program interventions for food security, poverty alleviation and rural development suresh babu...
TRANSCRIPT
Program Interventions for Food Security, Poverty Alleviation and
Rural Development
Suresh BabuOctober 26, 2011
Page 2
Concept of Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation
Growth for poverty reduction Employment orientation Landless laborers Poor and vulnerable
Page 3
Green Revolution and Poverty
Food production increase – 250 m. tons
Real price of food goes down? Extra resources for education/health
Page 4
Rural Growth Linkages
Input supplies Marketing agents Repairs & maintenance Artisans & services Post-harvest agroprocessing
Page 5
Food to Health
Macronutrients to Micronutrients
Iron – Anemia
Vitamin A deficiency
Child malnutrition remains high
Page 6
Technology Challenges
Technology – labor saving?
Getting out of agriculture
Rural nonfarm employment
Increasing productivity
Page 7
Page 8
Institutional Challenges
Institutions to help the poor? Who are the poor? Where are they? Why are they? How to help?
Page 9
Rural Institutions
The Gram Panchayats Linkages to service delivery Linkages to government programs Linkages to NGOs
Page 10
Policy Challenges
What policies are in place? What programs are in place? How they affect people? How to influence policy? How to monitor the impact?
Page 11
Program Interventions
Cash transfers Food related programs Price and tax subsidies Fee waivers in health Public works Microcredit and informal insurance
Page 12
Cross-cutting Issues
Overview Institutions Targeting Evaluation Political Economy Gender Community Based Targeting
Page 13
Supplementary Feeding Programs
Economic Rationale for Supplementary Feeding Programs
Effectiveness of Supplementary Feeding Programs
Appropriate Circumstances for the Use of Supplementary Feeding programs
Program Design Issues
Criteria for Program Evaluation
Page 14
Characteristics of Selected School Feeding Programs
Ration
Days per year
Cost per 1,000 calories/day over 365 days (US $)
Number of beneficiaries
Estimated annual cost (US$ millions)
Tamil Nadu Mid-day meal
418 200 67.02 n.a. n.a.
Guatemala 456 165 19.25 1,099,000 4.3
Gambia 858 196 81.46 376,202 14.1
Nepal 3718 mix of Maternal and child Health and Social Fund
622 293 56.50 377,650 10.7
Source: World Bank data
Page 15
Food for Work Programs
Economic Rationale for Food for
Work
Program Design
Criteria for Program Evaluation
Page 16
Food Stamp Programs
Economic Rationale for Food Stamp Programs
Appropriate Circumstances for the Use of Food Stamps
Design Issues
Suitability for Adapting to a Crisis
Implementation of Food Stamp Programs
Criteria for Evaluating Programs
Page 17
Emergency Feeding
Rationale for World Bank Involvement with
Emergency Feeding Programs
Purpose of Emergency Feeding
Timing the Transfer to Support Both Objectives
Program Types
Appropriate Conditions for Emergency Feeding
Page 18
An International Comparison of Leakage from Food Subsidy Programs
Type of program Country Leakage to Non-needy
Untargeted Food Subsidies Egypt (early 1980s) High (60-80%)
Untargeted Food Subsides Brazil High (81%)
Untargeted Food Rations (I.e., ratio shops)
India, Pakistan High (50-60%)
Self-targeting Food Rations Bangladesh (sorghum), Pakistan
Low (10-20%)
Food Stamps- Targeted by Income
Colombia, Sri Lanka (post- 1979), United States
Low-Moderate (10-30%)
Supplementation Schemes- On-site, most Vulnerable Group Targeting
India, Tamil Nadu Low (3-10%)
Targeted Food for Education program (free ration for school enrollment of children
Bangladesh Low (8-14%)
Page 19
Key Design Features of a Good Public Works Program
The wage rate should be set at a level
Restrictions on eligibility should be avoided
If rationing is required, program should be targeted to poor areas
The labor intensity should be as high as possible
Public works should be synchronized to the timing of agricultural slack seasons
Provision of childcare or preschool services can improve participation by women
Transaction costs to the poor are kept low
The program should include an asset maintenance component
Page 20
Targeting: An overview
The benefits of targeting
The costs of Targeting
Measuring targeting performance
Classifying targeting methods
Page 21
The International evidence on targeting outcomes
Database Construction
Programs Identified
Indicators of targeting performance
Descriptive analysis
Regression analysis
Caveats and limitations
Summary
Page 22
Implementing targeting methods
Mean tests
Proxy means tests
Community based targeting
Geographic targeting
Demographic targeting
Self-targeting
Some generic issues
Page 23
Several possible roles for safety nets in very poor countries
To fill in the deepest part of the poverty gap
To bring all (or many) of the poor up to an acceptable consumption level
To smooth consumption (e.g., seasonally)
To protect against major shocks
To insure against individual risks, either idiosyncratic ones such as income loss, or those that allow the poor to take on riskier, but higher return, activities
As an investment (to avoid decapitalization and to keep children in school)
Page 24
Global Hunger Index -2010
Page 25
Capacity Development? Translate policies and programs into action Build capacity for local governance Empowering rural youth Ride the new wave of high Value agriculture Public-Private partnership
Page 26
Thank you…..