prof. david r. jackson adapted from notes by prof. stuart a. long notes 4 maxwell’s equations ece...
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Prof. David R. Jackson
Adapted from notes by Prof. Stuart A. Long
Notes 4 Notes 4 Maxwell’s EquationsMaxwell’s Equations
ECE 3317
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Electromagnetic Fields Four vector quantities
E electric field strength [Volt/meter] = [kg-m/sec3]
D electric flux density [Coul/meter2] = [Amp-sec/m2]
H magnetic field strength [Amp/meter] = [Amp/m]
B magnetic flux density [Weber/meter2] or [Tesla] = [kg/Amp-sec2]
each are functions of space and timee.g. E(x,y,z,t)
J electric current density [Amp/meter2]
ρv electric charge density [Coul/meter3] = [Amp-sec/m3]
Sources generating electromagnetic fields
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MKS units
length – meter [m]
mass – kilogram [kg]
time – second [sec]
Some common prefixes and the power of ten each represent are listed below
femto - f - 10-15
pico - p - 10-12
nano - n - 10-9
micro - μ - 10-6
milli - m - 10-3
mega - M - 106
giga - G - 109
tera - T - 1012
peta - P - 1015
centi - c - 10-2
deci - d - 10-1
deka - da - 101
hecto - h - 102
kilo - k - 103
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0
v
BE
tD
H Jt
B
D ρ
Maxwell’s Equations
(time-varying, differential form)
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Maxwell’s Equations
James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)
James Clerk Maxwell was a Scottish mathematician and theoretical physicist. His most significant achievement was the development of the classical electromagnetic theory, synthesizing all previous unrelated observations, experiments and equations of electricity, magnetism and even optics into a consistent theory. His set of equations—Maxwell's equations—demonstrated that electricity, magnetism and even light are all manifestations of the same phenomenon: the electromagnetic field. From that moment on, all other classical laws or equations of these disciplines became simplified cases of Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's work in electromagnetism has been called the "second great unification in physics", after the first one carried out by Isaac Newton.
Maxwell demonstrated that electric and magnetic fields travel through space in the form of waves, and at the constant speed of light. Finally, in 1864 Maxwell wrote A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field where he first proposed that light was in fact undulations in the same medium that is the cause of electric and magnetic phenomena. His work in producing a unified model of electromagnetism is considered to be one of the greatest advances in physics.
(Wikipedia)
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Maxwell’s Equations (cont.)
0
v
BE
tD
H Jt
B
D ρ
Faraday’s law
Ampere’s law
Magnetic Gauss law
Electric Gauss law
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0
D
H Jt
DH J
t
J Dt
Law of Conservation of Electric Charge (Continuity Equation)
vJt
Flow of electric
current out of volume (per unit volume)
Rate of decrease of electric charge (per unit volume)
[2.20]
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Continuity Equation (cont.)
vJt
Apply the divergence theorem:
Integrate both sides over an arbitrary volume V:
v
V V
J dVt
ˆ v
S V
J n dVt
V
S
n̂
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Continuity Equation (cont.)
Physical interpretation:
V
S
n̂
ˆ v
S V
J n dVt
vout v
V V
i dV dVt t
enclout
Qi
t
(This assumes that the surface is stationary.)
enclin
Qi
t
or
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Maxwell’s Equations
Decouples
0
0 0
v
v
E
B DE H J B D
t t
E D H J B
Time -Dependent
Time -Independent (Static s)
and is a function of and is a function of vH E H J
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E B
H J D
B 0
D v
j
j
Maxwell’s Equations
Time-harmonic (phasor) domain jt
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Constitutive Relations
Characteristics of media relate D to E and H to B
00
0 0
( = permittivity )
(
= permeability)
D E
B µ H µ
-120
-70
[F/m] 8.8541878 10
= 4 10 H/m] ( ) [µ
exact
[2.24]
[2.25]
[p. 35]
0 0
1c
c = 2.99792458 108 [m/s] (exact value that is defined)
Free Space
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Constitutive Relations (cont.)
Free space, in the phasor domain:
00
0 0
( = permittivity )
(
D
=
= E
B pe= rmeability ) H µµ
This follows from the fact that
VaV t a
(where a is a real number)
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Constitutive Relations (cont.)
In a material medium:
( = permittivity )
( = permeability
D = E
B = ) H µµ
0
0
= r
rµ µ
r = relative permittivity
r = relative permittivity
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μ or ε Independent of Dependent on
space homogenous inhomogeneous
frequency non-dispersive dispersive
time stationary non-stationary
field strength linear non-linear
direction of isotropic anisotropic E or H
Terminology
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Isotropic Materials
ε (or μ) is a scalar quantity,
which means that E || D (and H || B )
x xB = H
y yB = H
yH
xH
x
yx xD = E
y yD = E
yE
xE
x
y
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ε (or μ) is a tensor (can be written as a matrix)
This results in E and D being NOT proportional to each other.
0 0
0 0
0 0
x x x
y y y
x x x
z z z
y y y
z z z
D E
D E
D E
D E
D E D E
Anisotropic Materials