsford Academic and Educational Ltd. London.
7. CIBSE (2006). Comfort. CIBSE Knowledge Series KS 6. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers,
London.
8. CIBSE (2006). Environmental criteria for design. Chapter 1 in CIBSE Guide A. Chartered Institution of Building
Services Engineers, London.
9. CIBSE Brieng 10. Thermal Comfort in a 21st century climate. Chartered Institution of Building Services
Engineers, London.
10. Crichton, D., F. Nicol (2004).Adapting Buildings and Cities for Climate Change: A 21st Century Survival Guide.
Architectural Press.
11. Fenton, J. (1985).Pamphlet Architecture 11: Hybrid Buildings. Princeton Architectural Press. New York.
12. Manewa, A., C. L. Pasquire, Gibb, G.F. Alistair, R. Schmidt III(2009). Towards economic sustainability through
adaptable buildings. Techne Press. Amsterdam.
13. Mumovic, D., M. Santamouris, (Ed. 2009).A Handbook of Sustainable Building Design and Engineering: AnIntegrated Approach to Energy, Health and Operational Performance. Routledge.
14. Nicol, F. (2003). Thermal Comfort. In Solar Thermal Technologies for Buildings. Chapter 8, pp164-191. James
& James (Science) Publishers.
15. Nicol, F. et al (2005). Safe and Warm: Effect of Climate Change on Thermal Comfort and Health. In Roaf, S.
et alAdapting Buildings and Cities for Climate Change, pp111-153. Architectural Press.
16. Nicol, J.F. (Ed. 2011).Adaptive Comfort. Special Issue of Building Research Information Journal, Vol. 39, No.2.
Routledge.
17. Nicol J.F., M. Humphreys, S. Roaf (2012).Adaptive thermal comfort. Principles and and practice. Routledge.
18. Oborne, D. J. (1982). Ergonomics at work. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
19. Ong, B. L. (Ed. 2013). Beyond Environmental comfort.Routledge.
20. Per, A.F., J. Mozas, J. Arpa(2011).Aurora Fernndez Per, This is Hybrid, An analysis of mixed-use buildings.
a+t. The Netherlands.
21. Pont, M.B, P. Haupt, (2010). Spacematrix. NAi Publishers. Rotterdam.
22. prEN 13779.(2006-07). CEN/TC 156Ventilation for non-residential buildings Performance requirements
for ventilation and room-conditioning systems.
23. Rabianski, J. S., K. M. Gibler, J. Sherwood, O. A. Tidwell (2009). Mixed-Use Development and Financial
Feasibility,Economic and Financial Factors. Vol. 34, 1. Real Estate Issues.
24. Rabianski, J. S., K. M. Gibler, J. Sherwood, O. A. Tidwell (2009). Mixed-Use Development and Financial
Feasibility,Economic and Financial Factors. Vol. 34, 2. Real Estate Issues.9
-
8/12/2019 Programme as a tool of energy performance and indoor thermal comfort improvement
15/15
25. Santamouris, M. (2006).Environmental Design of Urban Buildings: An Integrated Approach. Routledge.
26. Schwede, D. (2007). Interpreting Fangers comfort equation within the adaptive paradigm. Plea 2007. National
University of Singapore. Singapore.
27. Smith, P. F. (2006).Architecture in a climate of change. Routledge.
28. Smil, V. (2008). Energy in Nature and society. General energetics of complex systems. MIT Press.