production of chilli under chhattisgarh regioneffect of spacing and micronutrients on seed...
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EFFECT OF SPACING AND MICRONUTRIENTS ON SEEDPRODUCTION OF CHILLI (Capsicum frutescem L.)
UNDER CHHATTISGARH REGION
T H E S I S
Submitted to theIndira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur
in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCEIN
AGRICULTURE(HORTICULTURE)
Manoj Kumar Sah
DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
INDIRA GANDHI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYCOLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
RAIPUR (M. P.)
2000
INDIRA GANDHI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAIPURCOLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, RAIPUR (M.P.)
CERTIFICATE-!
This is to certify that the thesis entitled "EFFECT OF SPACING AND
MICRONUTRIENTS ON SEED PRODUCTION OF CHILLI (Capsicum
frutescens L.) UNDER CHHATTISGARH REGION" submitted in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of "MASTER OF SCIENCE IN
AGRICULTURE", (HORTICULTURE) of the Indira Gandhi Agricultural
University, Raipur (M.P.) is a record of the bonafide research work carried out by
Manoj Kumar Sahu under my guidance and supervision. The subject of the
thesis has been approved by student's Advisory Committee and the Director of
Instructions.
No part of the thesis has been submitted for any other
degree or diploma or has been published/published part has been fully
acknowledged. All the assistance and help received during the course of the
investigations have been duly acknowledged by him.
MAHAJAN)Chairman of the Advisory Committee
THESIS APPROVED BY STUDENT'S ADVISORY COMMITTEE(/i^A^f^lf/l^^'
Chairman : Dr. Vijay Mahajan
Member : Dr. D.A. Sarnaik
Member : Shri H.G. Sharma
Member : Shri C.P. Khare
Member : Dr. Anurag
Member : Shri A. L. Rai
INDIRA GANDHI AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, RAIPURCOLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, RAIPUR (M.P.)
•
CERTIFICATE - II
This is to certify that the thesis entitled "EFFECT OF
SPACING AND MICRONUTRIENTS ON SEED PRODUCTION OF CHILLI
(Capsicum frutescens L.) UNDER CHHATTISGARH REGION" submitted by
Manoj Kumar Sahu to the Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur (M.P.) in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of "MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN AGRICULTURE" (HORTICULTURE) in the Department of Horticulture has
been approved by the student's Advisory Committee and External Examiner after
on oral examination on the same.
DATE: .l./..n./..2.d., EXTERNAL EXAMINER
Dr. VIJAY MAHAJANMAJOR ADVISOR AND CHAIRMAN
Dr. P. N. SINGHHEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Dr. K.C. AGRAWALDIRECTOR OF INSTRUCTIONS
fkknowlQdgemant
I feel great pleasure in expressing my sincere thanks and deep sense* _
of gratitude to Shri Dr. V. Mahajan, Assistant Professor, Department of
Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Raipur and chairman of my advisory
committee for his valuable guidance and constant encouragement throughout the
course of investigation.
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. P.N. Singh,
Professor and Head, Department of Horticulture, I.G.A.U., Raipur (M.P.) for his
inspiring guidance and helpful suggestions during the course of my work.
I am deeply obliged to all the member of advisory committee Dr.
D.A. Sarnaik, Associate Professor Shri H.G. Sharma, Assistant Professor. (Hort.),
Shri C.P. Khare ( Plant Pathology), Dr. Anurag, Assistant Professor (Soil
Science) and Shri A.L. Rai, Assistant Professor (Agricultural Statistics) for
valuable guidance and suggestions in completion of this work.
With profound respect? I extend my gratitude to Dr. V.K. Patil,
Hon'ble Vice Chancellor, I.G.A.U., Raipur, Dr. R.S. Tripathi, Director of
Research Services , Dr. M.N. Shrivastava, Dean & Dr. K.C. Agrawal Director
Instructions, IGAU, Raipur for providing necessary facilities during the period of
my research work.
I am deeply thankful to my teachers Dr. N. Shukla, Dr. N. Mehata,
Shri P. Dubey and staff members Shri T.Tirkey, Shri T.N. Banjara, Shir J. Trivedi,
Shri S. Verma, Shri N. Agrawal, Shri A. Dixit, Department of Horticulture and
Dr. (Smt.) C. Mahajan who were always ready to give their valuable kind
guidance when ever required.
My most heartful thanks goes to my senior Sir R, Yadav, Ramakant,
Gavind, Phoolsingh, Jamna, Dinesh, Endrasan, Dilip, Rajesh, Ramveer and D.
Sharma and my friends Jeevan, Narayan, Baldev, Dogra, Subimal, Panrin, Dabas,
Ku. Annu, Rajshri, Serene, Bhagat, Ramtake, Rajesh, Dinesh, Shivaji, Ramlakhan,
Rajeev, Kushanu, Raju, Raghunath, Tejlal and Chainu, and Juniors Naidu,
Manoj, Mangal, Devshanker, Kishore, Amit, Bhagvat Shishir, Ravi, Hemant,
Rajaram, Parvind, Sukulsingh, Mandari, Mahobe, Daharia for their love and co-
operation during post graduation.
My special thanks to Shri R.K. Tembhare, Shri L.S. Yadv, Shri V.
Verma, Shri P.L. Sinha and Shri Man mohan Yadav for their kind assistance
during the course of investigation.
My deepest gratitude of course is to my parents father Shri Shiv
Prasad, mother Smt. Ramkunwar, Jija Shri Biras Sahu, Sister Smt. Tameshwari
Sahu, elder brother Shri Tameshwar Sahu bhabhi ji Smt. Shyma Sahu and other
member Ramkumar, Savita, Guatam, Shekhar, Devendra, Chhotu and Gayatrifor
their constant inspiration, love affection and encouragement without I would not
have reached up to this stage.
I thank to Shailendra K. Bais (Pappu) for his extra efforts in typing
my manuscript within stipulated period of time.
I thank one and all to whom I have forgotten to thank.
Dept. of HorticultureCollege of AgricultureRaipur(M.P.)492012
Date :
Manoj Kumar Sahu
Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
Chilli (Capscium frutenscens L) is one of the most valuable
solanaceous crops being grown for vegetable, spices, Condiments, souces,
pickles and making chutney is also rich in vitamin 'A'and 'C'. It becQme
popular among consumers owing to its high food value and among the
vegetable growers because of its wide adaptability to various agroclimatic
conditions prevailing in different part of the country.
India has emerged as the largest producer of chilli with
production of 8,50,000 metric tonnes (Murugan, 1998). The average
productivity of chillies in India and Madhya Pradesh is 932 kg / ha and 214
kg/ha, respectively (Peter, 1997). Since the productivity of chillies in
Madhya Pradesh is quite low, therefore it becomes more important to
increase the production and productivity for the increasing population.
The planting distance is an important factor for determining the
growth, yield and quality of vegetable crop. Therefore, judicious assessment
for the spacing is most essential to get sufficient nutrients, light and air for
the optimum growth and development of plant besides giving more
economic returns, which vary from variety to variety and regionsjpdividual
plant in wider planting distance generally gives better result but the
cumulative yield per unit area remains lower in comparison to closer
planting (Revanappa et a/. 1997 b). The quality of the produce may be
adversely affected and may not fetch better price in the market. Gulshan
and Lai (1992) also emphasized the role of spacing in terms of net returns
in chillies.
An adequate and balanced supply of plant nutrients is pre-
requisite to maximize the yield. The use of micronutrients though required
in minute quantity, their role is one of the most deciding attribute for quality
yield (Dangare, 1997). During the last 25 years,the practical importance of
micronutrients in agriculture, horticulture and other production sectors has
increased significantly due to wide spread micronutrients deficiencies in
Indian soil. Despite the fact that the micronutrients have got definite effect
on the yield and quality of vegetables, consequently little attention has so
far been given to this aspect.
Long term use of chemical fertilzers particularly N, P and K
alone by the farmers resulted in deterioration in soil productivity under the
modern intensive farming system, which was found to be associated with
the imbalance in certain secondary and micronutrients elements (Nambiar,
1994)%.inc was identified as usually yield limiting among the micronutrients
under the intensive farming.
The failure to correct these nutrient imbalance in time may
have far-reaching economic consequences not only in raising productivity
but also in maintaining the quality of the produce. In many part of India, zinc
as a plant nutrient now standsthird in importance next to nitrogen and
phosphorus (Thakkar and Randhawa, 1980). The role of these
J
micronutrients in maintaining sustained productivity was also evaluated
under intensive cropping system by Nabiar and Abrol (1988) and Nabiar
and Abrol (1989). Reduction in the uptake of nutrient by crop was in general
observed on certain soils after a decade of intensive farming which was
found to be associated with the emergence of deficiencies of one or more
of the plant nutrients leading to decreased productivity. It is therefore of
paramount importance that a rigorous monitoring of micronutrient should be
done which are yield limiting, for the sustainable productivity (Nambiar,
1994).
Scientific seed production in India has yet to get a sound
footing largely due to non availability of sufficient information of its
production practices. This has resulted in the reluctance of growers to take
up the seed production of chilli, commercially. Good seed is the basic and
most important input requiring relatively less cost, amongst all the inputs
involved in the crop production. There is a great demand of fresh seeds
every year in India. The total area in the country under chilli is 568000
hactare and the total seed requirement was worked 568 thousand kg
(Agrawal, 1998).
Chillies can be grown in a wide range of agroclimate hence
there is greater possibilities of quality seed production, in Chhattisgarh
region also. Chilli seed crop is influenced by several factors, among those,
time of planting, spacing, fertilizer application, diseases and insects etc. are
important. No earlier work has been done in this region on the seed
production of chilli. Thus, considering the facts mentioned above an
experiment entitled "Efect of spacing and micronutrients on seed
production of chilli (Capscium fruitescens L.) under Chhattisgarh
region" was conducted with the following objectives :
1. To study the effect of spacings on growth, fruit and seed yield of chilli.
2. To study the effect of different micronutrients on growth, fruit and
seed yield of chilli.
3. To study the influence of spacing and micronutrients on seed
quality of chilli.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Chapter- II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Optimum spacing and micronutrient plays greater role in
cultivation of vegetable for maximising yield and quality produce.
Recently, considerable interest has also been focused toward the use
of micronutrients , through foliar application. Considering beneficial
effects of micronutrients and spacing, an experiment entitled "Effect of
spacing and micronutrients on seed production of chilli (Capsicum
frutescens L.) under Chhattisgarh region". The literature pertaining
to the important factors like spacing and micronutrients influencing
growth, fruit set, flower drop, number of seeds per fruit, yield and quality of
chilli and solanaceous crops, as well as other vegetable crops are
reviewed briefly under appropriate headings.
2.1 Effect of spacing on growth and yield of chilli
Plant density per unit area is one of the most important
factors governing the yield of vegetable crops. While a larger spacing
would enable a plant to express its growth potentialities to a greater
extent _, "the decrease in plant population may not be compensated by
extra performance of individual plant in respect of yield. It is necessary to
decide spacing judiciously so that each plant growing side by side gets
sufficient amount of nutrients, light, air and space for optimum
T
growth and development and compromise may establish between the
quantity and quality of the produce.
Thompson and Kelley (1957) stated that small growing
variety of chillies should be put at closed spacing of 45 cm and spreadly
ones 75 to 90 cm apart. Further, stated that most of peppers are planted
about 60 cm in row and 90 cm apart. Transplanting at 75 x 75 cm gave
more return.
Choudhury (1967) suggested that in North India
generally, chillies are spaced at a distance of 45 x 45 cm, while in South
India, they are generally spaced 55 x 55 cm. He further, stated that closer
spacing with the rows ensure higher yields.
Palevileth (1969) concluded . that an increase in plant
population results in higher total as well as red fruit yield in single
harvesting. The high yield was recorded at a density of 26.7 plants/sq.m.
The spacing of plants at 45 x 30 cm resulted in higher yield (Anonymous,
1969). The best results were obtained by transplanting at 30 cm apart in
wide plastic tunnels. It was further noted that closer spacing appearedto
cause excessive competition for light (Rosenblum, 1970).
Boominathan et al. (1971) and Selvaraj et al. (1972)
reported on the basis of a trial conducted at Bhavani Sagar on spacing
of chillies at 60 x 60 cm, 45 x 45 cm and 30 x 30 cm spacing gave
highly significant yield difference. The yield was linear with the increase
in the plant population. The closely spaced crop registered 65 per cent
increase over widely spaced.
Mucalov et al. (1971) Obtained higher yield from 2400 to
4000 plants per acre (45 x 30 to 25 cm) but after considering the cost of
plant and transplanting of labour, there was no economical advantageI
from higher population. They also stated that standard early (var.
Vinedale and Shepherd) and compact early ( var. Vinettle and
Spartan Garnet) cultivars at 1600 plants per acre (30 cm apart in rows 80
cm apart) produced 9.9 and 11.3 tonnes per acre. Chillies planted at 30 x
30 cm out yielded those planted at conventional spacing of 45 x 45 cm by
about 21 per cent.
Chauhan (1972). Suggested planting distance of 75 cm x 45
cm for the varieties bearing a small fruit and 90 x 60 cm for those
bearing large fruits.
Singh (1973) recommended 45 x 30 cm planting distance for|
chilli. While a spacing of 75 cm line to line (ridges) and 45 cm plant to
plant for irrigated chillies and 90 cm for rainfed condition for Karnataka
was recommended for getting good yield (Anonymous, 1974).
Experiments were conducted on spacing of chillies planted at
20x20 cm, 20 x 30 cm and 40 x 40 cm by Sinha (1975) and recorded
highest yield at the closest spacing and lowest at the widest one.
Patil and Singh (1979) conducted trial with the capsicum
cvs. Patana Red, Pusa Jwala, NP 46-A and G-3 and observed increase in
mean yield and ripe pods of all cvs. From 14.1 q ha"1 in plants spaced at
45 x 60 cm to maximum of 28.36 q ha~1in plants spaced at 30 x 30 cm
whereas, Pusa Jwala gave the highest ripe pod yield of 41.34 q ha"1 at 30 x
30cm.
Rastogi et al. (1980) Studied in a trial with capsicum cv.
Califonia Wonder, planted at 60 x 45 and 45 x 45 cm spacing received
two level of nitrogen @ 45 and 75 kg/ha and found that yield was highest
with 45 x 45 cm spacing i.e. 3.6 and 6.8 kg in plot of 2.8 x 1.8 at both the
level of nitrogen, respectively.
Gowde et al. (1990) planted 42 day old capsicum seedlings
of cv. California Wonder and Selection-16 at 3 inter-row spacings (40, 50
and 60 cm) and 3 plant densities (40,000, 50,000 and 60,000 plant/ha).
The 60 cm inter-row spacing resulted in the highest number of fruits
plant"1 (7.24), and fruit yield (172.45 q ha'1). The 40,000 plant ha"1
density resulted in the highest number of fruit plant"1 (7.83) with fruit
yield of 340.40 g whereas, highest fruit yield (159.62 q ha"1) was obtained
with 50,000 plant ha"1. This yield did not differ significantly from that with
60,000 plants ha"1 (158.38 q ha"1 ).
Aliya and Yusuf (1991) carried out a field trial at Samara,
Nigeria during 1990 on cultivars UL 2289 and PL 2289 planted at 3 intra-
row spacings (30, 40 and 50 cm) supplied with 4 Nitrogen rates (0, 60,
120 and 189 kg ha ). With respect to intra-row spacing, the greatest
plant height (38.51 cm), leaf number (166.34), number of branches
(35.69) and fruit diameter (9.11 cm) were obtained at the 50 cm spacing,
whereas highest fresh yield (295.3 kg ha"1) was obtained at the 30 cm
spacing.
Experiment carried out on Capsicum annum (cv. California
Wonder) during the rabi season with 4 fertilizer levels (100:37.5:25,
150:75:50, 200:112.5:75 and 250:150:100 kg NPK/ha) and 3 plant
spacings (60 x 30, 60 x 45 and 60 60 cm) by Dharmatti et al. (1991).
Highest total seed yield (80.92 kg ha"1) and seed recovery in the second
and third pickings (71.41 and 53.04 per cent) were obtained with the 50 x
45 cm spacing. Highest seed recovery in the first picking (68. 28 per
cent) was obtained with 60 x 30 cm plant spacing. As seed recovery is
low in the third picking, 2 pickings only could be made for high recovery
of seeds.
Savic and llic (1992) conducted two year trials on cv.
Soroksari. The plants were spaced at 15, 25, 30, 40 and 50 cm apart in
row spacing of 60 cm. The closest spacing ( 60 x 15 cm) produced
highest yield per hactare (514.3 kg ha"1) and lowest yield plant"1 (0.463
kg ha"1). While, the widest spacing produced the lowest yield ha"1(351.6
kg ha"1) and highest yield plant"1 (1.054 kg).
| Experimental work was carried out at Pantnagar on the
optimum seed yield and net income per ha. of chilli (cv. Pant C-1),
during the rainy season of 1986 and 1987 (Gulshan and Lai, 1992). Both
parameters were maximized with a spacing of 45 x 30 cm with application
of 100 kg N ha"1. The treatments did not affect the germination
percentage.
Leskovar et al. (1992) Studied early root and shoot growth
and yield of pungent capsicum cultivars in response to plant
population, planting method and genotypes in the winter Garden of Texus
in 1991. Direct sown Cajun 1 A cayenne pepper seeds at 8, 10, 15, 20,
25 and 30 cm apart within row in spring had increased number of fruits
plant"1 and reduced fruit length with increase in spacing from 10 to 30
cm but yield, fruit weight and diameter were unaffected.
Sanchez et al. (1993) transplanted six-week-old seedling of
cv. Resistant Giant No.4 at 15, 30, 45 and 60 cm apart. Plants grown at
low densities produce larger fruits with the faster seed germination at
higher percentage than the plants grown at higher densities.
Decoteau and Graham (1994) Observed that the yields with
either a 15 cm row spacing in a single row or a 30 cm row spacing in
double rows (both with 44, 400 plant ha"1) were higher than with other
spacing. In general less fruit weight was located in the lower part of the
plant canopy at higher plant population densities with fever fruits plant"1
and more fruits ha"1.
Anez and Figuredo (1994) raised capsicum plant on a sandy
loam soil at row spacing of 0.40, 0.80 and 1.20 m and were supplied with
\l
0, 150, 300 and 450 kg N ha"1 P2O5 100 kg and K2O kg were applied in
all the treatments. N and K were applied in 2 split doses (15 and 60
days after planting). Most plant growth parameters and the average
weight of undamaged fruit (11.55 g) was not affected by treatment but the
yield (t ha"1 and g plant"1) was increased with the decrease in row spacing.
Jankulovski, (1994) raised two varieties at 5 densities,
seed yield was increased in both varieties by reducing the space
available for each plant (i.e. increasing the density) compared with the
control (1400 cm2 plant"1). At 800 cm2 plant"1 the seed yield increase was
22.4 and 17.9 per cent in Kartovita Kapija and Shorok Shari, respectively.
Mishriky and Alphonse (1994) studied the effect of
nitrogen application rates (20, 40 and 60 kg / feddan) in capsicum (cv.
Coliformia Wonder) grown at various plant spacings (30, 40 and 50 cm).
Nitrogen was applied as ammonium sulphate in 2 equal doses, 3 and 6
weeks after transplanting. Increasing the N rate significantly increased
plant height, fruit fresh and dry weight, number of fruit and total fruit yield
per plant, whereas, the number of branches, fruit and yield plant"1 was
decreased with closer plant spacing but the total yield (kg/plot or tonnes
/ feddan) was increased.
Sharma and Peshin (1994) obtained maximum number of
branches, fruits per plant, 1000 seed weight and germination percentage in
sweet pepper at 60 x 45 cm spacing. However, fruit as well as seed yield
was found to be maximum at 30 x 45 cm.
Sontakke et al. (1995) reported highest red chilli yield in
cultivars Pusa-Jwala and Pant C-1 planted as spacing of 30 x 45 than in
45 x 45 or 45 x 60 cm spacing.
Shrivastava (1996) investigated the effects of N+P+K
(200+180+150, 250+200+200 kg ha"1 ) and spacing (60 x 40, 60 x 50 and
60 x 60) on the growth and yield of capsicum cv. Hybrid Bharat and
observed decreased in days to 50 per cent flowering, percentages fruit
set, number of fruits and yield plant"1 and yield ha"1 with increasing
spacing. The interaction between fertilizer rate and spacing was
significant only on days to fruit set and percentage fruit set.
The pepperoncini pepper (Capsicum annum var. annum
cv. Golden Creak) was grown at row spacing of 7.5, 15, 22.5, 30 and 45
cm by Moisenbocker (1996) and noticed that the pepper plant grown at the
15 cm row spacing had the lowest plant stem and leaf dry weight, while
plant at the lowest density (45 cm spacing) had the .highest leaf dry weight
and largest leaf area (L.A.). Total yield and fruit quintal ha"1 were highest
for plant grown at the 7.5 cm spacing but fruit yield plant"1 was lowest.
Maya et al (1997) planted sweet pepper cv. California
Wonder at 60 x 30, 60 x 45 and 60 x 60 cm supplied with 0, 50 and 100 kg
N ha"1 and 0, 50 and 100 kg plant ha"1 . Plant height and yield (12.13
t ha"1) were highest at the closest spacing of 60 x 30 ha"1 cm while,
number of branches per plant, plant growth generally increased as N
and P application rates increased.
Revanappa et al (1997a) found all the fruit parameters
(length, width, volume, number of seed and number of fruit) significantly
better at the widest spacing of 75 x 60 cm in 3 green chilli cultivars
(Nagavi, Pusa Jwala and Kardrolli) although this spacing recorded the
lowest yield ha"1. Poor fruit parameter were observed at the closest
spacing (60 x 30 cm), although, the highest yield ha"1 were obtained
from this treatment.
Revanappa et al. (1997b) observed that the closest
spacing recorded the highest yield and net returns at the cost of quality
parameters (TSS and ascorbic acid). The negative relation between
yield and quality was confirmed. The interaction effect of varieties and
spacing treatments with respect to yield and quality parameters were
non-significant during both the season of investigation.
Viloria et al. (1997) recorded height and diameter of the
main stem, height, fresh and dry weight of the stem, leaf, number of
branches and number of flowers in the branches measured at 35 and 80
days after planting in row plant spacing of 10, 15 or 20 cm in double rows
(60 cm apart) and found significant decrease in the evaluated characters
with the spacing reduced from 20 x 60 to 10 x 60 cm, except for the height
of the main stem.
Arteaga et al. (1999) noted in row plant spacing of 10, 15 and
20 cm in double row 60 cm apart with the sampling performed between
54 and 100 days after transplanting that fresh fruit weight descended to
an exponential rate with crop age and exponentially increased as planting
distance and fruit parameter measurement increased in bell pepper. Dry
mass was not significantly affected by planting distance and increased to
a positive exponential rates as time elapsed.
2.2 Effect of foliar sprays of micronutrient on vegetativegrowth
2.2.1 Zinc
Ranotkar (1981) found that the foliar application of ZnSO4
has increased the vegetative growth of chilli plants.
Hooda et a/. (1984) concluded that in the experiment with
0.05 per • cent ZnSO4 as foliar spray and 7.50 kg ha"1 ZnSO4 soil
application, the foliar application of ZnSO4 increased height of plant,
number of branches in tomato crop.
Bose and Tripathi (1986) conducted an experiment on
tomato variety Pusa Ruby and reported that the combined spraying of Zn,
Fe, Mn and B @ 0.2 per cent resulted in maximum height of the plant
81.56 cm and number of branches per plant and was closely followed
by Zn+Fe+B, Zn+Mn+B and Zn+B which were at par. Similarly Zinc
alone increased plant height and number of branches.
The foliar spray of zinc at 0.1 per cent produced maximum
plant height in chilli (Husain et a/., 1989).
A trial on chilli var. Jawala was conducted by Dod et a/.,
(1989) and reported that spray at full bloom (50 day after planting and
again after an interval of 21 days) with 0.2 per cent ZnSO4 , exhibited
increased plant height, number of branches, stem diameter and leaf
area.
Singh et al. (1989) noticed significant increase in the height
and number of effective branches per plant with the application of 20 kg
ZnS04 ha"1 + 0.5 per cent foliar spray before flowering in capsicum.
Singh and Verma (1991) conducted two years trial with
tomato cv. Pusa Ruby and reported that the application of K at 120 kg
ha"1 and Zn at 10 kg ha"1 alone or in combination exhibited optimum plant
growth.
Maximum leaf area of chilli plant was observed by Ingle et
al. (1993) when plants were sprayed with 0.2 per cent ZnSO4, similarly
plant height, number of branches and stem diameter were increased over
untreated plants.
Ravichandran et al. (1995) stuidied that effect of Zn on yield
and quality of brinjal var. Annamalai was studied in a silty clay loam which
was deficient in Zn. The results revealed that soil application of Zn
SO4 (25 kg ha"1 ) and 0.5 per cent Zn foliar spray 30 DAT recorded
highest fruit yield, number of fruits per plant"1, dry mQtterproduction and
plant height. But soil application of Zn SO4 25 kg/ha recorded highest
individual fruit weight.
2.2.2 Iron
Husain et a/ (1989) reported that combined spray of zinc,
born and iron increases the chilli plant height when sprayed at the rate of
0.1 per cent.
Wang (1990) observed decrease in the plant weight of sweet
pepper with lowest concentration of ferric iron, Ferrous or Ferric iron at
0.35, 0.7or1.4ppm. Average total plant dry weight with ferric iron was
only 60 per cent of that with ferrous iron, similar effect on fresh weight of
plant parts and on root length were found in sweet pepper.
Mehrotra (1992) observed that the Fe deficiency in
capsicum resulted in markedly depressed plant growth.
Kumbhar and Deshmuk (1993) found maximum height of
plant (68.28 cm) by addition of iron sulphate @ 12.0 kg/ha followed by
the addition of iron sulphate @ 8.0 kg ha"1 75 days after
transplanting in tomato crop.
From Rewa (M.P.), Bose and Tripathi (1996) reported that
iron @ 0.2 per cent increases the height and number of branches per
plant over check in tomato.
2.2.3 Boron
Butnaru et al. (1971) reported that 0.1 per cent boron
stimulated plant growth in pungent pepper.
Singh and Verma (1971) noticed that application of boron
2 kg ha"1 resulted in optimum plant growth in tomato crop.
Hooda et al. (1984) reported boron 0.25 per cent foliar
spray increases height of tomato plant and number of branches. Boron +
Zinc sulphate (0.25 + 0.50 per cent) produced maximum number of
branches.
Husain et al. (1989) found that boron spray on chilli plant @
0.1 per cent increases the height of plant over control.
Desiraju et al. (1992) Stated that the boron deficiency
significantly reduced both root growth and dry weight of tomato and okra
seedlings.
Gunes et al. (1999) reported with four levels of boron and
three levels of zinc on tomato that increased. Levels of boron
increased the concentration of boron in plant growth tissue to a greater
extent in the absence of applied Zn. Both Zn and B treatments
increased Zn concentration of the plant.
2.2.4 Copper
Ravichandran et al (19,95) reported that soil application of Cu
SO4 (12.5 kg ha"1 ) and 0.5 per cent foliar spray of Cu 30 days after
transplanting recorded highest dry matter production and plant height in
brinjal crop.
2.3 Effect of foliar spray of micronutrients on yield andreproductive characters
2.3.1 Zinc
Dobroljubskii (1955) found that Mn, Zn, and Cu sulphates
applied alone or in combination improved flowering, fruiting and
earliness in egg plant as compared with the control.
Pillai (1967) in the experiment found that all combinations
of copper, zinc and maganese were beneficial in increasing yield of chilli.
Aliev (1968) reported that in Zn micronutrient trial on tomato
grown in container observed earlier flowering and fruit ripening with
Zn but higher doses shortened the fruit bearing phase though the
increase in yield was by 9 to 12 per cent.
Butnaru et al. (1971) reported an early and prolific yield with
foliar spray of 0.03 per cent zinc in pungent pepper.
Fekete (1974) from three years trial concluded that K as 1
and 2 per cent K2O (in 1st and 2nd spray respectively) + Zn as 44 ppm
ZnSO4 gave 21 more yield and mean fruit weight in capsicum.
Ashour (1975) suggest that application of 100 ppm ZnSO4
improved vegetative growth and increased fruit setting and total yield of
tomato as compared to control.
Arora et al (1983) recorded maximum number of fruit set
from 50 ppm PCPA + 25 ppm M0 + 700 ppm Zn sprayed plant (17.40)
whereas, least fruit set occurred in untreated plant (6.8). Similarly
1J3
maximum number of fruits per plant (29.7) and early yield was reorderd
in same treatments (29.7) whereas untreated plants produced least
number of fruit per plant in tomato.
Muthukrishnan et al. (1983) reported that the pepper
plants sprayed with chelets of Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe for five times at 15 days
interval increased the yield.
Foliar spray of zinc @ 0.1 per cent significantly increased the
number of fruit plant"1 fruit length, seed / fruit, yield ha"1 and also
increased fruit girth and seed weight of chilli, (Husain et al. 1989).
Under Akola condition, Dod et al. (1989) reported that he
foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.2 per cent on chilli crop gave earliest fruit
harvest (99.4 days) and less fruit drop (41.6 per cent) as compared
control (i.e. 10.4 days and 51.41 per cent, respectively).
Singh et al. (1989) reported highest seed yield in both year
180.55 and 79.35 kg ha"1 , respectively applied with 20 kg ZnSO4 ha"1 as
basal + 0.5 per cent as a foliar spray before flowering in capsicum.
Ingle et al. (1993) reported that foliar application of 10 ppm
NAA alone and NAA 10 ppm + urea 1 per cent + 0.2 per cent ZnSO4,
produced significant increase in chilli yield by 41.04 per cent and 38.39
per cent and reduced the fruit drop by 6.84 per cent and 7.92 per cent
respectively over water sprayed plants.
Kaminwar and Rajagopal (1993) stated that Zn 0.5 g was
required to produce one quintal of dry chilli fruits.
Deshmukh (1993) observed that the ZnSO4 @ 0.2 per cent
increased number of seeds, weight of seed and ascorbic acid content in
green chilli.
2.3.2 Iron
Navrot and Levin (1976) reported increased yield of pepper
fruits with foliar application of chelates (B + Cu + Zn + Mn + Fe).
In a field experiment at Rajendranagar, Husain et a/. (1989)
found that foliar spray of iron at 0.1 per cent increased the fruits per
plant, seeds per fruit and yield ha"1 in chilli.
Dwivedi and Dwivedi (1991) conducted field experiment to
find out mode of application of micronutrients in potato and reported that
the foliar spray of Fe @ 10 kg ha"1 as sulphate salts resulted in higher
tuber yield (6.95 per cent) over control followed by seed soaking with
0.05 per cent. Fe solution and tuber yield increased (6.85 per cent)
over control and soil application resulted decreased yield (-4.65 per cent)
over control.
Kaminwar and Rajagopal (1993) recommended 8.5 g, Fe to
produce one quintal dry pods in chilli.
The application of 8.0 kg ferrous sulphate ha"1 was best in
respect of fruit yield and dry matter production in tomato crop (Kumbhar
and Deshmukh, 1993).
2-1
2.3.3 Boron
The combined spray of zinc, boron and iron application of
devimicroshakti through soil or its foliar spray significantly increased
the green yield of chillies, prolific bearing of fruits per plants large fruit size
and more seed per fruit. Spraying of boron also stimulated significant
improvement in yield over control was observed by Husain et al. (1989).
Rajamani et al. (1990) stated significant impact of boron on
successful induction of increased number of flowers in chilli and in chilli
-- . improved fruit set resulted in to increased yield.
Bose and Tripathi (1996) reported in tomato that boron
which enhances the flower bud initiation and fruit setting resulted in
increase in yield.
Prasad et al (1997) reported that Boron application
significantly increased tomato yield as compared to control treatment
with the highest average yield produced on plots given a foliar
application of 2.5 kg bordx ha"1. Foliar application of borax also gave the
highest average yield 143.66 kg ha"1.
•2-2-
2.4 Effect of foliar spray of micronutrietns on qualityof chilli
2.4.1 Zinc
Zinc as 44 ppm ZnSO4 recommended in capsicum by Fekete
(1974) found best result in increasing mean fruit weight and vitamin c.
content.
Ranotakar (1981) recorded that foliar application of
ZnSO4 increased the length, diameter and ascorbic acid content in chilli
fruit.s
Dod et al. (1989) reported increase in ascorbic acid content
over water spray with foliar spray of ZnSO4 at the of 0.2 per cent.
Husain et al. (1989) observed that zinc @ 0.1 per cent
significantly increased the fruit length, fruit girth and ascorbic acid
content over control.
The significant increase in ascorbic acid content of chilli fruit
with spray of ZnSO4 @ o.2 per cent was noticed with increase in length
and diameter of fruits, number of seeds per fruit and weight of seed .
(Ingle et al, 1989).
Deshmukh (1993) observed that the ZnSO4 @ 0.2 per cent
increases number of seed, weight of seed and ascorbic acid content in
green chillies.
2.4.2 Iron
The colour of chilli fruit was improved (Navrot and Levin,
1976), when FeSO4 applied @ 12 kg ha"1.
Husain et a/. (1989) recorded non-significant result with foliar
spray of Fe (0.1 per cent). But combined spray of zinc, boron and iron
increased the fruit length, fruit girth seed per fruit and ascorbic acid
content in chilli.
Bose and Tripathi (1996) in the experiment conducted in
tomato found that spray of iron at 0.1 per cent, reduced the craking of
fruits:
2.4.3 Boron
Albegov and Ratskerich (1972) conducted from two yeaistrial
with minor elements, applied at beginning of bud formation or before
flowering that the boron application increases fruit dry matter content by
10 per cent, sugar by 15 to 17 per cent and also increase in vitamin C
content in capsicum.
Rochkovskaya (1975) reported that the trace elements (B,
Cu, Zn and Mg) applied by seed soaking one day before sowing in 0-0.01,
0-0.02 or 0-0.03 per cent solutions and foliar application produced the
highest sugar and ascorbic acid contents in tomato.
Husain et al. (1989 ) on the contrary recorded none of the
micronutrient treatments improved the quality of green chillies in
terms of ascorbic acid content.
The colour of chilli fruits was improved by spraying boron
reported by Muthukrishnan et al. (1993).
2.4.4 Copper
Ravichandran et al. (1995) found that 0.15 per cent foliar
spray of Cu 30 DAT recorded highest fruit yield, number of fruits per
plant and ascorbic acid content in brinjal crop.
2.5 Inter-relationship between spacing and micronutrients
Singh et al. (1989) found in 2-year trials in the rainy season
with the cultivar Faizabad at a planting density of 1, 2 or 3 seedling / hill,
the plants received ZnSCU at 0, 20 or 40 kg ha"1 as a basal dose or at 20
kg ha"1 basal + 0.5 per cent as a foliar spray before flowering. The
highest seed yield in both year (80.55 and 79.35 kg ha"1, respectively)
was obtained with the combined soil + foliar application at the highest
planting density .
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chapter-III
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The investigation entitled "Effect of spacing and
micronutrients on seed production of chilli (Capsicum frutescens L.)
under Chhattisgarh region" was conducted at Horticultural research
Farm, Department of Horticulture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya,
Raipur (M.P.) during rabi season in the year 1999-2000.
3.1 Location and Climate
Raipur is located in the south-eastern part of Madhya
Pradesh popularly known as Chhattisgarh, at 21° 16' N latitude and 81°36'
E longitude and at an altitude of 298.56 meters from mean sea level.
Raipur has subhumid agroclimatic conditions. The average rainfall of this
region is 1000-1350 mm, most of which (about 82 per cent ) is received
during monsoon season (June to September) and the rest during post
monsoon and winter season. The weekly maximum and minimum
temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, evaporation and sunshine hours
during the period of experiment are given in Table 3.1 and illustrated in
Fig. 3.1
The details of material used and methodology followed in the
present investigation is mention as below :
Table 3.1 : Weekly meteorological parameter prevailing during thecrop period (3 Sept. 1999 to 1 April, 2000)
Met. WeekRainfall Temperature (°C)
(mm) Maxi. Mini.Relative Wind Evopo-humidity velocity ration
I II (kms/hr)3-9 Sept10-1 6 Sept17-23 Sept24-30 Sept1-7Oct8-14Oct15-20Oct22-28 Oct29 Oct - 4 Nov5-11 Nov12-1 8 Nov19-25 Nov26 Nov. - 2 Dec3-9 Dec10-16 Dec.17-23 Dec24-31 Dec1 Jan - 7 Jan8-14 Jan15-21 Jan22-28 Jan29 Jan - 4 Feb5-1 1 Feb12-18 Feb19-25 Feb26 Feb-4 March5-11 March12-1 8 March19-25 March26 March-1AprlTotalMean
3.031.2
134.157.012.6
1.21.06.20.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.0
14.223.6
5.80.00.00.00.0
289.99.7
30.528.727.630.531.331.530.030.330.131.727.627.628.428.026.826.527.926.929.429.529.929.029.528.726.729.033.834.335.336.6
893.629.8
24.323.923.123.623.423.021.120.220.518.512.09.9
10.311.79.87.8
10.47.6
10.012.511.911.615.615.614.614.115.515.116.616.7
470.915.7
919344929194949390909092928991909288868486858178898673686261
2535.084.5
778488757261606060474031334034333734294734344748562819151914
1356.045.2
6.58.37.84.72.63.23.82.74.11.82.02.11.61.72.21.91.51.91.93.32.23.04.14.54.34.63.84.84.33.5
104.73.5
(mm)3.33.11.53.64.04.43.73.53.83.53.63.42.92.62.92.82.72.83.23.9
' 3.84.04.63.93.74.96.00.00.01.0
97.13.2
Sun-shine(hour)
0.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.08.89.78.89.28.68.30.17.68.79.18.49.49.37.25.96.27.29.6
10.19.97.1
169.25.6
3.2 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Soil
The soil of the experimental field was clay loam. Before
laying out the experiment, soil samples were collected randomly from 10
places upto a depth of 30 cm. The composite sample was analysed and
the mean values were worked out. The physico-chemical analysis of the
soil has been summarized in Table 3..2.
Table 3.2 : Physico-chemical properties of the soil
Particulars Value Class/group Method
a. Mechnical analyis
1.
2.
3.
Sand (%)
Silt (%)
Clay (%)
22.58
32.54
12.01
Clay loam
(Dorsa)
International pipette
method
b. Chemical Analysis
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Organic carbon (%)
Available nitrogen (kg ha"1 )
Available phosphorus (kg ha"1 )
Available potash (kg ha"1)
Soil reaction (pH)
Electrical conductivity
Available zinc (mg/kg"1)
Available iron (mg/kg"1)
Available copper (mg/kg"1)
0.50
220.00
10.00
260.00
6.30
0.78
0.61
16.82
2.11
Low
Low
Medium
Medium
Slightly
acidic
Medium
Low
Medium
Medium
Walkey Blacks's
Modified Kejeldhal
Olsen method
Flame photometer
Glass electrode pH
meter method
Conductivity method
Atomic
absorption
spectrophotometer
3.3 Experiment Details :
1. Crop
2. Cultivar
3. Design of the experiment
Chilli (Capsicum frutescens L)
Pusa Sadabahar
Factorial Randomized Block Design
4. Number of replication :
5. Number of treatment :
6. Total number of plots
7. Net plot size :
8. Distance between replication :
9. Distance between two plot :
10. Gross area :
11. Total Net area :
3.4 Treatment Details
3
20
60
3.6x1.8 meter (6.48m2)
0.75 meter
0.5 meter
586.5 sq. meter
388.8 sq. meter
There were twenty treatment combination of four spacing
(30 x 30, 30 x 45, 30 x 60 and 45 x 45 cm) and five micronutrients including
water sprays as control. These micronutrients were zinc, copper, boron
and iron sprayed @ 0.5 per cent foliar spray. The details of these are
given below :
a. Spacing (S)1.30x30 cm 81
2. 30x45 cm S2
3. 30 x 60 cm S3
4. 45 x 45 cm S4
b. Micronutrients sprays (M)1. Boron 0.5 per cent M-i
2. Zinc 0.5 per cent M2
3. Copper 0.5 per cent M3
4. Iron 0.5 per cent M4
5. Water spray (control) M5
c. Spacing x Micronutrient sprays
Treatmentcombination(SxM)
Detail of treatments
S-iM-i 30 x 30 cm x 0.5 per cent boron spray
SiM2 30 x 30 cm x 0.5 per cent zinc spray
S-|M3 30 x 30 cm x 0.5 per cent copper spray
S-|M4 30 x 30 cm x 0.5 per cent iron spray
S-|M5 30 x 30 cm x water spray (control)
S2M-i 30 x 45 cm x 0.5 per cent boron spray
S2M2 30 x 45 cm x 0.5 per cent zinc spray
S2M3 30 x 45 cm x 0.5 per cent copper spray
SalVU 30 x 45 cm x 0.5 per cent iron spray
S2M5 30 x 45 cm x water spray (control)
S3M-i 30 x 60 cm x 0.5 per cent boron spray
S3M2 30 x 60 cm x 0.5 per cent zinc spray
S3M3 30 x 60 cm x 0.5 per cent copper spray
S3M4 30 x 60 cm x 0.5 per cent iron spray
S3M5 30 x 60 cm x water spray (control)
S4Mi 45 x 45 cm x 0.5 per cent born spray
S4M2 45 x 45 cm x 0.5 per cent zinc spray
S4M3 45 x 45 cm x 0.5 per cent copper spray
S4M4 45 x 45 cm x 0.5 per cent iron spray
S4M5 45 x 45 cm x water spray (control)
3.5 Nursery raising
Raised nursery beds of 10 x1 x 0 . 1 2 m were prepared on
well ploughed and levelled field. A well rotten cattle dung manure @ 50 kg
per nursery bed was well mixed in the soil with help of spade. Seeds were
treated with thiram @ 2.5 kg"1 of seeds and than sown in lines 10 cm apart
on 3 September 1999 @ 1 kg seed ha"1. The seeds after sowing were
covered by sieved well rotten F.Y.M. and the bed was covered with the
grass. It was irrigated with the help of hazara as per need. The grass
covered on the nursery bed, was removed immediately after germination.
Fungicide, Dithane M-45 @ 0.25 per cent after germination was sprayed
at ten days interval after germination, to protect the seedlings from
damping off disease. Malathion @ 1 ml per liter of water was sprayed as
precaution from insects.
3.6 Land preparation
The land was well prepared before transplanting with help of
harrow. Prior to harrowingtwell decomposed F.Y.M. @ of 200 q ha"1 was
incorporated uniformly in the experimental plot, than the plot was divided in
to beds having net size 3.6 x 1.8 m. In all, there were 60 plots divided in
to three replication with 586.5 sq. meter gross area covered by experiment.
3.7 Transplanting of seedlings
The uniform and healthy seedlings of about five weeks old
were transplanted in experimental plots on 7th October 1999.
Transplanting was done at a spacing of 30 x 30, 30 x 45, 45 x 45 and 30 x
60 cm with one seedling per hill after treating with Dithane M-45 @ 0.25
per cent solution.
3.8 Fertilizer application
The recommended dose of chemical fertilisers @ 100 kg N,
50 kg P and 50 kg K2O per hacter was applied through urea, single super
phosphate and muriate of potash, respectively. Nitrogen was applied in
three split doses i.e. 50 per cent at transplanting, 25 per cent at 30 days
after transplanting (DAT) and rest 25 per cent at 45 DAT, phosphorus and
potash was applied uniformly to each plot as basal dose.
3.9 Irrigation and Inter culture operation
Total seven irrigation was given during the crop period at an
interval of 15 days. The weeds were completely removed at the time of
field preparation, At later growth stages four hand weddings at 20, 45, 75
and 95 DAT were sufficient to keep the plot weed free.
3.10 Preparation of Micronutrients solution
The solution of micronutrients i.e. zinc, iron, born and copper
of same concentrations (0.5 per cent) were prepared separately by
dissolving the required quantity of zinc sulphate, ferrous sulphate, borax,
and copper sulphate, respectively in water. The lime was added @ 50 per
cent of the quantity used for zinc sulphate, farrous sulphate and copper
sulphate spray solutions to neutralize the acidity.
32-
The first spray was given on 25 DAT and rest of the four
sprays were made at an interval of 25 days with the help of Kanpsack
sprayer. Spraying was done in such as way that the whole plant was
covered uniformly.
3.11 Plant protection measures
The adequate plant protection measures were adopted to
control the major insect pests and disease during crop period by spraying
0.15 per cent monocrotophos or endosulphun blended with 0.2 per cent.
Sulfex 80 W.P. or Dithane M-45 @ 0.25 per cent in water. Which
protected the crop from the insects particularly thirps and major prevalent
diseases which affects the crop adversely.
3.12 Harvesting
The picking of fruits was done when the colour of fruits turned
to bright red. In all 3 pickings were under taken from the net plot area of
6.48 gm. Fruits of five plants selected randomly were picked up
separately for studying the various growth and yield attributes.
3.13 Threshing and winnowing
The threshing of fruits were done after sun drying of the fruits
by wooden sticks keeping the dry fruits inside the gunny bag. Later the
seeds were removed by hand winnowing with help of winnowing basket
and sieves.
Observation schedule
In order to get representative samples five plants were
selected in each plot randomly and demarcated with bamboo pegs for
studying the various growth and yield attributed.
3.14.1 Growth character
3.14.1.1 Height of the plant
In order to study the growth factor five plants per plot were
selected for observations. Height was measured in centimetre from
ground level and the growing tip just before the spray of each micronutrent
and the last at 25 days after the final spray. Thus the plant height was
recorded at 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 days after planting and average height
plant"1 was calculated.
3.14.1.2 Stem girth
The stem girth of five randomly selected plants at just above
the soil surface was measured with the help of thread and scale at 25, 50,
75, 100 and 125 days after planting just before each sprays and the
average was calculated.
3.14.1.3 Number of primary branches plant'1
Five observation for number of primary branches plant"1 from
all the tagged plants were recorded plot wise at the interval of 25 days after
planting and mean were calculated. Except final observations, rest of the
observations were recorded just before the spray of micronutrients.
3.14.1.4 Number of secondary branches plant"1
Number of secondary branches were counted from all five
tagged plants at 50, 75, 100 and 125 days after planting and average was
worked out.
3.14.1.5 Number of leaves plant"1
Number of leaves plant"1 of five randomly selected plants
were counted five times at the interval of 25 days after planting and
average was worked out.
3.14.1.6 Spread of plant
Horizontal spread parallel to ground of five selected plants
were recorded at 125 days after planting with the help of meter scale and
means values were calculated.
3.14.1.7 Leaf area plant"1
Leaves area per plant was calculated by plotting twenty five
leaves from five randomly selected plants on graph paper. The traced
area was counted and average leaf area was calculated later it was
multiplied with the total number of leaves giving the leaf area per plant.
3.14.2 Yield contributing characters
3.14.2.1 Days to first flowering
First flowering days were recorded from the five selected
plants at an interval of two days and means were calculated.
3.14.2.2 Days to 50 per cent flowering
The date was noted when fifty per cent flowering was
observed from each plot and later the days took to 50 per cent flowering
after transplanting was calculated.
3.14.2.3 Per cent fruit set
A branch was selected from each tagged plant for counting
flowering and fruiting. The total number of flowers on the selected branch
were counted from these five plants and similarly total number of fruits
from same branch were recorded per cent fruit set was calculated with the
help of formula as given below :
Number of fruits branch-1Per cent fruit set = x 100
Number of flowers branch"1
3.14.2.4 Fresh weight of fruits
Ten fruits were randomly selected from each treatment and
their weight was measured with help of electronic balance and their
average was calculated.
3.14.2.5 Dry weight of fruits
Ten fresh ripped fruits weight was recorded or mentioned
above and dried in the hot air oven at 55 °C temperature. Weight of dried
fruits was recorded with help of electronic balance and their average was
calculated.
3.14.2.6 Number of fruit plant*1
Number of fruits plant"1 were counted from each tagged
plants at every harvesting. After the final harvest the number of fruits of
every picking were total calculated.
3.14.2.7 Number of seed fruit*1
Ten full matured ripe fruits from each treatment and
replication were threshed and seeds were counted, then the average
number of seeds fruit"1 was calculated.
3.14.2.8 Pedicel length of fruit
The pedicel length of randomly selected ten fruits from each
treatment and replication was measured with the help of scale. Average
was calculated.
3.14.2.9 Length of fruit
The fruit length of randomly selected ten fruits of each
treatment and replication was measured and average was calculated.
3.14.2.10 Girth of fruits
Fruit girth was measured with the help of thread and scale of
randomly selected ten fruits from each treatment and replication and
average was calculated.
3.14.2.11 Yield per hectare (q)
Total weight of fruits harvested per plot was also recorded at
the time of each picking and yield per hactare was calculated.
Yield (kg) plot"1 10000Yield q ha"' = x
Area of plot in square meters 100
-1
3.14.2.12 1000 seed weight
1000 seed weight were taken from each treatment and
replication with the help of each treatment and replication with the help of
electronic balance and their average was calculated.
3.14.2.13 Germination percentage
For seed germination percentage, 100 seeds were counted
from each treatment and replication and seed were kept in germinator at
25°C temperature. First counting of seedling was done after 7 days and
latter final counting after 14 days, germination percentage was worked out
considering the final count and average was calculated.
3.15 Economics
Economics analysis of the different treatments were worked
out as per the rates of inputs and wages prevailing the course of study.
3.16 Statistical analysis
The present experimental data was analysed statistically by
the techniques of analysis of variance or applicable to factorial randomised
block design (Panse and Sukhatme, 1967). The significance of the
treatment was tested by "F" test value. Critical difference (C.D.) at 5 per
cent level of significance was worked out for comparison and statistical
interpretations of significant treatment means. The standard error of
difference was given in each case for significant treatment effect. Critical
difference (C.D.) of different spacing, micronutriens and their interaction at
5 per cent level of probability was calculated, where ever "F" test was
significantly.
EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
Chapter-IV
EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
The results obtained in the investigation entitled "Effect of
spacing and micronutrients on seed production of Chilli (Capsicum
frutescens L.) under Chhattisgarh region" are presented in this
chapter.
4.1 Growth characters
4.1.1 Plant height (cm)
The plant height recorded at 25, 50,75,100 and 125 days
after transplanting are presented in Table 4.1 and shown in Fig. 4.1
The observations recorded indicates continuous increase in
height from the initial observation i.e. 25 to 125 days after transplanting
(DAT). The rate of increase in height was increasing up to 50 DAT, later it
was increasing with decreasing rate between 50 to 75 DAT. But it was
again increased with decreasing rate between 100-125 DAT (Fig. 4.2).
The plant height was found to be affected significantly by
spacing and it was higher in closer spacing (30 x 30 cm), while it was
reduced in wider spacing of 30 x 60 cm. However, the final observation at
125 DAT showed significant effect of spacing with the maximum height
(40.77 cm) of plant at 30 x 30 cm spacing which was at par with S2 (39.67
cm), while the minimum was 37.08 at S3 (30 x 60 cm), but statistically at
par with S4 (37.98).
Table 4.1 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays on plantheight of chilli.
Plant height (cm)Treatments
Spacing(S)81S2
S3
S4
SE(m) +CD at 5%
25 DAT
13.5113.1512.1510.910.581.63
50 DAT
21.8320.6019.8019.860.511.45
75 DAT
27.2224.2725.8726.12
0.621.74
100 DAT
37.0335.2633.2532.540.701.94
125 DAT
40.7739.6737.0837.980.581.60
Micronutrients(M)MiM2
M3
M4
M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
12.6013.3913.1111.8111.24
-NS
Treatment combination (SSiMiSiM2
SiM3
8^4
SiM5
S2MTS2M2
S2M3
S2M4S2M5SsM!S3M2
S3M3
S3M4
S3MsS4M!S4M2
S4M3
S4M4
S4M5
Mean heightof plantSE(m) +CD at 5%
13.3613.9713.6113.7412.8512.2116.2413.9512.8510.5112.2912.7813.1510.8111.7412.5410.5711.7409.8409.87
12.43-
NS
20.7321.1520.0020.3420.41
-NS
xM)22.5022.5721.6721.9721.4320.8722.1516.2022.5121.2820.1520.0020.4818.1720.2019.4019.8721.6319.7018.71
20.52-
NS
26.3226.7924.5825.9825.68
-NS
27.5929.2725.5027.0726.6523.9325.1121.1024.5026.7226.9627.1124.7525.9624.5726.8225.6826.9726.3724.76
25.87-
NS
36.7535.9033.0735.6931.200.782.15
39.8139.2835.1738.9731.9437.3637.5132.8836.3132.2734.3734.5832.7334.6429.9535.4732.2431.5332.8530.64
34.52-
NS
40.8840.2437.5039.8735.860.651.80
43.1742.6740.2740.6737.0842.9641.3437.0640.5136.5037.8338.3436.3438.2734.6039.5838.6336.4040.0735.26
38.87-
NS
DAT - Days after transplanting . NS - Non significant
The height of plant was significantly influenced by 0.5 per
cent foliar spray of different micronutrients (viz. B, Zn, Cu, and Fe) at 100
and 125 DAT. Whereas, there was no significant influence at 25, 50 and
75 DAT. The maximum plant height was 40.88 cm, significantly higher at
125 DAT with the spray of boron @ 0.5 per cent i.e. (M-,) which was
statistically at par with M2 (40.24 cm) and M4 (39.87cm). The minimum
plant height was observed 35.86 cm in treatment M5 (i.e. water spray).
Thus the plant height was found to be significantly higher in
the closest spacing of 30 x 30 cm (81) and the micronutrient sprays
treatment M-I. Though the height was not affected significantly at different
treatments combinations of spacing and micronutrient at all the stages,
whereas, the maximum height was 43.17 cm with combination of SiM-i and
minimum was 34.60 cm with treatment combination S3M5.
4.1.2 Stem girth (cm)
The observation for stem girth are presented in Table 4.2 and
shown in Fig 4.3.
The stem girth was significantly influenced by spacing at
75,100 and 125 DAT. While it was not significant at 25 and 50 DAT. The
maximum stem girth was 4.35 cm at 125 DAT recorded in 83 (30 x 60 cm)
which was statistically at par with S4 (4.11 cm) and S2 (4.09 cm). Whereas,
the minimum stem girth was 4.07 cm, recorded in Si
Stem girth was to increased with increasing rate up to 50
DAT. Later, it increased with decreasing rate between 50 to 75 DAT, but
Table 4.2 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays on stemgirth of chilli
Stem qirth (cm)TreatmentsSpacing(S)81S2
S3
S4
SE(m) +CD at 5%Micronutrients(M)M!M2
M3
M4
M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
25 DAT
1.201.271.231.29-
NS
1.271.291.251.301.13
-NS
Treatment combination (SSMSiM2
S^s
SiM4
SiM5S2MiS2M2
S2M3
S2M4
S2M5
S3M-iS3M2
S3M3
S3M4
S3M5
S4M!
S4M2
S4M3
S4M4
S4M5
Mean girth of stemSE(m) ±CD at 5%
1.151.271.171.271.121.311.271.251.341.171.211.211.351.291.111.411.401.241.301.121.24
-NS
50 DAT
2.172.342.342.38-
NS
2.322.622.372.301.92
0.070.21
xM)2.482.442.272.231.402.312.672.342.242.142.292.612.452.282.072.202.782.402.432.072.31
-NS
75 DAT
2.772.812.853.040.060.15
2.943.102.822.972.53
0.600.17
2.903.042.733.002.202.893.162.572.812.652.932.942.883.122.373.023.253.092.942.892.86
-NS
100 DAT
3.443.423.753.530.090.25
3.613.863.483.493.25
0.100.28
3.703.583.373.313.233.483.703.473.253.213.674.223.524.053.303.603.913.543.543.253.53
-NS
125 DAT
4.074.094.354.110.080.28
4.164.644.074.133.78
0.090.25
4.144.474.073.893.783.974.714.073.923.794.215.173.984.713.694.314.214.174.003.874.150.180.51
DAT - Days after transplanting . NS - Non significant
it was slightly increased between 75 to 100 DAT than between 50-75 DAT
and again decreased between 100 to125 days of planting.
Stem girth showed significant effect at 50, 75, 100 and 125
by the different micronutrient sprays @ 0.5 per cent of Zn, B, Cu and Fe.
The maximum stem girth was 4.64 cm, at 125 DAT. It was significantly
higher with the spray of Zn (M2) and followed by sprays of B (M-i ) and Fe
(M4) which were statistically at par with value of 4.16 cm and 4.13 cm,
respectively. The minimum stem girth was (3.78 cm) recorded at all the
stages of growth with spray of water (i.e. M5).
The interaction between spacing and micronutrient was found
to be significant for the stem girth at 125 DAT only. The maximum stem
girth was 5.17 cm at the final observation i.e. 125 DAT in the treatment
combinations of wider spacing (30 x 60 cm) with micronutrients spray of Zn
(SaMa), which was statistically at par with 4.71 cm in both S3M4 and S2M2.
The minimum stem girth was 3.69 cm recorded in combination of SsMs.
4.1.3 Number of primary branches per plant
The data on number of primary branches are presented in
Table 4.3 and illustrated Fig 4.4.
The result revealed that the number of primary branches
increased from the first observation till the last one (i.e.25 to 125 DAT). It
was increasing with increasing rate up to 75 DAT, later increased with
decreasing rate between 75 to 100 DAT. Again the increase was more
between 100 to 125 DAT (Fig. 4.4.).
Table 4.3 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays onnumber of primary branches of chilli.
Number of primary branches/DlantTreatments 25 DATSpacing(S)81S2
S3
S4
SE(m) +CD at 5%Micronutrients(M)M,M2
M3
M4
M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
3.013.033.353.45-
NS
3.183.593.243.042.99
-NS
Treatment combination (SS^M^SiM2
SiM3
8^4
SiM5
S2MiS2M2
S2M3
S2M4
S2M5
SslVhS3M2
S3M3
S3M4
S3M5
84!̂S4M2
S4M3
S4M4
S4M5
Mean numberof primarybranchesSE(m) +CD at 5%
3.682.823.482.342.742.803.612.682.943.143.043.473.673.013.603.224.473.203.882.47
3.21-
NS
50 DAT
3.953.954.244.790.200.56
4.564.704.104.003.80
0.230.64
xM)4.474.543.683.543.544.344.413.813.613.604.344.384.803.873.795.095.474.335.004.07
4.23-
NS
75 DAT
5.055.325.465.940.230.36
5.725.625.475.584.82-
NS
5.014.875.804.804.776.535.074.835.814.345.605.675.345.744.975.736.875.916.005.17
5.44-
NS
100 DAT
6.136.146.606.67-
NS
6.577.066.486.005.800.300.84
6.276.946.015.745.676.746.076.406.005.476.417.537.515.605.406.877.706.007.215.57
6.38-
NS
125 DAT
6.977.477.897.960.280.80
7.958.387.617.426.500.310.89
7.747.107.206.636.177.647.277.407.246.818.618.317.508.546.507.809.858.337.276.53
7.57-
NSDAT - Days after transplanting . NS - Non significant
The effect of spacing at 50, 75 and 125 DAT was found
significant in case of number of primary branches per plant whereas, it
was non-significant at 25 and 100 DAT. At the final observation at 125 DAT
the maximum number of primary branches were/.96, recorded in S4 (45 x
45cm) was statistically at par with S3 and S2. The minimum number
was 6.97 recorded with the treatment S-i.
The foliar sprays of micronutrients (B, Zn, Cu and Fe) at 0.5
per cent concentration also significantly influenced the number of primary
branches. The effect was significant at 50, 100 and 125 DAT. While, it
was found to be non significant at 25 and 75 DAT. Sprays of Zn at 0.5 per
cent gave the maximum number of primary branches (8.38) which was
significantly higher at 125 DAT, but were statistically at par with M-i and M3.
The minimum number of branches were 6.50 per plant, at the control
treatment MS.
It is evident from the table that the number of primary
branches were significantly maximum with the wider spacing S4 and the
micronutrient sprays M2. But the number of primary branches were not
influenced with by different treatment combinations of spacing and
micronutrients at all the stages, though the maximum number of primary
branches were 9.85 at 125 DAT with the combination of (S4M2) and
minimum (6.17) with of S-, M5.
4.1.4 Number of secondary branches per plant
The number of secondary branches were recorded
periodically from 50 to 125 days after transplanting (DAT) are presented in
Table 4.4 and depicted in Fig 4.5.
The number of secondary branches showed continuous
increase between 50 to 100 DAT increased with decreasing rate between
100 to 125 DAT. Result exhibited in the table revealed that there was
significant influence of spacing on number of secondary branches at 125
DAT, while there was no significant effect observed at 50 and 75 DAT. At
125 DAT the number of secondary branches per plant was 11.51,
observed significantly more in spacing treatment 84 (45 x 45 cm) which
was statistically at par with the spacing 83 (10.88 per plant) and S2
(10.53). The minimum number of secondary branches was 10.04 with
spacing 81 . •
The number of secondary branches were significantly
affected by the foliar sprays of different micronutrients (viz. B, Zn, Cu and
Fe) at 75 and 100 DAT. The influence of micronutrients at 100 and 125
DAT was found non-significant. The maximum number of secondary
branches (10.79 per plant) at 100 DAT was significant with spray of 0.5 per
cent Zn (M2), but was statistically at par with the sprays of Fe (M4 ) and B
(Mi). The minimum value was recorded 8.29 with treatment M5 (control).
At 125 DAT, the number of secondary branches were
maximum (11.85) with the spray of Zn (Ma) which was followed by the
Table 4.4 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays onnumber of secondary branches of chilli.
Number of secondary branches/olantTreatments 50 DAT 75 DATSpacing(S)81S2
S3
S4
SE(m) +CD at 5%Micronutrients(M)MiM2
M3
M4
M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
4.334.644.805.15
-NS
4.515.164.784.934.28
-NS
6.806.937.017.44
-NS
7.047.906.247.426.200.320.90
100 DAT
8.689.399.53
10.540.391.07
9.6710.799.479.918.290.451.26
125 DAT
10.0410.5310.8811.510.411.15
10.9411.8510.5310.759.60
-NS
Treatment combination (S x M)S1M1
SiM2
STMSSiM4
3^5
S2MiS2M2
S2M3
S2M4
S2M5
S3MiS3M2
S3M3
S3M4
S3M5
S4MiS4M2
S4M3
S4M4
S4M5
Mean numberof secondarybranchesSE(m) +CD at 5%
3.744.744.274.824.104.355.085.564.353.874.935.144.555.014.385.015.674.755.554.78
4.73-
NS
7.207.655.617.186.406.767.486.777.356.277.547.756.617.555.576.688.737.557.616.61
7.04-
NS
8.3410.009.947.567.56
10.289.889.469.018.329.08
10.678.97
10.758.17
10.9712.649.51
10.479.11
9.53-
NS
10.1710.3210.2711.088.39
10.7411.8710.249.999.84
11.5111.2510.6010.9510.1011.3513.9711.0111.2410.00
10.74-
NSDAT - Days after transplanting . NS - Non significant
treatment M-i (B spray) with 10.94. The minimum number of secondary
branches were 9.60 noted with the spray of water (M5), though the effect
was found to be non significant.
The highest number of secondary branches per plant were
13.97 at 125 DAT with the treatment combination of S4M2, whereas, the
minimum was 8.39 with combination S-|M5. But the influence of different
treatment combination between spacing and micronutrients were non
significant at all the stages.
4.1.5 Number of leaves per plant
Data recorded on number of leaves per plant at 25, 50, 75,
100 and 125 DAT are presented in Table 4.5 and shown in Fig. 4.6.
It was observed that the number of leaves increased from
the first observation to the last observation (25 days to 125 DAT), but it
was interesting to note that the increase in number of leaves was found to
be at decreasing rate between 50 to 125 DAT.
The different spacing had marked effect on the number of
leaves which was found to be significant at 75, 100, 125 DAT. The effect
of spacing on number of leaves was not significant after 25 and 50 DAT.
The maximum number of leaves per plant were recorded 140.07, at 125
DAT in wider spacing S4 which was statistically at par with treatment S3
having 137.28 leaves. The minimum number of leaves were 130.92 found
in treatment S-i.
Table 4.5 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays onnumber of leaves per plant of chilli.
Number of leaves oerTreatmentsSpacing(S)81S2
S3
S4
SE(m) +CD at 5%
25 DAT
48.7048.5552.5654.47
-NS
50 DAT
79.9685.5385.8586.68
-NS
75 DAT
101.72103.97112.58112.97
2.928.36
plant100 DAT
120.64124.09125.32131.22
2.346.70
125 DAT
130.92133.90137.28140.07
2.106.00
Micronutrients(M)MTM2
M3
M4
M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
44.6654.6952.3154.0049.69
-NS
Treatment combination (SSiMiSiM2
SWzSW4
S,M5
S2Mi
S2M2
S2M3
S2M4
S2M5
SsMTS3M2
S3M3
S3M4S3M5
S4MiS4M2
S4M3
S4M4
S4M5
Mean numberof leavesSE(m) +CD at 5%
44.5853.5449.5448.6147.2431.8155.4054.2453.2448.0450.2754.2251.2854.7852.2451.9755.6054.2059.3651.22
51.07-
NS
86.1190.9182.8686.2876.362.326.61
xM)81.4189.5771.4582.8874.4786.2899.6782.6184.4874.6184.3484.0788.2494.5278.0792.4190.3489.1583.2478.29
84.50-
NS
110.09115.02113.53101.3498.13
3.189.19
99.21111.68117.3687.5592.84
103.31110.96109.8397.0294.90
118.25116.69111.28111.27105.28119.61120.74115.63109.4199.49
107.81-
NS
132.39128.66126.90122.94115.68
2.627.49
128.85115.21126.25119.88113.00128.55129.44126.32121.05115.11126.04133.58130.46124.64111.86146.15136.40124.57126.21122.76
125.31-
NS
141.71141.50136.82132.34125.34
2.106.71
138.81128.50137.50130.07119.73138.58139.47134.98132.88124.40135.31151.91139.13134.94125.09154.14146.14135.67132.27132.14
135.54-
NS
DAT - Days after transplanting . NS - Non significant
Data recorded at 50, 75, 100 and 125 DAT for the number of
leaves per plant showed significant effect in different micronutrient sprays
separately. The maximum number of leaves at final observation (125
DAT) was 141.71 noted with spray of boron which was significant and
statistically at par with the treatment at M2 and M3 . The spray of water
(M5) had the minimum number of leaves recorded at all the stages of
observations.
Thus, seeing the number of leaves was found to be
significantly highest in the wider spacing of 45 x 45 cm (S4) and with the
micronutrient sprays in treatment MT.
The number of leaves were not affected significantly by
different treatment combinations of spacing and micronutrients at all the
stages. Though the maximum number of leaves were 154.14 at 125 DAT
with the combination of S4Mi and the minimum were119.73 with the
combination Si M5.
4.1.6 Leaf area per plant (cm2)
Data regarding leaf area has been presented in Table 4.6
and shown in Fig. 4.7.
There were significant differences in the leaf area due to
spacing. The maximum leaf area 2196 cm2 was statistically significant
noted in spacing S4, which was at par with the treatment S2 (2174 cm2).
The minimum leaf area was 1799 cm2 noted with treatment Si.
Table 4.6 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays onleaf area per plant and plant spread of chilli.
TreatmentsSpacing(S)81S2
S3
S4
SE(m) +CD at 5%Micronutrients(M)MTM2
M3
M4
M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
Leaf area / plant (cm2)
179921742078219610.3329.57
22862551168621511635
11.5533.00
Plant spread (cm)
31.4736.3737.4536.89
0.742.12
35.1235.8936.4836.5033.72
-NS
Treatment combination (S x M)SiM-iSiM2
SiM3
SiM4
SiM5S2MiS2M2
S2M3
S2M4
S2M5
SsM!S3M2
S3M3
S3M4
S3M5
S4M!
S4M2
S4M3
S4M4
S4M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
17202249159320201415262826691619238915672500259017061952164222962697182622861919
23.0966.13
31.5432.4131.3432.6429.4135.4736.9737.5736.9434.9036.6437.4439.3738.2735.5136.8536.7437.6438.1435.08
-NS
I Leaf area / plant (cm2) - Plant spread (cm
o
OJd>
(00)
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
S2 S3
Spacing
S4 M1 M2 M3
Micronutrients
M4 M5
Treatments
Fig.4.7 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays onleaf area per plant and plant spread of chilli.
Under different micronutrient sprays, significantly more leaf
area per plant 2551 cm2 was recorded under treatment M2, which was
followed by MI (2286 cm2) and M4 (2151 cm2). On the other hand the
minimum leaf area per plant was 1635 cm2 noted in treatment M5.
The interaction between spacing and micronutrient sprays
were significant for leaf area per plant. The maximum leaf area was 2697
cm2, recorded with the combination of S4M2, which was statistically at par
by the treatment combination S2M2 (2669 cm2), but significantly different
with rest of the treatments viz. S2Mi and S3M2 (2628 and 2590 cm2,
respectively) were next at par in order. The minimum leaf area was 1415
cm2 noted with the treatment combination of Si MS .
4.1.7 Plant spread (cm)
The data on plant spread recorded at 125 days after
transplanting are presented in Table 4.6 and Fig.4.7.
The data shows that there was a significant difference in the
plant spread due to plant spacing. The maximum plant spread was 37.45
cm, recorded under treatment 83 with the wider spacing (30 x 60 cm),
which was statistically at par with the treatment S4 and S2 with 36.89 and
36.37 cm spread, respectively. The minimum plant spread was 31.47 cm
produced under closer spacing 30 x 30 cm (81).
In case of micronutrient sprays, data observed at 125 for the
plant spread DAT was non-significant. The, maximum plant spread was
Book NOAcc>N°
36.50 cm in M4 and minimum spread was 33.72 cm with spray of
water(M5 ).
The treatment combination SsMs gave the maximum plant
spread of 39.37 cm which was followed by combination S3M4. The lowest
plant spread was 29.41 cm recorded in S-|M5. But the interaction between
different spacing and micronutrient combination were found to be non-
significant.
4.2 Yield contributing characters
4.2.1 Days to first flowering
Days to first flowering showed significant differences with
various spacing and micronutrient sprays as given in Table 4.7 and
Fig. 4.8.
Plant having minimum area i.e. with the treatment 81, found
to gave earliest flowering in 50.93 days, which was statistically at par with
S2 and S3 (52.93 and 52.80, respectively) when compared with S4 . But
the plant in wider spacing under treatment S4 took maximum days
(55.60) for the first flowering.
From the data it is evident that there were significant
differences in the days to first flowering due to micronutrient sprays. Total
period from transplanting to first flowering was comparatively less (50.58
days) in treatment M2 which was at par with treatment M-, and M4 while M5
took comparatively more number of days (55.58). The days to first
Table 4.7 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays on days tofirst flowering and days to 50 per cent flowering of chilli.
Treatments
Spacing(S)81S2
S3
S4
SE(m) +CD at 5%Micronutrients(M)M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
Days to first flowering(days)
50.9352.9352.8055.60
1.032.94
52.0050.5854.5852.5852.58
1.053.29
Days to 50 per centflowering (days)
69.8769.6068.8069.47
-NS
67.5065.1770.0069.8374.67
1.143.26
Treatment combination (S x M)S-\MiSiM2
S,M3
S,M4
SiM5
S2MtS2M2
S2M3
S2M4
S2M5
SsM!S3M2
S3M3
S3M4
S3M5
SMS4M2
S4M3
S4M4
S4M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
51.3351.6750.3350.3351.0051.0048.0057.3351.3357.0051.0051.3357.0051.3353.3354.6751.3353.6757.3361.00
-NS
67.6766.3368.0070.6776.6771.6766.3369.3369.6774.3365.3365.0071.0068.6774.0065.3366.3371.6770.3373.67
-NS
NS - Non significant
I Days to first flowering (days) • Days to 50 per cent flowering (days)
S2 S3Spacing
M2 M3 M4
MicronutrientM5
Treatments
Fig.4.8 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays on daysto first flowering and 50 per cent flowering of chilli.
flowering were not affected significantly by interactions between spacing
and micronutrients.
4.2.2 Days to 50 per cent flowering
Observations on days to 50 per cent flowering as given in
Table 4.7 and presented in Fig. 4.8 shows that flowering was not affected
significantly by varying plant spacing and also their interaction with
micronutrients (S x M). However, spacing S3 (68.80 DAT) and treatment
combination SsM2 (65 DAT) required comparatively less time for 50 per
cent flowering.
From the data it is evident that there were significant
differences in the days to 50 per cent flowering due to micronutrient
sprays. Total period from transplanting to 50 per cent flowering were 65.17
days, comparatively less in treatment M2 which was at par with M-i while,
treatment M5 took comparatively more number of days (74.67 days) for 50
per cent flowering.
4.2.3. Per cent fruit set
The data in reference to per cent fruit set noted for all the
treatments are depicted in Table 4.8 and shown in Fig.4.9.
It was observed that per cent fruit set were not influenced
significantly by varying plant spacings, which ranged between 56.97 per
cent in S2 to 55.30 per cent in S4 . However, significant variation was
observed with different micronutrient sprays. The maximum fruit set was
60.68 per cent recorded under treatment M2, which was statistically at par
Table 4.8 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays on percentfruit set and number of fruits per plant of chilli.
Treatments
Spacing(S)81S2
S3
S4
SE(m) +CD at 5%Micronutrients(M)MiM2
M3
M4
M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%Treatment combinationSiM-,S^2
S-|M3
SiM4
SiM5S2M-\S2M2
S2M3
S2M4
S2M5
SzMiS3M2
S3M3
S3M4
S3M5
S4MiS4M2
S4MsS4M4
S4M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
Fruit set(%)
56.6356.9755.7955.30
-NS
59.4760.6856.0553.6451.010.922.63
(SxM)63.8653.2962.3652.5451.1158.0064.5453.9856.0352.2961.3263.5551.9952.3849.7054.7061.3455.8853.6350.94
1.845.26
Number of fruitsper plant
53.2358.6856.1165.35
1.093.12
60.7164.1857.2055.8853.73
1.223.44
52.6056.9353.8056.6746.1360.0066.0053.5357.2056.6758.1056.0771.5347.8747.0072.1377.7357.6061.8057.472.446.88
NS - Non significant
with the spray of boron in treatments M-i and gave 59.47 per cent fruit set.
The lowest fruit set 51.01 per cent was recorded under control (Ms).
The interaction between spacing and micronutrients were
also found to be significant for this attribute. The maximum fruit set was
64.54 per cent recorded under treatment combination of S2 M2. This was
followed by 81 M-i, S3 M2 , Si M3, S4 M2 and S3M-i which were statistically
at par. The minimum fruit set per cent was 49.70 recorded in the
combination S3 M5.
4.2.4 Number of fruits per plant
Statistically analysed data is presented in Table 4.8 and
illustrated in Fig.4.10.
It is clearly visible from the data that there was a significant
difference on number of fruit per plant due to spacing. The maximum
number of fruit were 65.35 per plant harvested from the treatment S4,
which was followed by 58.68 fruits per plant harvested in the treatment
S2. The minimum number of fruits were 53.23 per plant harvested from
the treatment Si.
From the table it is evident that there was significant influence
on number of fruit per plant due to micronutrient sprays. The maximum
number fruit per plant were 64.18 harvested from the treatment M2 which
was significant and followed by treatment M-i M3 and M4 (60.71, 57.20 and
55.88, respectively). The minimum number of fruit was 53.73, harvested
from the treatment M5.
Spacing and micronutrient combination showed significant
differences for number of fruit per plant. The maximum number of fruit per
plant was 77.73, harvested from the treatment combination S4 M2 which
was statistically at par with the combinations S4Mi and S3M3 (72.13 and
71.53 per plant, respectively). The minimum number of fruits per plant
were 46.13 harvested from the combination of SiM5 which was significantly
inferior over all the treatments except Si MI, 83 M4 and
4.2.5 Pedicel length of fruit (cm)
The observations recorded for pediciel length of fruit under
different treatments are presented in Table 4.9.
It was observed that pedicel length of fruit was non-
significantly influenced due to spacing, though it ranged between 3.57 cm
to 3.65 cm. However, significant variation was observed with spray of
different micronutrients.
The maximum pedicel length of fruit was 3.78 cm, recorded
under treatment M4 which was statistically at par with M-i, M2 and M3
having the pedicel length of 3.74, 3.64 and 3.62 respectively. The
minimum pedicel length was 3.33 cm, recorded under treatment M5 .
Spacing and micronutrient interactions were found to give
significant variation in case of pedicel length. The maximum pedicel length
of fruit was 4.11 cm, recorded under treatment combination of S2 M4. But
the treatment combinations viz. SiM2, S4 M4, S3M3 ,S2M-i S3M-i and S4M-i
also showed statistically similar length of 4.03, 4.03, 3.94, 3.84, 3.78 and
Table 4.9 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays on pedicellength, length of fruit and girth of fruit of chilli.
Treatments Pedicel length(cm)
Spacing(S)SiS2
S3S4
SE(m) +CD at 5%Micronutrients(M)M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%Treatment combinationSMSiM2SiM2
8^4
B,M5
S2MiS2M2
S2M3
S2M4
S2M5
SslVhS3M2
S3M3
S3M4
S3MsS4MiS4M2
S4M3
S4M4
S4M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
3.623.643.573.65
-NS
3.743.643.623.783.330.090.24
(SxM)3.564.033.573.563.373.843.493.464.113.293.783.443.943.423.293.773.583.514.033.390.170.49
Length offruit (cm)
6.016.146.036.11
-NS
6.216.416.036.185.540.140.39
•6.316.475.785.855.646.106.696.186.255.466.006.425.806.225.716.416.046.386.385.35
-NS
Girth offruit (cm)
3.223.283.253.31
-NS
3.333.353.173.463.050.080.22
3.223.353.233.233.083.263.363.153.573.163.263.513.043.612.863.573.183.263.413.10
-NS
NS - Non significant
3.77 cm, respectively, with the combination S2 M4 . The minimum pedicel
length was 3.29 cm recorded under combination of S3 M5 and S2 M5
both, but it was at par with the remaining combinations.
4.2.6 Length of fruit (cm)The data with reference to length of fruit
treatment are presented in Table 4.9.
from each
Different plant spacing studied under the present
investigation showed non significant effect on length of fruit and also in
their interactions i.e. between spacing and micronutrients (S x M).
Different micronutrient sprays studied under the present
investigation showed significant effect on length of fruit. The result
indicated that maximum length of fruit was 6.41 cm, recorded under
treatment M2, was at par with M-i (6.21 cm), M4 (6.18cm) and M3
(6.03 cm). The minimum length of fruit (5.56 cm) was recorded under
treatment M5, this was significantly inferior than all the other treatments.
4.2.7 Girth of fruit (cm)
The observation on girth of fruit in various treatments are
presented in Table 4.9.
It is revealed from the table that the girth of fruit was not
significantly affected by spacing which ranged between 3.22 cm in Si to
3.31cm in S4, whereas, there was significant influence on girth of fruit by
micronutrient sprays. Treatment M4 recorded 3.46 cm, girth of fruit, was
maximum but statistically at par with M2 and M-i (3.35 and 3.33 cm,
respectively). The minimum girth of fruit was 3.05 cm, observed under
treatment M5. The girth of fruit was not affected significantly by
interaction between spacing and micronutrient sprays.
4.2.8 Fresh weight of fruit (g)
The average fresh weight of 10 fruits are given in Table 4.10.
It is revealed from the table that the fresh weight of 10 fruits was non-
significantly affected by spacing. However, spacing 82, produced maximum
26.55 g fresh weight of 10 fruits which was statistically at par with S4
(24.20 g) and S3 (23.28 g). The minimum fresh weight 23.08 g, was
observed under 81 .
Micronutrient sprays had significant influence in case of fresh
weight of fruits. Spray of Zn in treatment IVb gave the maximum fresh
weight of 29.80 g which was statistically at par with in the treatment MI
27.41 g. It was followed by M4 which gave 23.47 g per 10 fresh fruit. The
minimum fresh weight was noticed in control (M5) with 19.54 g of 10 fruits.
The interaction between spacing and micronutrients were
found non significant for this attribute. However, the treatment
combinations S2M2 produced maximum fresh weight 35.57 g per ten fruits
in comparison to all other treatment combination.
4.2.9 Dry weight of fruits (g)
Data with reference to dry weight of ten fruits from each
treatment are presented in the Table 4.10.
Table 4.10 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays on freshweight and dry weight of per 10 fruits of chilli.
Treatments
Spacing(S)81S2
S3
S4
SE(m) +CD at 5%Micronutrients(M)MiM2
M3
M4
M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%Treatment combinationSMSiM2
SiM3
SiM4
SiM5
S2MiS2M2
S2M3
S2M4
S2M5
SsMTS3M2
S3M3
S3M4
S3M5
S4M-iS4M2
S4M3
S4M4
S4M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
Fresh fruitweight(g)
23.0826.5523.2824.20
1.213.34
27.4129.8021.1823.4719.54
1.353.86
(SxM)27.4726.0020.3623.3318.2229.1435.5722.9024.7520.4027.3728.3719.2021.6119.8525.6529.2522.2524.1719.70
-NS
Dry fruitweight (g)
4.654.885.254.87
-NS
4.535.475.165.184.220.320.92
4.614.475.634.304.264.296.474.484.984.175.015.825.465.224.744.195.145.096.203.72
-NS
NS - Non significant
It was observed that dry weight of 10 fruits were not affected
significantly by varying plant spacings and also their interactions (S x M).
However, treatment S3 (5.25 g) and treatment combination S2M2 (6.47 g)
produced maximum dry weight of 10 fruit in comparison to other
treatments.
Different micronutrient sprays studied under the present
investigation showed significant effect on dry weight of fruit. The maximum
dry weight was 5.47 g per 10 fruit produced under M2, but was statistically
at par with weight of 5.18, 5.16 g in the treatments M4 and MS ,
respectively. Treatment M5 gave the minimum dry weight of 4.22 g per
10 fruits.
4.2.10 Number of seeds per fruit
The data regarding number of seed per fruit are given in
Table 4.11 and shown in Fig.4.11
It reveals from the data that the number of seeds per fruit
was significantly differed due to spacing. The maximum number of seeds
per fruit were counted and found to be 52.85 in treatment S2 which differ
significantly than rest of the treatments and followed by 83, S4, and Si
which were at par (49.21, 49.13 and 48.59 seeds per fruits respectively).
Number of seeds per fruit were influenced significantly in
case of micronutrient sprays. The maximum number of seeds were 53.31
per fruit counted from the treatment M2 (Zn spray), which was statistically
Table 4.11 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays on numberof seed per fruit, 1000 seed weight and germinationpercentage of chilli.
Treatments
Spacing(S)81S2
S3
S4
SE(m) +CD at 5%Micronutrients(M)MiM2
M3
M4
M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
Number ofseed per fruit
48.5952.8549.2149.13
1.203.48
48.0853.3149.9751.8646.50
1.343.84
1000 seedweight(g)
4.885.484.985.100.160.44
4.975.785.005.334.460.180.52
Germinationpercentage
73.5375.8074.1376.73
0.722.06
76.5079.6773.6775.1770.25
0.811.62
Treatment combination (S x M)SiMiS-|M2
SiMi8^4
8^5
SalVhS2M2
S2M3
S2M4
S2M5
SsM!S3M2
S3M3
S3M4
S3M5
S4MT
S4M2S4M3
S4M4
S4M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
49.5048.7348.7052.0044.0051.3365.0748.6750.7048.4748.1752.4749.1053.3043.0048.5046.9753.4051.4345.37
2.687.68
4.425.024.945.404.615.166.955.385.314.605.445.255.164.934.134.875.914.535.674.50
-NS
75.3376.0073.3374.6768.3378.0080.3374.0076.0070.6774.3377.3373.00
1 75.0071.0078.3385.0074.3375.0071.00
-NS
NS - Non significant
/ u
60
50
*; 40
'5̂_
| 30
TJ0)o> 5nw ^u
**"o« 10z
Q
II
In11
11
11
T- CO •»— CO IO CN t̂ C O l ^ > C N ^ t f - C O l Ow w 5 2 s s s 5 2 2 s s s 2 2
• " - T - S n C N C N C O C O T T ' J -c o c o S c o c o c o c o c o c o c o
Spacing MicronutrientsTreatments
Interaction
Fig.4.11 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays onnumber of seed per fruit of chilli.
S1 S2 S3
Spacing
S4 M1 M2 M3
Treatments Micronutrients
M4 M5
Fig.4.12 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays on1000 seed weight of chilli.
at par with the treatment M4 (51.86 per cent) fruit and M3 (49.97 per fruit).
The minimum seed count per fruit was recorded 46.50 in treatment M5 .
The interaction between spacing and micronutrients were
also significant for this attribute. The treatment combination S2M2 gave the
maximum number of (65.07) seed per fruit, which was followed by the
combination of S4M3, S3M4, S3 M2 , Si M4 , S4 M4 , S2M-i and S2M4 which
ranged between 53.40 to 5.70 and were statistically at par. The minimum
number of seeds per fruit were counted under combination of S3M5(43.00
seed per fruit).
4.2.11 1000 Seed weight (g)
The observation on 1000 seed weight in various treatments
presented in Table 4.11 and shown in Fig.4.12 reveals that the 1000 seed
weight was significantly influenced by spacing and foliar sprays of
micronutrients. In spacing treatments 1000 seed weight ranged between
4.88 g in 81 to 5.48 g in S2. Seed weight was significantly maximum and
at par in treatments S2 and S4 with weight of 5.48 and 5.10 g, respectively.
Micronutrients also affected significantly on 1000 seed weight. The
maximum weight of seed was 5.78 g obtained in treatment M2 which was
statistically at par with treatment M4. The weight seed was 4.46 g and 4.97
g recorded minimum in treatment MS and M-I. Interaction between both the
treatment (S x M) ranged between 4.13 g in S3 M5 to 6.95 g in S2 M2 .
4.2.12 Germination percentage
Germination per cent noted for al the treatments depicted in
Table 4.11 show that there was a significant difference on germination per
cent due to spacing. The treatment S4 recorded maximum 76.73 per cent
germination which statistically at par with treatment 82 (30 x 45 cm). The
minimum germination 73.53 and 74.13 per cent recorded in treatment 81
and S3, respectively, were at par.
Significant influence on germination per cent due to
micronutrient sprays was also noticed. The maximum germination was
79.67 per cent observed under treatment M2 which was followed by MI, M4
and M3 with 76.50, 75.17 and 73.67 per cent, respectively. Treatment M5
recorded the minimum germination per cent of 70.25. Spacing and
micronutrient interactions did not affect germination per cent significant in
different treatment combinations.
4.2.13 Dry yield quintal per hectare
Data recorded on dry yield in kg per plot was converted in
quintal per hectare for all the treatment is presented in Table 4.12 and
illustrated in Fig.4.13.
Different spacing treatments showed significant affect on dry
yield per hectare. The highest dry yield 24.33 q/ha was given by the
treatment 82 was statistically at par with 23.97q per hectare recorded in
Table 4.12 Effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays on dry yieldand seed yield quintal per hectare of chilli.
Treatments
Spacing(S)81S2
S3
S4
SE(m) +CD at 5%Micronutrients(M)M1
M2
M3
M4
M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%Treatment combinationSiMiSiM2
SiM3
S-\M4
SiM5
S2MiS2M2
S2M3
S2M4
S2M5
S3M1
S3M2
S3M3
S3M4
S3M5
S4MiS4M2
S4M3
S4M4
S4M5
SE(m) +CD at 5%
Dry yieldquintalper hectare
23.9724.3314.6315.700.190.55
20.2821.8919.8618.6017.650.220.62
(SxM)23.9126.6324.8522.3622.0825.3028.9422.9322.4921.9915.0715.8913.9415.0413.1916.8216.0917.7314.5113.340.441.24
Seed yieldquintalper hectare
7.077.164.424.340.070.20
6.156.395.635.904.680.080.22
7.227.677.367.465.677.598.576.966.965.754.874.564.155.063.504,944.784.054.123.820.160.45
NS - Non significant
Si. While, the lowest yield was 14.63 q per hectare, produced by
treatment S3.
Dry yield quintal per hectare was affected significantly by
different sprays of micronutrients. The treatment with Zn 0.5 per cent
spray (M2) produced maximum dry yield of 21.89 q / ha. It was followed by
the treatment M! (20.28 q/ha), M3 (19.86 q/ha) and M4 (18.60 q/ha) which
all differ statistically. Minimum dry yield 17.65 q/ha was recorded in
treatment M5. Interaction between spacing and micronutrients in case of
dry yield per hactare was affected significantly in treatment combination.
The maximum dry yield 28.94 q / h a was recorded in S2M2 followed by
SiM2, S2Mi and 8^3 (26.63, 25.30 and 24.82 q/ha, respectively) which
were all statistically different. Whereas, the lowest dry yield 13.19 q/ha
was recorded under combination of S3M5 which was at par with S2M3 and
S4M5.
4.2.14 Seed yield quintal per hectare
Observations recorded on seed yield quintal per hectare is
given in Table 4.12 and shown in Fig.4.14.
Significant influence of spacing on seed yield was found
maximum (7.16 q/ha) produced under treatment S2 which was statistically
at par with Si (7.07 q/ha). Where as, in wider spacing S4 the seed yield
obtained was (4.34 q/ha) lowest.
In case of micronutrient treatments, seed yield quintal per
hectare was significantly influenced. The highest seed yield 6.39 q/ha was
recorded in treatment of M2 i.e. with the spray of zinc, treatment M-, was
next in order and gave yield of 6.15 q/ha which was followed by spray of
Iron in M4 with 5.90 q/ha. The lowest seed yield of 4.68 q/ha was
produced under M5 (control).
Combined effect of spacing and micronutrient sprays were
also found to be significant for this attribute. The seed yield of 8.57 q/ha
was recorded maximum in treatment combination S2M2, Which was
followed by treatment combination of Silvb with 7.67 q/ha. Combinations
S2Mi, S-|M4 and SiM3 were next in sequence and at par with each other
gave seed yield of 7.59, 7.46 and 7.36 q/ha, respectively. The lowest seed
yield of 3.50 q/ha was noticed from the treatment combination S3 M5 which
was at par with 3.82 q/ha in S4 M5 .
4.3 Economics
Cost involvement and returns per hectare of different
treatment combinations between spacing and micronutrient sprays are
given in Table 4.13.
In this study investment refers to the cash expenses paid for
seed production of chilli whereas, returns devote the value of the product
calculated with help of its market value. It is revealed from the table that
the cost of seed production ranged form Rs. 73063.17 in case of S4 M5
(i.e. 45 x 45 cm spacing without micronutrient sprays) to Rs. 80296.00 in
case of Si M4 i.e. 30 x30 cm spacing with a combination of 0.5 per cent
Iron sprays.
Table 4.13 Economics of chilli seed production (Rs/ha)
Treatmentcombina-
tions
8^1
3^2
3^3
3^4
s,M5
S2Mi
S2M2
S2M3
S2M4
S2M5
SsMT
S3M2
S3M3
S3M4
S3M5
S.MTS4M2
S4M3
S4M4
S4M5
Totalcost(Rs.)
80276.00
80178.00
80084.00
80296.00
79836.00
77771.97
77673.97
77579.97
77791.97
77331.97
74720.45
74622.45
74528.45
74740.45
74280.45
73503.17
73405.17
73311.17
73523.17
73063.17
Seedyield
(q/ha)*
7.22
7.67
7.36
7.46
5.67
7.59
8.57
6.96
6.96
5.75
4.37
4.56
4.15
5.06
3.50
4.94
4.78
4.05
4.12
3.80
Chillipowder
(q/ha) * *
16.69
18.96
17.49
14.90
16.41
17.71
20.37
15.97
15.53
16.24
10.20
11.33
11.79
9.98
9.69
11.88
11.31
13.68
10.39
9.54
Grossreturn(Rs.)
249980.00
268020.00
255780.00
253600.00
202920.00
263120.00
297840.00
240740.00
239860.00
204980.00
166500.00
159460.00
144080.00
171760.00
124380.00
171960.00
166020.00
148860.00
144380.00
133080.00
Netreturn(Rs.)
169704.00
187842.00
175690.00
173304.00
123084.00
185348.03
220166.03
163160.03
162068.03
127648.03
91779.55
84837.55
69551.55
97019.55
50099.55
98456.83
92614.83
75548.83
70856.83
60016.83
Netbenefitcostratio
2.12
2.34
2.19
2.16
1.55
2.38
2.84
2.10
1.08
1.66
1.23
1.14
0.94
1.31
0.71
1.34
1.31
1.03
0.97
0.82
Note:
Seed price Rs. 300.00 per kg
Chilli powder price Rs. 20.00 per kg
The highest gross return of Rs. 297840.00 was found in S2
M2 (30 x 45 cm spacing with a combination of 0.5 per cent zinc sprays)
followed by ST M2 (Rs. 268020.00) whereas, the lowest (Rs. 133080.00) in
case of S4 M5 (45 x 45 cm spacing without micronutrient sprays and the
highest net profit was obtained in S2 M2 (Rs.220166.03) followed by S-, M2
(Rs. 187842.00). The highest benefit cost ratio was calculated in S2 M2
(2.84) followed by Si M2 (2.38). Thus, it can be concluded that the
treatment combination S2 M2 i.e. with spacing of 30 x 45 cm and sprays of
zinc @0.5 per cent proved to be the most beneficial for the seed
production of chilli.
Chapter- V
Discussion
Chilli is one of the important vegetable as well as spice
is being cultivated throughout India. It's fruit and seed yield is influenced
by several factors, among which spacing and micronutrients play major
role. No work has been reported so far on seed production of chilli in
Chhattisgarh region. Secondly, information on combined effect of spacing
and micronutrients particularly with reference to chilli seed production is
scanty. Work on production of green or dry chilli in relation to spacing is
available but on the other land, studies on micronutrients are very less.
Climate of Chhattisgarh is also quite suitable for cultivation of chilli. Thus,
the present investigation on "Effect of spacing and micronutrients on
seed production of chilli (Capsicum frutescens L.) under
Chhattisgarh region" was aimed to determine as and how spacing and
different micronutrient sprays affect the vegetative growth, seed yield and
seed quality of Chilli. The results obtained during the investigations are
discussed under various sub heads in this chapter.
5.1 Growth Characters
5.1.1 Plant height (cm)
Plant height recorded at 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 DAT
showed that the rate of increase in height was more during the initial
growth period i.e. between 25-50 DAT. This may be due to the utilization
of nutrient uptake towards the vegetative growth. The height of plant was
found to increase with decreasing rate between 50 to 75 DAT may be due
to the diversion of nutrients towards development and growth of primary
and secondary branches and initiation of floral buds. But increase in
height again at increasing rate between 75 to 100 DAT may be due to
maximum development of primary and secondary branches along with
formation of more number of leaves resulting in more photosynthesis and
more nutrient uptake utilized in vegetative growth. Later, the slow growth
rate above 100 DAT was probably due to utilization and diversion of some
food material for the development of fruits against sole utilization for
vegetative growth.
The plant height was found to be higher in the closer spacing
30 x 30 cm (Si ) as compared with the wider spacing 45 x 45 cm. The
phenomenon of more height of plant in closer spacing in well known which
might be due to competition for light and space, also observed by Maya et
al. (1997). Secondly at high plant density, light penetration down the
canopy may be restricted resulting in elongation of internodes and
unfavourable for lateral growth of plant. Similar result were reported by
Boominathan et al. (1971) and Selvaraj et al. (1972) in chilli.
Effect of different micronutrients was clearly visible at 100
and 125 DAT. At initial development of the plant, the height was not
influenced by the micronutrient sprays may be due to availability of these
nutrients as analysed in soil (Table 3.2) might be sufficient for the initial
growth. At later stage boron and zinc sprays @ 0.5 per cent gave at par
and significantly taller plants, may be due to adequate availability of these
nutrients through foliar sprays resulted in better development, whereas, in
control these nutrient might have been exhausted at the initial development
and later diverted towards the development of fruits. Boron plays an
essential role in biosynthesis of auxin in the meristem of the plant and
essential for cell division (Brady, 1988). Zinc also promotes growth
harmones and plays major role in protein synthesis as reported by Brady,
(1988), might have affected plant height indirectly. The finding were also
supported by the work of Butnaru et al. (1971) and Husain et al. (1989) in
chilli and Hooda et al. (1984) in tomato.
5.1.2 Stem girth (cm)
Girth of stem was increased from 25 to 125 DAT. The rate
of increase in stem girth was more during 25-50 DAT may be due to
availability of more nutrients at initial stages in the soil and higher uptake
of these nutrients. Increase in stem girth at later stages was noted may
be the result of development of more number of leaves which might have
synthesized more food material and translocated towards the development
of stem. Such results were also observed by Kolhekar (1999), in Chilli.
Thickness of stem increased with corresponding decrease of
plant density. The stem girth was (4.07cm) significantly affected at closer
spacing of 30 x 30 cm. While, it was not affected at rest of the spacings.
The increased thickness of stem at wider spacing may be the result of
better availability of nutrients per unit area and less competition among the
plants for light. Similar result were reported by Viloria et al. (1997) in
capsicum.
Effect of micronutrients on stem girth was non-significant at
25 DAT due to no sprays of micronuttrients. The effect was significant at
50 to 125 DAT, may be the result of more number of leaves produced with
the spray of micronutrients resulted in more photosynthesis. The growth
was (4.64 cm) significantly maximum at 0.5 per cent zinc sprays this may
be due to rapid cell division and biosynthesis of plant harmone. Dod et al.
(1989) and Ingle (1993) also found maximum stem diameter with the
spray of zinc in chilli.
5.1.3 Primary and secondary branches
Primary branches increased were with increasing rate up to
75 DAT but later it decreased between 75 to 100 DAT. The increase in
number was more at initial stages may be due to availability of more
nutrient and their diversion towards the initiation and development of
primary branches. The increase in decreasing rate between 75 to 100
DAT may be due to the formation of secondary branches and floral bud
initiation, but it was again increased with increasing rate at later stage. The
reason behind this is that due to complete development of secondary
branches, increase in plant height and development of more foliage the,
the nutrient might have diverted again towards development of more
number of primary branches.
Number of primary branches was recorded (6.97) less in
closer spacing of 30 x 30 cm may be due to competition among the plants
for availability of plant nutrients, space, water and better sunlight resulting
in less lateral growth and ultimately increase in plant height. These results
are in conformity with Sharma and Peshin (1994), Viloria et al. (1997) and
Maya et al. (1997). The effect of spacing was found to be non significant
at initial stage i.e. 25 DAT. This may be the results of time taken for the
establishment of plant after transplanting and initial growth. But atlOO DAT
non-significant differences may be the results of late initiation of more
number of branches in closer spacing. Thus, it seems that the
development of primary branches were more at 50, 75 and 125 DAT,
which were affected by different spacings.
Spray of zinc (M2) gave maximum number of branches
(8.38), but was at par with Boron (Mi) and Cu (M3) sprays at 125 DAT.
The effect of zinc, copper and boron at early stages in the establishment of
plant and growth might have resulted more number of primary branches in
chilli which was supported by Dangare (1997), Husain et al. (1989) in chilli
and Ravichandran et a/.(1995) in brinjal. The effect at 75 DAT on primary
branches was non significant. This might have resulted due to the
diversion of plant harmone and other physiological activities generated by
micronutrients towards the initiation and development of secondary
branches and floral buds, whereas, at 25 DAT the primary branches might
have not initiated.
In case of secondary branches, spacing showed significant
influence at 100 and 125 DAT, may be the result of full development of
secondary branches, competing for space, light and nutrients in closer
spacing and also development of less primary branches. At 50 and 75
DAT there may be comparative by less growth of plant resulting in non
significant effects. On the other hand micronutrient might have played
major role in the initiation and development of secondary branches at 75
and 100 DAT giving significant differences. The increase in secondary
branches with the spray of Zn, Fe and B was also in agreement with
Dangare (1997) and Husain et a/.(1989) in chilli and Bose and Tripathi,
(1986), in tomato.
5.1.4 Number of leaves per plant
Increase in number of leaves was found significant at 75, 100
and 125 DAT in case of spacing. At 25 and 50 DAT the leaves were not
affected by the planting density, as at 25 DAT the primary branches were
at initial stages resulted less difference in the number of leaves and up to
50 DAT, there was less competition between the plants. Spacing above 75
DAT were significant and affected development of more number of leaves.
Less availability of space, light and nutrients in closer spacing might have
resulted in less number of leaves at 75, 100 and 125 DAT, there by giving
significant differences.
Spacing also affected the number of leaves in chilli. The
leaves were recorded more in number (140.07 and 137.28) at wider
spacing i.e. S4 (45 x 45 cm) and S3 (30 x 60 cm) respectively, as
compared to the closer spacing 30 x 30 cm (130.92) and 30 x 45 cm
(133.90). These observations are in concurrence with the finding of Ally a.
and Yusuf (1991) and Viloria et al. (1997). This might be because of lesser
photosynthesis due to greater competition among higher number of plants
per unit area against less plants occupied in wider spacing resulting in less
number of leaves.
Micronutrient sprays also affects the number of leaves
significantly at all the stages after spray. Before 25 DAT the spray of
micronutrients were not made resulting in non significant effect.
Micronutrient B, Zn and Cu showed at par results at all the stages of
development with 141.71, 141.50 and 136.82 number, respectively,
indicates their involvement in the growth activity of the plants. The Zn
promotes growth hormones, copper had role in photosynthesis and
respiration and boron helps in synthesis of nucleic acids and plant
hormones essential for cell division and development affecting water
absorption and root growth as mentioned by Brady (1988). The significant
response of micronutrients foliar application towards vegetative growth has
also been recorded by earlier research workers in various vegetables
including chilli (Ranotkar, 1981; Dangare, 1983; Hooda et al. 1984 and
Ravichandran ef a/. 1995).
Micronutrient and spacing both had independent effects were
not affected in their interactions.
5.1.5 Leaf area per plant (cm )
Leaf area per plant was found to be significantly affected by
spacing and micronutrient sprays. Leaf area was recorded more
(2196 cm2) in wider spacing as compared with the closer spacing 30 x 30
cm (1799 cm2). In closer planting greater competition for space and
nutrient uptake from the soil in plant might have given less branches, less
number of leaves and smaller leaves ultimately affecting the total leaf
area of plant. Moisenboker (1996) in chilli and Pandey et al. (1996) in
tomato also found more leaf area in wider spacing. Among wider spacing
total leaf area in 84 (45 x 45 cm) was highest (2196 cm2) but leaf area of
82 (30 x 45 cm) was (2174 cm2) at par even in the presence of
comparatively less number of leaves, which may be due to slightly bigger
size of individual leaf development in 82 might be the effect be due to
congenial microclimate.
Different micronutrient sprays also affected leaf area per
plant. Spray of zinc gave significantly maximum leaf area (2551 cm2)
which was followed by B and Fe sprays. The soil of Chhattisgarh are
deficient in zinc thus the role of zinc in the formation of growth harmones,
protein synthesis etc., may be the reason for increase in leaf area. Boron
also helps in synthesis of plant harmons and is essential for cell division
and development and iron has important role in chlorophyll formation
(Brady, 1988), may be the cause for increase in leaf area than rest of the
treatments.
Interaction between spacing and mincronutrient was
observed maximum in combination S4M2 (2697 cm2) and S2M2 (2669 cm2)
indicating that microclimate in spacing 45 x 45 and 30 x 45 cm with the
spray of zinc might have helped to increased the leaf area.
5.1.6 Plant spread (cm)
Favourable growing conditions like more space available for
growth of root and shoots may be cause for more plant spread (37.45 cm)
in wider spaced plants. Higher uptake of nutrients and water from the soil
may be due to increase in number of roots in wider spacing resulted in
more plant spread. Similarly, more amount of sunshine available in wider
spacing leads to increased photsynthesis and there by growth of plant.
Cumulative effect of formation of more primary, and secondary branches,
more number of leaves, increase in leaf area and stem girth and decrease
in plant height in wider spacing resulted in more plant spread. Similar
findings were reported by Shrama and Peshin (1994), Viloria et al. (1997)
in chilli. Plant spread was not significantly influenced by micronutrient
sprays and interactions between spacing and micronutrients.
5.2 Flowering and fruiting character
5.2.1 Days first flowering and 50 per cent flowering
Days to first flowering was affected by different spacing but
days to 50 per cent flowering showed non-significant effects. First flowering
was earlier (50.93 DAT), in closer spacing, whereas, it was late (55.60
DAT) in with the decrease in plant density. Availability of more nutrition
from the soil and less competition for space and light in wider spacing
might have resulted in diversion of plant nutrient and photosynthets
towards the development of vegetative growth and primary and secondary
branches, thus giving late flowering in S4 . In case of 50 per cent flowering
the non-significant difference may be due to initiation and development of
more flower buds with the results of development of more primary and
secondary branches in wider spacing by that time. The results are in
agreement with the findings of Pandey et al. (1996), in tomato and
Shrivastava (1996), in capsicum.
Non-significant interactions between spacing and
micronutrient in case of both days to first and 50 per cent flowering
indicates that spacing and micronutrients might have independent effect
thus may not be influencing each other for both the above characters.
Micronutrient spray particularly zinc, boron and Iron found to give early first
flowering and also took leass duration form days to 50 per cent flowering.
This may be due to the active role of micronutrients in the development of
plant and physiological activities ultimately favouring early flowering. The
present results are in accordance with Aliev (1968) and Bose and Tripathi
(1996) in tomato.
5.2.2 Per cent fruit set and number of fruit per plant
Number of fruits per plant were affected by different spacing.
It was more (65.35) in wider spacing in 45 x 45 cm as compared with the
closer one (53.23). This may be the result of getting more opportunity to
the plants for uptake of soil nutrients in wider spacing, resulting in more
number of fruits. Lower plant height with increase in spread of plant and
more number of branches in wider spacing,also helped in more fruiting.
These results are in concurrence with the findings of Gowde et al. (1990),
Leskovar et al. (1992) and Ravanappa et al. (1997a) in capsicum.
Different spacing had not affected the per cent fruit set. This
might be due to the fact that the growing environmental conditions were
same for all the treatments. While Shrivastava ( 1996) concluded that per
cent fruit set was decreased with increase in spacing. Per cent fruit set
was significantly affected by the micronutrient sprays also. Zinc and boron
sprays showed increased in percentage of fruit set (60.68 and 59.47
respectively), over other treatment. Effect of micronutrient was also seen
in number of fruit per plant, which was recorded more (64.18) in spray of
Zn. Other micronutrients also showed significant effect over water sprays.
This clearly indicated the role of zinc and boron in setting of fruit. The
role of different micronutrients in fruit setting was also supported by the
experimental findings of Rajamani et al. (1990) in Chilli, Bose and Triapthi
(1996) in tomato for fruit setting, while, Arora et al. (1983) and Hooda et
al. (1984) in tomato and Husuain et al. (1989) in chilli for the role of
micronutrients in more number of fruit per plant.
Interaction between spacing and micronutrients were
significant in case of per cent fruit set but has no effect in number of fruit
per plant. Spacing alone showed non-significant differences in fruit set but
due to significant effect of micronutrient Zn and boron fruit set might have
resulted in significant interaction.
5.2.3 Pedicel length, fruit length and girth of fruit (cm)
Length of pedicel, fruit length and girth of fruit was not
affected by different spacings in the present study. It seems that these
characters are not influenced by the closer or wider spacing taken in the
experiment. Similar observation were noted by Singh and Tripathi (1994)
in french been.
All these above mentioned characters showed significant
differences due to micronutrient sprays with control but were statistically at
par with each other indicates the role of micronutrients in increased length
of pedicel, length of fruit and girth which may be the result of stimulated
growth due to the involvement of micronutrient in the increase of
photosynthesis and translocation of food material toward the development
of fruit. Ranotkar (1981) and Ingle et al. (1993), observed increase in fruit
size due to sprays of zinc in chilli. Similarly Husain et al. (1989) also
reported increase in fruit length and girth of chilli due to zinc, boron and
iron sprays.
Effect of spacing and micronutrient interaction were non-
significant for fruit length and girth, while. Pedicel length had significant
effect due to interaction. Spacing individually had not effected the pedicel
length but wider spacing with micronutrients seems to give significant
interactions.
5.2.4 Fresh and dry weight per 10 fruits (g)
Fresh weight per 10 fruits was affected by the different
spacings. Closer spacing in Si (30 x 30 cm) recorded less weight of fruit
(23.08g), where as the weight was more with the decrease in the plant
population. Though, S2 (30 x 45 cm) recorded maximum fruit weight
(26.55 g) but it was at par with S3 and S4 . Increase in weight of fruits in
wider spacing may be due to development of Stouter plants having greater
space to grow and were able to exploit better the available soil and light
resources resulting in more photosynthesis and translocation towards fruit.
On the other hand dry weight was non-significantly by affected. These
studies are in line with Leskovar et al. 1992 and Arteaga et al. (1999) in
chilli.
Significant effect of micronutrients on fresh as well as dry
weight was observed in chilli. Spray of zinc gave maximum fresh and
dry weight of fruits (29.80 and 5.47g), respectively. The effect of boron
on fresh weight was also recorded, which iron and copper helped to
increase dry weight of fruits. Involvement of micronutrient in plant
physiological activities might have resulted in more weight of fruits. The
role of different micronutrients viz. zinc is involved in reproduction process,
copper in photosynthesis and respiration and in utilization of iron, boron in
water absorption and translocation and iron in chlorophyll formation (Brady,
1988) supports the present investigation. Similar result as reported by
Albegov and Ratskerich (1972), Fekete (1974), Suryanarana et a/.(1985)
and Kumbhar and Deshmukh (1993) in vegetables due to micronutrients
are also in support of the present findings.
5.2.5 Number of seed per fruit, 1000 seed weight (g) and germinationpercentage
Significant influence of spacing was found in case of number
of seed per fruit, 1000 seed weight and germination percentage. Among
wider spacing, 30 x 45 cm spacing seems to be optimum gave 52.85
number seed per fruit, 5.48 g,1000 seed weight and 75.80 germination
percentage and , might have favoured the development of microclimate for
more nutrient uptake from the soil and phtotosynth«sis, being diverted
towards formation of more and healthy seeds including higher seed
germiantion. Revanappa ef a/. (1997a) recorded increase in number of
chilli seeds per fruit, whereas, Sharma and Peshin (1994) found more
germination and 1000 seed weight in sweet pepper with wider spacing.
Effect of micronutrient sprays were significant for all the
above mentioned characters. Maximum influence of zinc was found for
more number of seed per fruit (53.31), increase in 1000 seed weight (5.78
g) and germination percentage (79.67). Role of micronutrients is clearly
mentioned for increase in number and development of seeds. Zinc was
reported by Brady (1988) to promote seed maturation and production,
while iron had indirect effect through major role in chlorophyll formation.
Husain (1989), Deshmukh (1993) and Ingle ef a/. (1993) in chilli also
reported increase in 1000 seed weight and more number of seed per fruit.
Sharma (1995) found increase in the germination with boron sprays. Thus,
the experimental findings are in conformity with the work of scientists as
mentioned above.
The combined effect of spacing and micronutrients was non-
significant for 1000 seed weight and germination percentage, but on the
other hand interaction for the number of seed showed significant effects.
Wider spacing and micronutrients individually had positive role in the
growth and development of plant thus their cumulative effect might have
helped to increase the number of seed per fruit.
5.2.6 Dry yield and seed yield of chilli (q/ha)
Dry yield and seed yield (q/ha) was found to give significant
differences in various spacings. Both the yield were quite higher in closer
spacing than the wider one, yield in 30 x 30 and 30 x 45 cm were 23.97
and 24.33 q/ha, respectively higher and at par than S3 and S4 . This
indicates that more plant population per unit area with optimum spacing
played major role in increase of dry or seed yield against the decreased
number of plant per unit area yield in 82 was higher but at part with Si.
This may be due to availability of providing better condition for growth and
development giving more leaf area, more primary and
secondary branches and plant spread provided by spacing 30 x 45 cm,
resulting in more yield even q/ha with comparatively less number of
plants than in 30 x 30 cm. Thus any deviation from the optimum
conditions causes reduction in yield. It seems that plant at closer or
optimum spacing must have absorbed the soil nutrients in greater quantity
and utilized then in fruit production. These result are in agreement with
Singh (1973), Gulshan and Lai (1992), Sharma and Peshin (1994) and
Sontakke et al. (1995), reported highest red chilli and also seed yield in
spacing 30 x 45 cm. Jankulovski (1994) also found maximum seed yield
in closer spacing in chilli.
Spray of different micronutrients helped to increase the yield
of chilli in present investigation. The dry as well as seed yield was higher
than the control. The possible reason for getting more yield with the
micronutrient sprays may be due to their active role in providing the
balanced nutrition to the crop at all the stages of development which had
resulted in healthy plants more resistant to attack of various disease and
insect pests. The role of micronutrients in development of plant, fruit and
yield is also mentioned by Brady (1988). In the present studies zinc sprays
had maximum dry and seed yield (21.89 and 6.39 q/ha, respectively).
Brady (1988), also described the role of Zn in promotion of seed maturity
and production and also promotes growth harmone and starch formation,
may be reason for maximum yield. These experimental findings are also
supported by the studies of Singh et al. (1989), Husain et al. (1989), Ingle
et al. (1993) and Kaminvar and Rajagopal (1993) in chilli for dry and seed
yield.
Interactions between spacing and micronutrient showed
significant differences for dry and seed yield of chilli. Closer spacing with
micronutrient Zn spray interaction found to give maximum dry (28.94 q/ha)
(8.57 q/ha) and seed yield over their individual yield indicating significance
of both the treatments. The findings are in agreement with the studies
made by Singh et a/. (1989), found highest seed with yield the
combination of closer spacing and application of zinc.
5.3 Economics of seed production of chilli
The economic analysis of the present study indicated that
the highest cost of seed production was found in Si MA whereas,
maximum gross return was obtained with S2 M2 .
Although, the S2 M2 yielded highest amount of seed and
also it has proved economical because the highest net profit was gained
in S2 M2 ( 30 x 45 cm) spacing with combination of 0.5 per cent zinc
sprays.
The treatment combination S2 M2 (30 x 45 cm) spacing with
a combination of 0.5 per cent zinc sprays proved to be the most
economical followed by S2 M-i (30 x 45 cm) spacing with a combination of
0.5 per cent boron sprays. In these cases higher net benefit cost ratio
was found 2.84 and 2.38, respectively. Similar result also have reported
by Gulshan and Lai (1992) and Revanappa ef a/. (1997b).
Chapter-VI
SUMMARY, COMCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIOMS
FOR FUTURE WORK
SUMMARY
The present investigation entitled "Effect of spacing and
micronutrients on seed production of chilli (Capsicum frutescens L.)
under Chhattisgarh region" was conducted at Horticultural Research
Farm, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University Raipur
(M.P.), during the year 1999-2000 in rabi season.
The different spacing treatments adopted were 30 x 30 cm
(Si), 30 x 45 cm (S2), 30 x 60 cm (S3) and 45 x 45 cm (S4). Whereas, the
different micronutrient treatments comprised of 0.5 per cent spray of boron,
zinc, copper and iron along with water spray as control.
Thus, there were twenty treatment combinations, which were
replicated thrice and the experiment was laid out in factorial randomized
block design.
During the course of study growth observations recorded were
plant height, stem girth, number of primary and secondary branches,
number of leaves, plant spread and leaf area per plant. In respect of
flowering and yield, observations on days to first and 50 per cent flowering,
per cent fruit set, number of fruit per plant, number of seed per fruit, 1000
seed weight, fresh and dry weight of 10 fruits, pedicel length, girth of fruit
and length of fruit were recorded and dry yield and seed yield per hectare
were calculated based on per plot yield.
The results of the investigation are summarized as follows :
1. The peak period of growth in terms of plant height was recorded
between 25 to 50 days after transplanting. Treatment spacing Si (30
x 30cm) and M-i (@0.5 per cent foliar spray of zinc) gave significantly
taller plants which was statistically at par with S2 and M2, respectively.
Whereas, it was not affected by the interactions between different
spacing and micronutrient combinations.
2. Maximum stem girth was found under wider spacing S3 (30 x 60 cm)
and micronutrient sprays M2 (Boron @ 0.5 per cent foliar spray).
Though, the stem girth was statistically at par with spacing S4 and
52 while in case micronutrient it was followed by M-i and M4 . The
interactions between spacing and micronutrients were significantly
differed and the maximum stem girth was recorded in combination of
53 M2 which was at par with S3 M4 and S2 M2.
3. The treatments with wider spacing i.e. S4, S3 and S2 and
micronutrient sprays M2, M-i and M3 gave statistically at par and more
number of primary and secondary branches per plant.
4. More number of leaves per plant were found under wider spacing S4
(45 x 45 cm) which was statistically at par with S3 and in case of
micronutrients sprays Mi,M2 and M3 gave statistically similar results,
but their interactions (S x M) had no effect on this trait.
5. Higher leaf area per plant was recorded under wider spacing S4 (45 x
45 cm) S2 (30 x 45 cm) also with micronutrient sprays M2 (zinc 0.5
per cent spray). Their interaction between S4 and M2 also gave
significantly higher leaf area per plant.
6. Higher spread of plant was recorded under wider spacing S3 (30 x
60 cm) which was statistically at par with S4 and S2 and with
micronutrient sprays of iron 0.5 per cent spray in M4. The plant
spread was not affected by their treatment combination (S x M).
7. The days to first flowering took less in spacing 81 (30 x 60 cm), S2
and S3 and with micronutrient sprays of zinc in M2, MI and M4
were at par. The days to 50 per cent flowering was affected by
micronutrient sprays and zinc resulted in early 50 per cent flowering
which was statistically at par with M-i but their iteration had no
significant effects.
8. Percent fruit set was not affected by treatment of spacing, but
significantly influenced by micronutrients and their interactions. The
maximum per cent fruit set was recorded in M2 (zinc 0.5 per cent
sprays) which was statistically at par with MI (Boron 0.5 per cent
sprays) and their treatment combination S2 M2 .
9. Number of fruits per plant were maximum under wider spacing S4 (45
x 45 cm) which was followed by S2 and with micronutrient sprays of
0.5 per cent zinc in M2 . The interaction between the treatment S4 M2
gave the maximum number of fruit per plant, but it was statistically at
par in 84 MI and 83 MS .
10. Except pedicel length, length of fruit and girth of fruit were neither
affected by treatment of spacing nor by their interaction (S x M). The
micronutrient sprays M4 gave maximum pedicel length. The length
of fruit was recorded maximum in M-i, while the girth of fruit in
treatment M4 .
11. Maximum weight of fresh fruit was recorded under spacing 82 which
was similar with S4 and S3 and in micronutrient sprays, M2 was at
par with M-I. The weight of dry fruit was recorded more with
micronutrients spray of M2, M4 and M3 , but the effect was non-
significant under different spacing as well as their interactions.
12. The treatment of spacing S2 ( 30 x 45 cm) and micronutrient sprays
M2 (@0.5 per cent zinc sprays) as well as their interaction (S2 M2 )
gave the maximum number of seed per fruit, whereas, in case of
micronutrients, the treatment M4 and M3 were also at par with M2 .
13. The quality attributes i.e. 1000 seed weight and germination
percentage were not affected significantly with the interactions
between spacing and micronutrient. But maximum 1000 seed weight
was recorded in spacing S2 (30 x 45 cm) and micronutrients spray M2
32-
(0.5 per cent zinc spray). The treatment of wider spacing S4 (45 x 45
cm) and micronutrient sprays M2 gave significantly higher
germination percentage of seed.
14. The higher dry yield per hectare was obtained in the treatment S2
which was statistically at par with St. In case of micronutrient sprays,
M2 (@0.5 per cent zinc spray) gave higher dry yield per hectare. But
the interaction between S2 and M2 gave highest dry yield with 28.94
q/ha.
15. The treatment spacing S2 (30 x 45 cm) and micronutrient sprays M2
(@0.5 per cent zinc sprays) as well as their interaction S2 M2 gave
the maximum seed yield individually with 7.16, 6.39 and 8.57 q/ha,
respectively.
16. Economic studies were also made and highest net profit was
obtained with the interaction combination of S2M2 (Rs 220166.03/ha)
which was followed by 81 M2 (Rs. 187842.00/ha).
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of results obtained from the present
investigation, it may be concluded that for obtaining higher dry and seed
yield with comparatively better seed quality. The spray of zinc @ 0.5 per
cent was found suitable and in case of planting distance the maximum yield
was obtained in spacing S2 (30 x 45 cm) which was statistically as par with
81 (30 x 30 cm). But looking to the interactions, the treatment combination
S2 M2 i.e. with spray of zinc 0.5 per cent and at planting distance of 30 x 45
cm gave highest yield and from economic point of view also treatment
combination S2 M2 gave highest returns. Therefore, it is suggested that
the planting distance of 30 x 45 cm with the spray of 0.5 per cent zinc is
best for seed production of chilli.
SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
Based on the results obtained and the experiences gained
from the present study, some suggestions for the future work are given as
below :
1. The experiment may be repeated for the confirm .of the results.
2. The effect of other factors by which chilli seed production is
influenced like temperature, planting time, fertilizer application,
disease and insects, intercultural and irrigation should also be
studied.
3. Studies should also be made to see the effect of different
concentrations of micronutrient along with plant growth regulators on
seed production of chilli.
4. Some studies can be carried out in different varieties of chilli to see
the effect and for standarization of micronutrient and plant spacing.
5. The experiment may be carried out in other seasons on different soil
type and locations, in the region to see the effect of varying locations
and weather conditions.
6. Studies on fertilzer requirement particularly for seed production in
their region should be carried out in combination with different
micronutrient and spacing.
£15
EFFECT OF SPACING AND MICRONUTRIENTS ON SEED
PRODUCTION OF CHILLI (Capsicum frutescens L.) UNDER
CHHATTISGARH REGION
ByMANOJ KUMAR SAHU
ABSTRACT
The present investigation was carried out at Horticulture Research
Farm, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur (M.P.) during the year 1999-
2000 in rabi season, in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three
replications.
The result indicated that various characters namely plant height,
stem girth, number of branches, leaf area per plant, days to first flowering,
number of fruit per plant, fresh weight of fruit, number of seed, 1000 seed
weight, germination percentage, dry as well as seed yield were significantly
influenced by different spacing and micronutrient sprays. The spacing
treatment had no effect on days to 50 per cent flowering, per cent fruit set,
pedicel length, length and girth of fruit and dry weight while all these traits were
significantly influenced by different micronutrient sprays. The plant height was
observed more in closer spacing while the number of branches, number of
leaves and leaf area per plant were more with the wider and optimum spacing
of 45x45 cm or 30x45 cm.
Inspite of maximum number of fruit per plant in 45 x 45 cm spacing
and with sprays of zinc @ 0.5 per cent the seed as well as dry yield per
hectare were more with the closer plant spacing of 30 x 45 cm and 30 x 30 cm
with the sprays of zinc @ 0.5 per cent. Looking to the interaction, the treatment
combination 82 M2 i.e. with spray of zinc @ 0.5 per cent and planting distance of
30 x 45 cm gave highest yield and from economic point of view also treatment
combination 82 IVb gave highest returns. Therefore, it is suggested that the
planting distance of 30 x 45 cm with the spray of 0.5 per cent zinc is best for
seed production of chilli
Department of Horticulture
College of Agriculture
IGAU, Raipur (M.P.)
( VIJAY MAHAJAN)
Chairman
Advisory Committee
Chapter- II
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103
Appendix - 1 : Cost of cultivation of chilli seed production
s.No.1. Land
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Particulars
Preparation
Ploughing
Harrowing
Rotavator
Levelling/Pata
Preparation of fieldnursery bed
II. Labour charges :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Preparation of nurserybed
Nursery operation likesowing, covering ofseed, irrigation, hoeingand spraying offungicide
Preparation of plotsbunds line andirrigations channel
Transplanting81S2
S3
S4
Irrigation
Plant protection
Spreading of FYMand basal applicationof fertilizer
Inputs
1 Tractorfor 6 hrs
for 4 hrs
for 4 hrs
for 2 hrs
for 1 hrs
Number of labours
8
*
10
35
90806050 i:
16
20
20
Rate(Rs.)
200.00 hr"1
200.00 hr"1
200.00 hr"1
200.00 hr"1
200.00 hr"1
60 day 1
60 day1 '
60 day"1
60 day"1
60 day"1
60 day"1
60 day1
60 day"1
60 day"1
60 day"1
Total cost(Rs./ha)
1200.00
800.00
800.00
400.00
200.00
480.00
600.00
2100.00
5400.004800.003600.003000.00
960.00
1200.00
1200.00
S. ParticularsNo.
8. Application of fertilizeras top dressing
9. Spray of micronutrients
10. Weeding and intercuture(3 time)S!
S2
S3
S4
11. Harvesting(each of 3 picking)S!
S2
S3
S4
12. Threshing, cleaningand winnowing
13. Packing, selling price
III. Cost of Inputs
1 . Cost of FYM
2. Cost of seedlingsS!
S2
S3
S4
3. Irrigation charge
4. Cost of pesticides
Sulfex
Monocrotophos
Inputs
8
8
50708590
120110
9590
70
10 trollies per ha
111 111. 10 seedlings
74074.07 seedlings
55555.55 seedlings
49382.70 seedlings
7 irrigation
1.25 kg/ha
1 .5 litre/ha
Rate(Rs.)
60 day1
60 day1
60 day'1
60 day'1
60 day1
60 day'1
60 day'1
60 day1
60 day'1
60 day'1
60 day"1
Rs. 600 per
10 of 100seedlings
10 of 100seedlings
10 of 100seedlings
10 of 100seedlings
450 perirrigation
90 Rs/ kg
125RS/500
Total cost(Rs./ha)
480.00
480.00
9000.0012600.00 •
15300.0016200.00
21600.0019800.0017100.0016200.00
6300.00
2000.00
trolly 6000.00
11111.10
7407.07
5555.55
4938.27
3150.00
112.50
ml 312.50
110
s.No.
IV.
V.
Particulars
5. Cost of fertilizersN (urea) 100 kg ha"1
P (ssp) 50 kg ha"1
K (MOP) 50 kg ha"1
BoraxZinc sulphateCopper sulphateFerrous sulphate
Fixed costLand RentLand revenue & taxes
Miscellaneous
Inputs
@4.20 Rs./ [email protected] Rs./ [email protected] Rs./ kg2 kg ha"1
1.8 kg ha"1
2 kg ha"1
2 kg ha"1
Rs 4500 per haRs 12.50 ha"1
Rate(Rs.)
220 per kg190 per kg124 per kg230 per kg
Total cost(Rs./ha)
911.40887.50373.50440.00342.00248.00460.00
4500.0012.50
2000.00
J/2- .
Appendix - II Cost of cultivation for different treatmentcombinations in chilli seed production
Treatmentcombina-
tions
S^Mi
3,1^2
S,M3
3^4
5^5
SzM,S2M2
S2M3
S2M4
S2M5
S3M,
S3M2
S3M3
S3M4
S3M5
S,M,
S4M2
S4M3
S4M4
S4M5
Note:
* Seed price
Totalcost(Rs.)
80276.00
80178.00
80084.00
80296.00
79836.00
77771.97
77673.97
77579.97
77791.97
77331.97
74720.45
74622.45
74528.45
74740.45
74280.45
73503.17
73405.17
73311.17
73523.17
73063.17
Rs. 300.00
* * Chilli powder price Rs.
Seedyield
(q/ha)*
7.22
7.67
7.36
7.46
5.67
7.59
8.57
6.96
6.96
5.75
4.87
4.56
4.15
5.06
3.50
4.94
4.78
4.05
4.12
3.80
per kg
20.00 per kg
Chillipowder
(q/ha) * *
16.69
18.96
17.49
14.90
16.41
17.71
20.37
15.97
15.53
16.24
10.20
11.33
11.79
9.98
9.69
11.88
11.31
13.68
10.39
9.54
Grossreturn(Rs.)
249980.00
268020.00
255780.00
253600.00
202920.00
263120.00
297840.00
240740.00
239860.00
204980.00
166500.00
159460.00
144080.00
171760.00
124380.00
171960.00
166020.00
148860.00
144380.00
133080.00
Netreturn(Rs.)
169704.00
187842.00
175690.00
173304.00
123084.00
185348.03
220166.03
163160.03
162068.03
127648.03
91779.55
84837.55
69551.55
97019.55
50099.55
98456.83
92614.83
75548.83
70856.83
60016.83
Netbenefitcostratio
2.12
2.34
2.19
2.16
1.55
2.38
2.84
2.10
1.08
1.66
1.23
1.14
0.94
1.31
0.71
1.34
1.31
1.03
0.97
0.82