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Prof. Dr. Rafig AzzamRWTH Aachen University, Chair for Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, Lochnerstr. 4-20,52064 Aachen, Germany.
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DatabasesDatabases
• Analogue Data– Maps, reports, borehole logs/files etc.
• Digital Data– Digital equivalents of analogue data image files (tif, jpg etc.)– Borehole data in different formats Access, Excel, dbf etc. – Spatial referenced data GIS
o Shapefiles, Coverages, Grids, Personal Geodatabase etc.o Relational database management systems (RDBMS)
distributed and heterogeneous databases
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DatabasesDatabases
• Analogue Data– Maps, reports, borehole logs/files etc.
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Digital Data– Digital equivalents of analogue data image files (tif, jpg etc.)– Borehole data in different formats Access, Excel, dbf etc. – Spatial referenced data GIS
o Shapefiles, Coverages, Grids, Personal Geodatabase etc.o Relational database management systems (RDBMS)
distributed and heterogeneous databases
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• (Hydro-)geological Information System
• Data mining for knowledge discovery
• Pattern recognition using neuronal networks
Application and NeedsApplication and Needs
• DEM and derived information (slope, aspect, etc)landslide hazard mapping
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ProblemProblem
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• Distributed Data– Base data from several mapping agencies,
environmental protection agencies, distributed databases, etc.
• Heterogeneous Data– Vector data Grid data
How to generate homogeneous information out of distributed, heterogeneous data?
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• Utilization of distributive geodata
• Compilation of information from heterogeneous data
• Development of service orientated system architecture
• Rule-based derivation of geoinformation
• Integration of potential users
FrameworkFramework
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SolutionSolution
• Setting up a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI)– OGC web service technology accesses distributed
geodata inventories– Integration of geoprocessing capabilities (e.g.
groundwater vulnerability assessment and mapping)
– Integration of expert‘s knowledge through XML-based business-rules
– Web based user interface allows data and information retrieval
– Extensive use of standard internet technologies (XML, SOAP, WSDL, HTTP, etc.)
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• OpenGeospatial Consortium (OGC)- Conformity– Web Map Service– Web Feature Service– Web Coverage Service– Catalog Service
• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)- Conformity– XML– SOAP
• International Standardization Organization (ISO)-Conformity– ISO / TC 211 Geographic information / Geomatics
• ISO 19115• ISO 19119
StandardsStandards
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HTTP
HTTP / SOAPBusiness Logic Tier
Presentation Tier
WebApplication
GISApplication
Geo-Services
WebCatalogService
Visualisation-Services
RuleComponent
System-Services
Controller
DBMS A (Vectordata)
Server 1
WebFeatureService
DBMS B(Vectordata)
Server 2
DBMS C(Vectordata)
Server N
WebFeatureService
Server N+1
Web CoverageService
Grid data
WebFeatureService
Data Tier
Distributed, heterogeneous data
Generation of Information
Integration of expert‘s knowledge(based on XML rules)
Visualization on various devices
Architecture of Information System
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WebserviceWebservice• Communication beyond system
boundaries and independent from computing languages
• Protocols:– Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)– Simple Object Access Protocol
(SOAP)
• Advantages of web services: – accessibility due to programmable
interfaces– self-describing due to metadata– self-contained (enclosure)– loosely linked– independent from place and protocol
User
Application
Webservice
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PublishPublish –– Find Find -- BindBind
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From From GeodataGeodata to to GeoinformationGeoinformation
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• Basic services– Scale variation: rule-based derivation of input parameters– Groundwater: vulnerability mapping according HÖLTING et
al. 1995– Allocation of vector data– Allocation of raster data
• Controlling services– Authentication and Authorization– Session-management– etc.
• Integrated geo-service „Schutzfunktion derGrundwasserüberdeckung [Vulnerability mapping]“
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ExampleExample: : GroundwaterGroundwater VulnerabilityVulnerability
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geology and thickness
percolation water
perched aquifers
artesian pressure
soil
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DQWMgBSn
iii ++⋅⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡+= ∑
=1
After Hölting et al. 1995:
Mean Input Parameters
Global Supplements
Point Value Soil (B)
Point Value Rock Type of the
Individual Strata and Depth to Groundwater Table (gM)
Suspended Groundwater Layers
(Q)
Artesian Pressure Situations (D)
+
+
+
*
Point Value of the Groundwater Vulnerability Function (S)
Factor Leachate Rale
(W)
ExampleExample: : GroundwaterGroundwater VulnerabilityVulnerability
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ExampleExample: : GroundwaterGroundwater VulnerabilityVulnerability
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Präsentation
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Further ApplicationsFurther Applications
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Geological Survey
Environmental state office NRW
Regional authorities
Local authorities
Water supplier
Vulnerability mapping, e.g. preemptivegroundwater protection, EU-WFD
Evaluation of measures for the reduction of diffuse contamination and their effectivity in time and space
Claim (e.g. accidental spill of contaminants): support by evaluating the consequences and measures
......
Providing information on vulnerability in conjunction with the delineation of planned activities (e.g. infrastructural development)
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OutlookOutlook
• Sensor Networks– recently research on the integration of real time sensors using e.g.
SensorML or SOS for early warning systems
• Borehole and geotechnical Data– In GB initiative to establish an XML based standard for borehole
data integrating also geotechnical data
• Cross Border Water Management Iniative (CWMI)– Using thesaurus and semantic web to identify and match geological
strata from different data bases using different stratigrafic records or names
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Contact:
Prof. Dr. Rafig AzzamRWTH Aachen UniversityDepartment of Engineering Geology and HydrogeologyLochnerstr. 4-2052064 AachenGermany