prof masahisa fujita - "culture and diversity in knowledge creation"
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Prof Masahisa Fujita of Konan University during the World Bank's Special Session during Economic Geography Conference in Seoul, Korea_June 29, 2011TRANSCRIPT
The World Bank’s Special Session at Third Global Conference on Economic Geography
June 29, 2011, COEX, Seoul, Korea
Masahisa Fujita Konan University / Kyoto University / RIETI
Source: The Economist, January 1st 2005
Culture and Diversity in Knowledge Culture and Diversity in Knowledge CreationCreation
The Story of the Tower of Babel The Story of the Tower of Babel RevisitedRevisited
2
globalization ofthe world economy
Development ofBrain Power Society(知識創造社会)
The major reorganization ofGlobal economic ・ political ・ social systems(globalization / regionalization / localization)
Revolutionary development in ICTand Transport Technology
Development of the Brain Power Society since the late 20th century
1. Introduction
3
a comprehensive theory of spatial economics
in the Brain Power Society
dual linkages
incorporating
E-linkages: linkages through the production and transaction of (traditional) goods and services (the New Economic Geography)
K-linkages: linkages through the creation and transfer of “knowledge” · ideas · information
weak microfoundation
The World Factory
advanced productionInnovation
andculture
Brain Power Society 4
+ stronger brain-power network and cultural interactions
a World Center for
Transforming the East Asia From the World Factory
to the Brain Power Society
efficient production network
5
Source: The Kyoto University Museum
2. Interacting Cultures
AC538: mission from Baekje ( 百済 )introducing Buddism to Nara ( 奈良 ) /Japan
海柘榴市 壁画
Source: http://www.asuka-tobira.com/syotokutaishi/bukkyodenrai.htm
6
AC607: construction of Horyu-ji Temple in Nara(the oldest original wooden building in the world)
under 金剛重光 and other two carpenters from 百済
Source: Wikipedia
金剛組( Kongo Construction Company ) in Narathe oldest existing company in the world
7
AERA 2009.6.8
3. Interacting Pop-cultures
Gal Industrial Gal Industrial RevolutionRevolution
8
9
SHIBUYA 109
The Sanctuaryof
Gal Fashion
120 small shops
9 million customers annually
10
11
China version Korean version
AKB48
13
AERA 2010.05.03-10
14
15AERA2010.05.03-10
16AERA2010.05.03-10
出所: http://community.pia.jp/hanryu/2011/05/20110516-01.html
Charity Campaign in Osaka for Japanese Quake and Tsunami
12 韓流 Groups: 東方神起、 2PM 、 FTISLAND ・・・
17
18
The fundamental resources in the Brain Power Society
Individual Brain Power (頭脳・知識)
Diversity in people ・ brains (人材・知識) in the society
Diversity in cultures among different regions
Synergy through the heterogeneouspeople ・ brains
Synergy through the heterogeneouscultures
4. Why are culture and diversity important for innovation?
19
in the cooperative process of K-creationthe key factor:
diversity of people
Common knowledge
iK jK
C
differential Kdifferential K(individual K)
new ideas through the encounter of heterogeneous people and culture
ijD jiD
20
抵 个 渚 葛 亮”
With three ordinary persons together,splendid ideas will come out.
“ 三 个 皮 匠、臭、
세 명이 모이면 문수보살의 지혜가 생긴다 !
21
“With three ordinary persons together,splendid ideas will come out.”
After three ordinary persons meeting for threeyears, no splendid ideas will come out.
Is it true in the long-run?
Common knowledge
iKjK
C
differential Kdifferential K(individual K)
ijD jiD
22How to resolve this fundamental problem?
close cooperation ofheterogeneous K-workers
antinomy
in the short-run in the long-run
throughclose communicationssynergy
Common knowledge
heterogeneity
synergy
(e.g. “nominication” in Japan)
Hint: The Story of the Tower of Babel
23
Source: The Economist, January 1st 2005
Engraving The Confusion of Tongues by Gustave Doré (1865), who based his conception on the Minaret of Samarra
The Tower of Babel
Source: Wikipedia
5. Culture and Diversity The Story of the Tower of Babel revisited
24
a united humanity, speaking single language
people getting too uppity, challenging God
God confounded their language,and scattered them upon the face of all the Earth(expulsion from the paradise of effortless communication)
Question: Was it a punishment, or blessing in disguise?
multilingual / multicultural world (多言語/多文化社会)
The Story of The Tower of Babel (Chapter 11 of the Book of Genesis)
space / distance
barrierfor
interactions
creating diversityin local knowledge / culture
net effectsin
knowledge creation? 25
26
Inter-regionalK-interactionsintra
interactionsregionA
regionB
iK jK
ijC
lKkK
klCAji , Blk ,
iK lK
ilC
intrainteractions
Ai Bj
(N persons) (N persons)
6. A two-region model: Culture and Diversity
27
This paper
introducing two regions
Knowledge Creation as a Square DanceOn the Hilbert Cube
International Economic Review 49, 2008, 1251-1295
Culture and Diversity in Knowledge CreationMarcus Berliant and Masahisa Fujita, April 2011
RIETI Discussion Paper: http://www.rieti.go.jp/en/publications/summary/11040034.html
28
Production of new ideas / patents (at a given time)
1iii na
“new ideas”produced
per unit of time
%Explicit-K(patentable)
Tacit-K (kept alone)
① in isolation (person i)
Patents(public information)
iKsize of
29
1
% Explicit-K
Tacit-K
shared by i and j
CommonKnowledge
2
1
2
1
)()()(2
dji
cij
dijij nnna
iK jK
where the weight on the common-K ( ) 10
Differential Kof person j
Differential Kof person i
Patents(public inf.)
② in meeting of two persons in the same region ( )Aji ,
③ in meeting of two persons in the different region ( )BjAi ,
2
1
2
1
)()()(2
dji
cij
dijij nnna 10
30
linearly homogenous K-production function normalization
dijn c
ijn djin
ij
dijd
ijn
nm ij
cijc
ijn
nm
dji
cij
dij
ij nnnn iK jK
ji
djid
jin
nm
the share ofeach component
:
ddji
dijji mmmnn when (symmetric K-structure)
)(1
)()21(2 1
d
d
dd
i
ij
mgm
mm
n
a
the normalizedK-production
function
:
where the share of differential knowledgedm
m J mS mB
m I
m
IJ
g(m)
g(m)
B
0 0.5
31
symmetric case: mmm dji
dij
i
ij
n
a 2
K-productivity AjAi ,when
whenBjAi ,
Productivity in intra- and interregional K-interaction
=
2
1
the Bliss Point
the share ofdifferential K
:
m J m*aut mS mB
m I
m
IJα
g(m)
g(m)
B
0 0.5
32
i
ij
n
a 2
K-productivity AjAi ,when
whenBjAi ,
the equilibriumat
the Paradise
(2N people)
Before the expulsion from the Paradise of effortless communication
22
1C
= =
2
1
the share ofdifferential K
:
g (m)
g (m)
B
m0
IJα
m J m*aut
m I
0.5mS mB
mdAB
33
K-productivity AjAi ,when
whenBjAi ,
Phase 1: Just after the expulsion (2N N in A, N in B)
34
K-productivity
AjAi ,when
whenBjAi ,
)()()( autdAB
d mgmgmgPhase 2: with inter-regional interactions,
g (m)
g (m)
B
m0
I
m J m*aut
m I
0.5mS mB
mdAA m d
AB
Jα
35
After the Confusion of Tongues
Inter-regionalK-interactionsintra
interactions
regionA
regionB
iK jK
ijC
lKkK
klCAji , Blk ,
iK lK
ilC
intrainteractions
Ai Bj
( = the proportion of time for intra-interactions)
1
(N persons) (N persons)
0 0.5
36
J
I
B
mJm
autm
)(mg
)(mg
Im
K-productivity
AjAi ,when
whenBjAi ,
iA
Sdij
jBjAj
mm
,
Sd mm Phase 3: staying at and (The New Eden)(achieving a high K-productivity through diverse cultures)
BdAB mm
iB
Bdij
jBjAj
mm
,
The New Eden
the originalParadise
37
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.500
g(m)
g(m)
mSg( ) mBg( )
m*autg( )
m*aut mS mB
m
An Example of the New Eden ( )100,32,245.0,606.0,0~ * NNCC
K growth rateat the New Eden
K growth rateat the autarky
= 2.97
38
Tentative Conclusion about The Story of The Tower of Babel
Expulsion from the paradise of effortless communication
Multilingual / multicultural world (多言語/多文化社会)
Was it a punishment, or a blessing in disguise?
Answer: It could have been a blessing in disguise.
戦 後 高度成長期 転換期
ハイテク産業
経 済 環 境 の 漸 次 的 な 変 化
I T革 命
グローバリゼーションアメリカ一極集中中 国 の 成 長
Post WWⅡ
high growth transition
high-tech growth IT revolution
globalization
7. Why is Japan in long stagnation ?
Capitalism with mass-production
Brain Power Society39
日本の一人当たりGDP:OECD内ランキング
17位
15位
11位
9位
7位
3位
8位
4位
2位3位
4位
6位
4位3位
5位
8位9位
12位
15位
18位19位18位
14位
3位 3位
19位
11位
4位3位
7位
0位
5位
10位
15位
20位
1970
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008 年
順位
出所:OECD Factbook 2010: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics および内閣府 http://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/h20-kaku/percapita.pdf
Japanese ranking in terms of per capita GDP among OECD countries
18th 19th
2nd
40
順位 国名 1993
1 Japan 35,008
2 Switzerland 34,698
3 Luxemburg 34,697
4 Norway 27,147
5 Denmark 27,101
6 United States 25,374
7 Germany 24,691
8 Austria 23,983
9 Sweden 22,944
10 Iceland 22,786
11 Netherlands 22,112
12 Belgium 21,993
13 France 21,897
14 Canada 19,340
15 Australia 17,609
16 Italy 17,413
17 Finland 17,229
18United
Kingdom16,675
19 Ireland 14,234
20 Spain 12,986
21 New Zealand 12,315
22 Greece 8,851
23 Portugal 8,649
24 Korea 8,194
25 Mexico 4,592
26 Hungary 3,824
27Czech
Republic3,598
28 Turkey 3,033
29 Slovakia 2,511
30 Poland 2,392
順位 国名 2002
1 Luxemburg 50,444
2 Norway 41,824
3 Switzerland 38,308
4 United States 35,945
5 Denmark 32,323
6 Ireland 31,120
7 Japan 30,837
8 Iceland 30,345
9 Sweden 27,279
10 Netherlands 27,243
11 United Kingdom 26,605
12 Finland 26,008 13 Australia 25,560 14 Germany 24,446 15 France 24,388 16 Belgium 24,305 17 Canada 23,465 18 Australia 21,768 19 Italy 21,061 20 Spain 16,494
21 New Zealand 15,513
22 Portugal 12,343
23 Greece 12,217
24 Korea 11,570
25 Czech Republic 7,346
26 Hungary 6,552
27 Mexico 6,300
28 Poland 5,128
29 Slovakia 4,537
30 Turkey 2,621
Per capita GDP ranking for OECD countries ($US)
出所: 内閣府 http://www.esri.cao.go.jp/jp/sna/h20-kaku/percapita.pdf
順位 国名 2008
1 Luxemburg 117,967
2 Norway 94,763
3 Switzerland 64,885
4 Denmark 62,054
5 Ireland 59,944
6 Netherlands 53,094
7 Iceland 52,568
8 Sweden 51,954
9 Finland 50,931
10 Austria 49,527
11 Australia 48,049
12 United States 47,186
13 Belgium 47,151
14 Canada 44,950
15 France 44,550
16 Germany 44,519
17United
Kingdom43,237
18 Italy 38,455
19 Japan 38,371
20 Spain 34,971
21 Greece 31,174
22 New Zealand 29,693
23 Portugal 22,929
24Czech
Republic20,719
25 Korea 19,115
26 Slovakia 17,566
27 Hungary 15,363
28 Poland 13,861
29 Turkey 10,270
30 Mexico 10,183
順位 国名 2006
1 Luxemburg 79,565
2 Norway 63,961
3 Iceland 55,517
4 Switzerland 50,469
5 Ireland 48,289
6 Denmark 47,716
7 United States 41,574
8 Sweden 39,535
9 Netherlands 38,577
10United Kingdom
37,310
11 Finland 37,276 12 Austria 37,216 13 Australia 36,592 14 Japan 35,650 15 Belgium 35,585 16 France 35,150 17 Canada 35,073 18 Germany 33,703 19 Italy 30,341 20 New Zealand 27,146
21 Spain 26,150
22 Greece 20,252
23 Portugal 17,474
24 Korea 16,470
25 Czech Republic 12,133
26 Hungary 10,931
27 Slovakia 8,778
28 Poland 7,854
29 Mexico 7,176
30 Turkey 4,954
41
42
Opening of Shinkan-sen in 1964
Tokyo overconcentration Tokyo mono-culture
Japan and Regions
Source: The ECONOMIST June 11th 2011
43
Decentralization
Brain Power Runaissance
regional diversity
industriesR&Dculture
the Age of Brain Power Society
44
Source: http://www.kampoo.com/map/south_korea_map_dosigundo_japanese.pdf45
High-speed Railway in China
Source: International Herald Tribune June 23th 2011
46
4747
achieving East Asian Renaissance together based on diversity
contributing to the World Development
48August Lösch in 1935(15 October 1906 – 30 May 1945)
If everything occurred at the same time there would be no development. If everything existed in the same place there could be no particularity. Only space make possible the particular, which then unfolds in time.
Only because we are not equally near to everything; only because everything does not rush in upon us at once; only because our world is restricted, for every individual, for his people, and for mankind as a whole, can we, in our finiteness, endure at all. - - -
Space creates and protects us in this limitation. Particularity is the price of our existence. - - -
Epilogue. On Space
8. Closing words borrowed from Lösch(1940) Die Raümliche Ordnung der Wirtschaft
감사합니다謝 謝
Thanks