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Slavic & East European Information Resources, 14:242–251, 2013Published with license by Taylor & FrancisISSN: 1522-8886 print/1522-9041 onlineDOI: 10.1080/15228886.2013.850585

Program of the Department of CulturalHeritage of the Ministry of Culture and National

Heritage of the Republic of Poland

JACEK PUCHALSKIInstitute of Information and Book Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

The article discusses the program “Registration of the PolishCollections Abroad,” conducted by the Department of CulturalHeritage of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage of theRepublic of Poland. Its goal is to create a register of the significantPolish collections outside Poland.

KEYWORDS Poland, Polish, Polonia, Polonica, émigré, abroad,outside, inventory, collections, libraries, books

INTRODUCTION

The libraries of Polish organizations and institutions (or those identifyingthemselves as being of Polish origin) that are located outside Poland havebeen a significant element of the Polish culture and national heritage formany years. The same can be stated about Polish collections gathered inforeign libraries.

The history of Polish collections abroad (their maintenance, develop-ment, or decline) has depended on many factors of either global or localcharacter. A correlation between the successive waves of Polish emigrationand the development of their library activities can be seen at the turn ofthe nineteenth and twentieth centuries and during the last century. Books,journals, and libraries aided in counteracting the emigrants’ denationaliza-tion, and also helped them to survive the first and most difficult time of theirlives abroad, to adapt to a new reality, to learn a new language, to receiveeducation, and to develop or increase professional skills. Most of all, they

© Jacek PuchalskiTranslated by Małgorzata Kisilowska.Address correspondence to Jacek Puchalski, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Institute of

Information and Book Studies, University of Warsaw, 00-927 Warsaw, Nowy Swiat 69, Poland.E-mail: jacek.puchalski@interia.pl

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Program of the Department of Cultural Heritage 243

fostered patriotism and facilitated the development of culture and researchin exile, following Poland’s loss of independence between 1795 and 1918,and its later occupation and communist restrictions from 1939 to 1989.

The most dramatic changes in the situation of Polish collections abroadtook place after Poland regained its independence in 1989. First and fore-most, foreign countries’ support for an anti-communist opposition decreased,as well as interest in Polish matters all over the world. Polish communi-ties living permanently or temporarily abroad have been changing, too. Thenumber of representatives of the World War II and postwar emigration, whoperceived keeping the national memory alive as their patriotic mission, hasbeen systematically decreasing due to natural causes. Their descendants,educated in the language and culture of their new countries, exhibit quitedifferent attitudes. They often hardly know Polish, and they are not inter-ested in the heritage of the former generations. Current emigrants leavePoland due to economic, not political, reasons. They represent different atti-tudes, desires, and needs than the “old emigration.” They are not active inthe Polish minority’s organizations that maintain collections of old books,archives, and historical mementos. They satisfy their reading, education, orinformation needs on the Internet.

These factors, as well as others not discussed here due to limited space,have had a negative effect on these émigré collections in last decade of thetwentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first. Many Polish librariesabroad have closed. The number of collections and their content have beenchanging as well. Many have been taken over by other institutions or are inthe process of being dismantled. Dispersion and fragmentation of very valu-able library collections has accelerated. These resources are potentially usefulnot only for experts in old Polish books and Polish libraries abroad, but alsofor researchers interested in the history of Polish emigration (including thehistory of religious organizations, literature and art, biography, genealogy,philology, anthropology, cultural studies, sociology, psychology, pedagogy,music, etc.). The collections of these Polish libraries offer much informa-tion about the communities who gathered, maintained, and disseminatedthem. However, there is an urgent need—lacking so far—to inventory thecontemporary, existing Polish collections abroad. Such registration is indis-pensable not only as a form of documentation, but also as a source ofinformation about collections, sets, and objects often not studied by Polishresearchers—even if worthy of their interest.

ASSUMPTIONS OF THE PROGRAM “REGISTRATION OF THEPOLISH COLLECTIONS ABROAD”

Because of the situation described in the paragraphs above, the Departmentof Cultural Heritage of the Polish Ministry of Culture and National Heritage

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244 J. Puchalski

in Warsaw initiated the program “Registration of Polish Collections Abroad”in 2006. Its main goals include:

● To gather information concerning Polish written heritage housed outsidePoland—often endangered, dispersed, unknown or forgotten;

● To publish Współczesne ksiegozbiory polskie za granica: informator[Contemporary Polish book collections abroad: Information guide] in twovolumes, with volume 1 covering collections in Polish institutions andvolume 2 dealing with Polish collections in foreign libraries

The program is of a research and documentary nature, not directedtoward ownership or organizational matters. Those involved in the programhope that it will renew interest in Polish collections abroad—in their fun-damental role for Polish culture—and will facilitate contacts among theirowners and institutions in Poland. They also keenly anticipate such con-sequences as joint initiatives (for example, discovering valuable items anddigitizing them) and better protection for this part of the unique Polishcultural heritage.

The following categories of Polish collections abroad have been definedin the program:

● Libraries currently maintained and financed by the Polish government,such as the collection of the Polish Academy of Sciences Scientific Centerin Rome, Italy;

● Collections belonging to Poles living abroad for political reasons, withoutthe option to return (for instance Polish soldiers in the United Kingdomafter World War II), and documents gathered by the Polish government-in-exile, such as the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum in London;

● Collections of Polish emigrants who left the country temporarily due toeconomic reasons, but who can return at any time;

● Libraries of Polish minorities who never left the country, but found them-selves outside of Poland because of shifting borders, and their descendants(living mostly in the former Polish eastern borderland, now neighboringcountries: Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine, and also in Slovakia and theCzech Republic);

● Collections belonging to Polish émigrés who left Poland for political rea-sons and decided to stay in the new country, and their descendants whoare aware of their national identity (most of them are Polish-Americans, butthey also live in South America and Australia). An example is the PolishMuseum of America in Chicago.

At the beginning of the program, collections of permanent historical,cultural, or bibliophile value in Polish institutions were to be registered.

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Program of the Department of Cultural Heritage 245

However these collections were and are as different as the aims for whichthey were developed, the communities they served, and the contexts inwhich they functioned. Their material status, as well as number and value ofparticular items, have depended on the local and financial situation of theirowners, as well as on the generosity of the Polish communities. Moreover,collections gathered abroad are not homogenous. They usually consist oflibrary, archival, or sometimes even museum materials. Because of these fac-tors, the scope of registration was enlarged in 2007 to include any Polishcollections physically existing abroad (even if they are not available, orare closed or under liquidation), including libraries, archives, and museums.Because of the legal aspects of private data protection, the project does notregister private collections.

It soon emerged that collections, sets, and objects of great value aboutPoland and Poles can be found in foreign libraries, mostly in research insti-tutions (national or academic libraries, research centers, and institutes), butalso in large public libraries. The register has been enlarged again to coverthese collections as well.

WSPÓŁCZESNE KSIEGOZBIORY POLSKIE ZA GRANICA: INFORMATOR[CONTEMPORARY POLISH BOOK COLLECTIONS ABROAD:

INFORMATION GUIDE], VOL. 1, POLSKIE I POLONIJNEKSIEGOZBIORY INSTYTUCJI [POLISH AND POLONIAN BOOK

COLLECTIONS OF INSTITUTIONS]

The first stage of the program focused on registration and description of bookcollections owned by Polish institutions and organizations. This registrationtook place between 2006 and the beginning of 2009.

Information about the collections came from many sources of differingvalue. First of all the owners were kindly asked to send descriptions of theircollections and complete a questionnaire prepared by the documentary teamunder the direction of Barbara Bienkowska. The registration sheet was sentto 2,043 institutions. Unfortunately, only 447 questionnaires and collectiondescriptions were returned. Letters, e-mails, or appeals in the Polish pressabroad or on the Internet did not change this result. Only a few librariansand Polish leaders in the diaspora answered. The following factors couldhave influenced the return rate: disappearing knowledge of the Polish lan-guage (even though questionnaires and information were sent in differentlanguages, including English, French, German, Russian, and Polish); out-of-date address data, poor knowledge of the collections’ contents—manyof them are in disorder and partially described or not at all—and indif-ference. In extreme situations there was a reluctance to cooperate with aPolish ministry, as in countries of the former Soviet Union, where dislike

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246 J. Puchalski

and distrust are of a political and psychological nature, and—last but notleast—the political conditions of life in the Polish diaspora (for example,in Belarus). In such situations the documentary team’s effectiveness in con-vincing potential participants of the fundamental importance of this initiativeturned out to be decisive. In the U.S. and Canada, for example, MałgorzataKot, director of the Polish Museum of America Library in Chicago, supportedthe team. Information about collections was also searched on the Internetand via a systematic literature review. Only 541 of 1,346 publications offereduseful information about the size, content, description, availability, threats,library personnel, and other activity of a registered unit.

Based on the sources presented above, 746 descriptions of collectionsfound in 65 countries were prepared. These descriptions are available involume 1 of the guide, published in 2009 by the Ministerstwo Kultury iDziedzictwa Narodowego, Departament Dziedzictwa Narodowego [Ministryof Culture and National Heritage, Department of Cultural Heritage]. The CDwith addresses of registered libraries and collections, and indexes (includinga list of the owners in Polish and in the official languages of the coun-tries where Poles live) is included with the guide. Its authors, BarbaraBienkowska, Elzbieta Maruszak, and Jacek Puchalski, were aware of its lackof completeness as it was published. Most likely, it lists only a small part ofthe existing collections. However, it is the largest guide of its type currentlyavailable, in the Polish or the foreign literature.

The libraries registered in volume 1 can be divided into three maincategories:

● Collections of Polish historical heritage: manuscripts, early printed books,maps, art albums, music scores, archival documents, works of art, andhistorical mementoes; also collections of institutions and organizationshousing mainly archival, museum, theater, or other types of documents,with library materials as supplemental;

● Contemporary functional book collections amounting to several thousandvolumes;

● Small community libraries with reference collections, which are active in avery limited scope. Most of them are listed in the second part of volume1, the appendix (registering 126 institutions).

The majority of the collections were registered in European countries(Great Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy), NorthAmerica, and Australia. These countries have the largest number of mem-bers of the Polish diaspora who still maintain a deep relation with the homecountry. Mostly they are political emigrants from the years 1939 to 1989.In many countries (like the U.S., Canada, Brazil, and Australia) Polish cul-ture has been maintained by diasporas dating from the nineteenth century.

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Program of the Department of Cultural Heritage 247

Attachment to language, culture, and national tradition, as well as patrio-tism, are the most obvious characteristics of the generation that emigratedafter World War II, and during the Solidarity Period of the 1980s. This “oldemigration”—nationally awakened, active, and creative in their research,education, and culture—is the reason that Polish culture has not disap-peared from libraries in Western countries. The documentary team of theDepartment of Cultural Heritage registered 517 libraries in the years 2006 to2009, including 309 in North America, South America, Australia, and theRepublic of South Africa, and 208 in Western Europe. Sixty-five Westernlibraries own special collections, including manuscripts and archival doc-uments, valuable editions (incunabula and old printed books), art albums(in particular of photographs and graphics), cartography, works of art, andhistorical mementoes pertaining to Poland.

Polish lending libraries have survived in Western countries as well(159 altogether, including 58 in Western Europe). Their main task is to offeraccess to modern Polish texts to anyone interested. Traditionally, PolishCatholic parishes have been noticeably active (81 parish libraries, includ-ing 45 in Western Europe). However, many public libraries maintain specialcollections, mostly of Polish and emigrant imprints published before 1950.

The contents of volume 1 of the guide confirm that the majority of thePolish collections built abroad make up an essential part of the Polish cul-tural heritage. However, there is a legitimate concern about their future.Unfortunately, these collections are often neglected, forgotten, or evendestroyed because of financial factors, poor maintenance, and—most ofall—lack of interest in them. Probably only a few dozen will survive: thestrongest of the ones with historical collections: independent Polish institutes,libraries, archives, and museums, built with common effort by organizations,institutions, and private patrons. The most valuable sets or objects from liqui-dated collections will perhaps be transferred to them, or to foreign libraries,archives, or museums, or to Poland. The future of collections of Polishinstitutions depends on cooperation and information exchange among theirowners and managers. Realizing this, Polish librarians from the U.S. set upthe Polish American Librarians Association in 2009, registered in 2010 (see:http://palalib.org/).

The current status and future of the most valuable collections dependalso on essential financial and material help from Poland. Adequate policy,support, protection, and development mechanisms for the Polish culturalheritage stored in Polish libraries abroad are discussed in the reportWspółczesne biblioteki polonijne i polskie poza Krajem: raport przygotowanyw oparciu o materiały zgromadzone w ramach programu “Rejestracjazbiorów polskich za granica ze specjalnym uwzglednieniem dziedzictwazagrozonego” [Modern Polonian and Polish libraries abroad: Report preparedon the basis of materials collected under the program “Registration of PolishCollections Abroad with Special Regard to Endangered Heritage”], released

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248 J. Puchalski

in 2010 in Warsaw, by the Department of Cultural Heritage of the Ministryof Culture and National Heritage. Its authors, Elzbieta Maruszak and JacekPuchalski, referring to their experiences of the first stage of the program“Registration of Polish Collections Abroad,” defined conditions of a coor-dinated, intentional, and effective help for Polish libraries abroad, offeredby the Polish state (i.e., the government and the Senate of the Republic ofPoland) and non-governmental organizations. Information and conclusionsfrom this report were used as reasons for changing the rules for financingthe Polish diaspora’s activities in 2012. Unfortunately, these changes do notagree completely with the most important recommendations of the reportregarding the organization of financial support for Polish institutions abroad,including libraries with collections of essential historical value.

WSPÓŁCZESNE KSIEGOZBIORY POLSKIE ZA GRANICA: INFORMATOR[CONTEMPORARY POLISH BOOK COLLECTIONS ABROAD:

INFORMATION GUIDE], VOL. 2: POLISH BOOK COLLECTIONS INFOREIGN LIBRARIES

The second stage of the program “Registration of Polish Collections Abroad”consists of gathering information on the most valuable materials housedin foreign libraries concerning Poland and Poles living abroad. Thesecollections will be presented in volume 2 of the guide.

The reasons for collecting this information were defined in 2009. Thisactivity is seen as fundamental for the realization of the whole program,because it concerns material that is the most difficult to register, and atthe same time the most important regarding the Polish written heritage.The difficulty comes from the fact that Polish collections in foreign insti-tutions, consisting of sets or unique objects (manuscripts, old printed books,maps, art albums, music scores, archival materials, historical mementoes) arenumerous and dispersed. Polonica can be found in almost any library inthe world (especially in academic or research libraries), but not separatedfrom the general collection. The specifics of Polish history, particularly in thenineteenth and twentieth centuries (lost independence, wars, moving bor-ders, mass migrations) resulted in a situation in which most of the Polishcultural works that were created abroad stayed there.

In this context, Barbara Bienkowska defined the following selectioncriteria for registration by the documentary team:

● Polonica fulfilling at least one of these conditions are to be registered: writ-ten in Polish, written by the Poles, concerning Polish matters, or printed inPolish, or Polish diaspora, publishing houses;

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Program of the Department of Cultural Heritage 249

● Parts or entire Polish collections abroad are to be registered. However, theymust be of stable content or formal value, i.e., part of cultural heritage.As the result, the team is registering primarily libraries holding historical,research, and bibliophile materials. Excluded are small sets of Polish booksused in schools to teach pupils of Polish origin (for example, textbooksand required readings), or public libraries in communities inhabited byPoles (as in Lithuania, Ukraine, Belarus, the Czech Republic, or Slovakia).Such “Polish shelves” are quite numerous in bigger Polish diasporas, anddo not offer any value for historical heritage surveys. Their registration isimpossible and pointless;

● Polish sets abroad separated from the main collection, defined as groupsof Polonica (print works, graphic objects, historic mementoes, etc.).Collections gathered by Poles or people of Polish origin are also regis-tered, regardless of their content, as well as collections belonging to foreignowners, if they refer to Poland or the Polish diaspora;

● Library collections based on Polish materials are also registered, such asthose owned currently by foreign institutions (like the library of VilniusUniversity in Lithuania);

● Information gathering is limited to institutional libraries, excludingarchives, museums, and other institutions gathering Polonica.

The program assumed the task of registering collections separated fromthe main library collections—for example, held in Polish departments, withseparate catalogs, repositories, or provenance. However, because this wasnot often the case, the decision was made to register all valuable Polonica.An example found in volume 2 of the guide is the Dunedin Public Libraries(Dunedin, Otago Region, New Zealand). There are several hundred exam-ples of Polonica in this library, but only one object is unique: a portionof a fourteenth-century Bible, probably written in the Cistercian Abbey ofByszewo (or Koronowo) near Gdansk.

A pilot survey and registration of Polonica started in November 2009:a questionnaire and cover letter written by Jacek Miler, Director of theDepartment of Cultural Heritage of the Polish Ministry of Culture andNational Heritage were sent to selected libraries. Implementation of the pro-gram’s second stage intensified after publication of the report mentionedabove. The basic survey and registration will be complete by the end of2013. Publication of the guide is planned for 2014.

Registration for material in the U.S. and Canada has been completed forthe volume. Sixty-eight collection descriptions have been prepared, 62 fromAmerican libraries and 6 from Canadian. These include national libraries,several dozen academic libraries, a few public libraries, and a few libraries ofassociations or research institutes (like the Historical Society of PennsylvaniaLibrary, Philadelphia).

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250 J. Puchalski

Information came from different sources. First of all, the authors triedto receive descriptions of Polonica from the libraries directly. The regis-tration sheet was sent to approximately 100 North American libraries, butonly 13 answered questionnaires returned. Ten individuals sent us importantinformation, including detailed elaborations on Polonica in these libraries.

The authors also referred to published catalogues and materials,like Maria Czapnik, ed., Rare Polonica in the New York Public Library:Books of the 15th–18th Centuries (New York, 2001); Allan Urbanic andBeth Feinberg, eds., A guide to Slavic collections in the United States andCanada (Binghamton, NY: Haworth Information Press, 2004); an articleby Wojciech Zalewski, “Ksiazka polska w amerykanskich bibliotekach uni-wersyteckich: historia i polityka tworzenia zbiorów” [The Polish book inAmerican university libraries: history and politics of creating collections](Torun, 1998), and articles published in the journal Slavic & East EuropeanInformation Resources. However, fundamental and current informationcan be found on the North American libraries’ Websites. Many of themoffer very detailed information and illustrative material (for example, thePolish Amateur Theatre Pamphlet Collection in the Elizabeth Dafoe Libraryat the University of Manitoba, http://libguides.lib.umanitoba.ca/content.php?pid=227372&sid=2248244).

In conclusion, we hope that people responsible for Polonica in NorthAmerican libraries will send us more information (completed questionnaires)or cooperate in updating and verifying collection descriptions preparedbased on a literature review and information on the Internet.

PROGRAM “REGISTRATION OF POLISH COLLECTIONSABROAD”—A SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bienkowska, Barbara. Wstep [Introduction]. In Współczesne ksiegozbiory polskie zagranica: informator [Contemporary Polish book collections abroad: informationguide]. Vol. 1, Polskie i polonijne ksiegozbiory instytucji [Polish and Polonianbook collections of institutions], ed. Barbara Bienkowska, Elzbieta Maruszak,and Jacek Puchalski, 7–16. Warsaw: Ministerstwo Kultury i DziedzictwaNarodowego, 2009.

Bienkowska, Barbara, Elzbieta Maruszak, and Jacek Puchalski. Współczesne ksie-gozbiory polskie za granica: informator [Contemporary Polish book collectionsabroad: information guide]. Vol. 1, Polskie i polonijne ksiegozbiory instytucji[Polish and Polonian book collections of institutions]. Warsaw: MinisterstwoKultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego, 2009.

Maruszak, Elzbieta, “Informacja na temat realizacji programu ‘Rejestracja zbiorówpolskich za granica’: prezentacja tomu: Polskie i polonijne ksiegozbioryinstytucji. [Information about the realization of the program “Registration ofPolish Collections Abroad”: presentation of the volume Polskie i polonijne ksie-gozbiory instytucji] In Stan badan nad wielokulturowym dziedzictwem dawnej

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Rzeczypospolitej, ed. Karol Łopatecki and Wojciech Walczak, vol. 2, 67–75.Białystok: Instytut Badan nad Dziedzictwem Kulturowym Europy; BenkowskiPublishing & Balloons, 2010.

Maruszak, Elzbieta, Portails d’information destinés à la Polonia et le programmeInventaire des collections polonaises á l’etranger. [Information portals forPolonia and the program “Registration of Polish Collections Abroad”]. InPatrimoine polonaise en France: protection, axes de recherché, edited byDariusz Kuzmina and Iwona Pugacewicz, 26–35. Warsaw: Polskie TowarzystwoBibliologiczne, Oddział Warszawski, 2011.

Maruszak, Elzbieta and Jacek Puchalski. Współczesne biblioteki polonijne i polskiepoza Krajem: raport przygotowany w oparciu o materiały zgromadzonew ramach programu “Rejestracja zbiorów polskich za granica ze spec-jalnym uwzglednieniem dziedzictwa zagrozonego” [Modern Polonian andPolish libraries abroad: report prepared on the basis of materials collectedunder the program “Registration of Polish Collections Abroad with SpecialRegard to Endangered Heritage”]. Warsaw: Ministerstwo Kultury i DziedzictwaNarodowego, 2010.

Puchalski, Jacek, “Biblioteki polskie poza Krajem: refleksje na marginesie pro-gramu “Rejestracja zbiorów polskich za granica ze specjalnym uwzgled-nieniem dziedzictwa zagrozonego” prowadzonego w Departamencie doSpraw Polskiego Dziedzictwa Kulturowego za Granica Ministerstwa Kultury iDziedzictwa Narodowego” [Polish libraries abroad: reflections in the margins ofthe program “Registration of Polish Collections Abroad with Special Regard toEndangered Heritage,” conducted in the Department of Cultural Heritage of theMinistry of Culture and National Heritage]. Przeglad Biblioteczny, 2007, no. 4:597–610.

Puchalski, Jacek. La situation des bibliothèques de la Polonia qui possèdent des col-lections d’une valeur historique. [The situation of Polonia libraries that owncollections of historical value]. In Patrimoine polonaise en France: protec-tion, axes de recherché, edited by Dariusz Kuzmina and Iwona Pugacewicz,51–70. Warsaw: Polskie Towarzystwo Bibliologiczne, Oddział Warszawski,2011.

Urbanic, Allan and Beth Feinberg, eds. A Guide to Slavic Collections in the UnitedStates and Canada. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Information Press, 2004. Alsopublished as Slavic & East European Information Resources 5, no. 3–4.

Zalewski, Wojciech. Ksiazka polska w amerykanskich bibliotekach uniwersyteckich:historia i polityka tworzenia zbiorów [The Polish book in American universitylibraries: history and politics of creating collections]. In Bibliologia: pamieciProfesora Andrzeja Kłossowskiego, 143–157. Torun: Wydawnictwo NaukoweUniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika, 1998.

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