product control by jis and bsl in japan - stmik...

1

Product Control by JIS and BSL in Japan

Ichiroh NakayaJapan Testing Center

for Construction Materials

2

Renewed Conformity Assessment Systemfor Japanese Industrial Standards

3

Outline)Introduction of third-party product certification scheme

Internationally harmonized accreditation/certification system

Integrity of the system

The new system is put into place on October 2005.

Reform of the Conformity Assessment System under the Industrial Standardization Law

Reform of the Conformity Assessment System under the Industrial Standardization Law

4

Introduction of third-party product certification scheme

Government CertificationCertification by Accredited Certification Bodies

Limited scope of certification (designated products only corresponding to approximate 1,300 standards within JIS product standards)

Limitation is terminated.

Reform of the Conformity Assessment System under the Industrial Standardization Law (Continued)


5

Internationally harmonized accreditation/certification system

Apply international guides and standards developed by ISO/IEC. Flexible to various needs from manufacturers, retailers, consumers, etc.Facilitate coordination with national regulatory authorities.



6

Integrity of the systemIntroduce well organized surveillance system to enhance credibility of the system.Training program for auditors.Monitoring system for JIS mark products.



7

Design of JIS mark was renewed.Old JIS mark

Current JIS mark

The renewed mark can provide information on aspects of certification depending on product characteristics and type of standards.The aspects of certification could include environment friendliness, safety, or health.

New JIS Mark SystemNew JIS Mark System

��

8

SDOs (Standards Developing Organizations) will play significant role in developing standards.

These standards are developed so as to meet the requirements from industrial sectors and consumers and are developed with a view to be proposed internationally.

New JIS Mark System (continued)New JIS Mark System (continued)

9

Accreditation Criteria

Conformity with ISO/IEC Guide 65 (General requirements for bodies operating product certification systems) as the general rule.Especially, concerning independency of accreditation applicant, article 4.2 m), the law provides application requirements.

Accreditation Criteria for Certification Bodies (CBs)Accreditation Criteria for Certification Bodies (CBs)

10

[Product certification system securing international harmonization and outstanding reliability]

Certification under the new JIS Mark scheme is based on "System 5" in the third party product certification scheme stipulated in ISO/IEC Guide 67. The certification procedure complies with ISO/IEC Guide 28 (Third-party product certification system)

As a general rule, the certification procedure consists of the combination of: (1) Product testing; (2) product certification based on inspection of quality control at the manufacturing plant where the product is manufactured; and (3) periodical surveillance after certification (on whether or not findings in (1) and (2) are maintained).

Certification Method Structure of the Third-party Product Certification System

11

Laboratory accreditation system under Article 57 of the Industrial Standardization Law1. Laboratory to have the technical competence necessary for precise

and smooth laboratory testing2. Laboratory to have established method of test execution necessary

for appropriate testingAccreditation based on ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the

competence of testing and calibration laboratories(Note) JNLA is acronym for Japan National Laboratory Accreditation

Accredited laboratory is able to issue laboratory certificates with accreditation logo defined in Ministerial ordinance

Scope of accreditation“JIS on testing method for mining and industrial products other than designated products”

Objective of the schemeTo support suppliers declare conformity of the products with JIS.

Logo (accreditation symbol)

The JNLA Scheme Summary of the Existing Scheme

12

Accreditation based on ISO/IEC 17025 Accreditation based on ISO/IEC standards on organizations conducting testingAccreditation by the Gov t based on satisfaction of ISO/IEC 17025 standards (equivalent to current JNLA scheme)

Expansion of “Accreditation scope"Change from "JIS on testing method for mining and industrial products other than designated products" to "JIS on testing method for all mining and industrial products"

Objective of the new schemeApplication of JNLA in the new JIS Mark scheme as conformity testing, in addition to support of self-declaration of conformity

Introduction of “renewal scheme"Accreditation shall be renewed at regular intervals designated by cabinet order.

The JNLA Scheme Summary of the New JNLA Scheme

13

Proclamation of Amended JIS Law (June 9New JNLA scheme is put into effect (October 1)

Application for accreditation from certification bodies to be received. (from April 1Application for certification from manufacturers etc. to be received. from October 1

Three year transitional period is prepared from Oct. 1, 2005 to Sep. 30, 2008.

ScheduleSchedule

14

Building Standards Law

Overview

15

Design stage

Construction permit

Construction stage Completion of construction

Intermediate inspection Completion inspection

[Specification regulations] [Performance regulations]

Outline of the Building Standard Law

[Pre-Use Procedure for Buildings]Bu

ildin

g pl

an

Sta

rt of

use

Comm

ence

ment

of co

nstru

ction

Specified administration agency or designated building inspection organization

Examination of design documents compliance to the building code

Singly imposed regulations [Securing safety of building]

Collectively imposed regulations [Development of sound community]

Access road regulations (ensuring access for evacuation or firefighting) - Relationship between site and roadUsage regulations (preventing cross-land-use) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Building regulations per usage zoneShape regulations (maintaining good urban environment) - - - - - - - - - - - Floor area ratio, setback regulations, etc.

Site (ensuring sanitation and safety) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Storm gutter, embankment, etc.Structure (preventing collapse from earthquake) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Structural materials, amount of walls, etc. - - - Calculation of ultimate bearing capacityFire prevention and evacuation (saving life from fire) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Fireproof structure, evacuation stairs, etc. - - - Fireproof design and evacuation safety verification

methods, etc.General structure, utilities - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Natural lighting, stairs, plumbing, etc. - - - - - - Elevator strength verification method, etc.

(ensuring sanitation and safety)

16

For the Purpose of Ensuring the Safety of Buildings and the Effectiveness of the Standards

1998 Revision of the Building Standard Law

- Appropriate role-sharing between administration and industry

- Ensuring effectiveness of building regulations

- Effective use of market function

Privatization of building inspection services

Growing demand from society

Development of intermediate inspection system

Access to documents related to building inspection

17

Building Administration Enforcement Framework Prior to Revision of Law

No. of inspections to be made per building inspection official is...

Approx 1,000,000 building plans to be inspected per year

versusApprox 1,700 building inspection officials

... about 600600

0200,000400,000600,000800,000

1,000,0001,200,000

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

Che

cks

05001,0001,5002,0002,500

Insp

ectio

n O

ffici

als

No. of building plans checkedNo. of building inspection officials

18

Privatization of Building Inspection Services

Certified inspectors: Employ a predetermined minimum number of inspectors

Structure: Management should have no influence on fair implementation of inspectors’ service.

Dedication: Designated organizations should ensure fairness in its service by not engaging in business other than building inspection.

Administration cannot secure a sufficient implementation framework.It is necessary to develop an efficient enforcement framework by re-examining the share of administration-industry roles.

The building inspection services, which have been conducted by building inspection officials to date, should be opened to qualified independent private organizations (designated building inspection organizations).

Capable of providing varied services to match the needs of building ownersAdministration can ensure effectiveness of the system by focusing on the correction of regulation violators.

Effect

Background

Points

19

97 organizations (as of April 15, 2004)

Staff (organiza-

tions)

About 1,900 inspectors in 411 local authorities across the country (as of April 1, 2004)

Independent and fairNecessary inspection

capability(Those who passed the qualification exam and registered as such are certified as building inspectors.)

Require-ments

Mayors or governors appoint inspectors from those who have passed the qualification exam and who are registered.

Private(either profit or non-profit)

Attributes

Prefectural or municipal officials*

Prefectures and specific cities with populations of over 250,000

Designated building inspection

organizations

Building inspection officials

Entities Effecting Building Inspection Services

20

Number of Specified Administration Agencies andDesignated Building Inspection Organizations

367 376 388 397 407 408 411

75 92 965726

0

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

No.

of o

rg.

Specif ied administration agency Designated building inspection organization

28 designated by Minister

68 designated by Governor

Organizations providing services in two or more prefectures: appointment by Minister (Director of Development Bureau)

Organizations providing services in one prefecture: appointment by Governor

(Fiscal year)

21

Services of Designated Building Inspection Organizations

833,191

15,534

839,810

83,106

736,827

155,338

591,399

238,880

485,079

0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000700,000800,000900,000

1,000,000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Designated building inspection organization

Building inspection official(Cases)

(Fiscal year)

22

Development of the Intermediate Inspection System

Effect

Background

Points

Lessons learnt from the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake* made us realize anew the importance of the maintenance of building safety.

A system should be established that allows inspections even during the construction stage.

*6,425 deaths, about 80% of which were due to collapsing buildings

Stricter inspection and thorough implementation of such inspection can doubly ensure the safety of buildings.

Specified administration agencies should designate buildings andprocesses that should receive intermediate inspection.

Buildings designated as above should be given intermediate inspection or continuation of work should not be allowed.

23

Case Study: Designation of Specified Processes and Processes following Specified Processes

[Tokyo Metropolis]

(2) 3 stories or higher and a total floor area of greater than 500 m2

Steel structure Steel erection of 1FSteel RC structure As aboveRC structure Rebar arrangement of beams and floor on 2FWooden structure Roofing workSteel structure 2F floor slab installationSteel RC structure Rebar arrangement in columns and beamsRC structure Beams and floor concrete casting on 2FWooden structure Exterior or interior of walls

Subject building

Specified process

Process postspecified process

(1) Wooden and 3-storied or higher

24

Changes in the Number of Specified Administration Agencies Performing Intermediate Inspection

367

209

158 161 179

167

230 236 232

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

56%

Specified administration agencies

59%

59%44

%

* No data for 2002 and 2003 due to survey not being conducted

(Fiscal year)

Specified administration agencies carrying out intermediate inspection

25

Access to Documents related to Building Inspection

A system should be established to ensure appropriate evaluation of the quality of buildings by the market rule.

Specified administration agencies should be legally required to make and keep building ledgers.

Documents related to inspection of buildings should also be included in those to be accessible.

(Formerly only the outline of building plans)

Procedure should be clarified to re-check buildings whose designs were changed after their original plans were inspected.

The range of information to be provided on buildings should be extended.

→ Protection of consumers and improvement of market function

Effect

Background

Points

26

Example of Document Access

[Outline of Building Plan] [Progress Status of Procedures]

[Outline of building]Location:Site area:Building area: Building coverage ratio:Total floor area: Floor area ratio:Structure: Use:Height: No. of stories:

[Location map]

[Layout]

[Outline of owner, etc.]Owner:Architect:Contractor:Construction supervisor:

[Other permissions and certifications]

[Completion inspection]Date of inspection:Certifier:Certification no.:

Date of certification:

[Intermediate inspection]Specified process: Inspection date:Intermediate inspection certifier:Intermediate inspection certification no.:Date of certification:

[Building inspection]Building permitter:Permit no.:Date of permission:

27

Changes in Past Inspection Ratio

68%64%

40%

34%33%33%

46%57%

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120020%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

� � � � � � � � � � � � � �No. of checks(A)

No. of certificates(B) Inspection ratio(B/A)

(No. of checks)

Fiscal YearRevised Building Standard Law enactedBuilding Safety Promotion Plan started

28

Necessary measures should be taken to ensure firm foundation, including improvement of fill or ground, when a building is to be constructed on a wet area, an area prone to flooding, or a former refuse landfill site.Appropriate facilities for drainage or disposal of rainwater and wastewater, such as installation of sewer pipes or sewer gutters, should be constructed at building sites.Safety measures, such as construction of retaining walls, should be taken at an area where it is possible that a building may be damaged to landslide or collapse of slope in order to protect the building from such damage.

Sanitation and Safety of Site

29

Principle of Structural Regulation

To be specific, technical standards have been put in place based on the following principle:(1) The building should be structurally strong enough to support its dead weight

and applied loads and ensure its usability regardless of any extreme deformation or vibration it might receive.

(2) The building should not be damaged by snowfall, storm or earthquakes of a medium scale that can infrequently happen.

(3) The building should not collapse or fall by snowfall, storm or earthquakes of a large scale that can very rarely happen.

Principle: A building should be structurally safe enough to resist its dead weight, imposed load, snow load, wind load, earth load and seismic force.

30

<Intermediate inspection> (June 1998)Intermediate inspection was required to ensure thorough supervision of construction work.

Others<Act for Promotion of the Earthquake Proof Retrofit of Buildingswas enacted in Oct. 1995><Act for Densely Inhabited Areas Improvement for Disaster Mitigation was enacted in May 1997>

[Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake] (Jan. 1995)(M7.2; 6,432 deaths, 104,906 buildings totally damaged, 144,274 buildings partially damaged and 6,148 buildings totally burned down)Buildings built to the former seismic standard and those poorly designed and constructed were damaged and collapsed in great number.

<New seismic standard> (July 1980)Secondary design should be introduced in seismic calculation

(1) Restrictions of inter-story drift, rigidity, or eccentricity ratio(2) Introduction of ultimate lateral strength calculation

Reinforcement of specification regulations(1) Increase in the amount of load-bearing walls for wooden buildings

[Tokachi-oki Earthquake] (May 1968)(M7.9: 49 deaths, 673 buildings totally damaged and 3,004 buildings partially damaged)A large number of RC buildings were damaged.

[Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake] (June 1978)(M7.4; 27 deaths, 651 buildings totally damaged and 5,450 buildings partially damaged)Buildings with pilotis and of serious eccentricity were damaged.

1. Previous Major Earthquake Damage and Countermeasures

31

2. Calculation of Allowable Unit Stress, etc.

Buildings other than specified buildings

Specified buildings

Higher than 31 mHeight of 31 m high or less

+

+

+

+

+

Check of inter-story drift (ensure the building’s exterior materials will not fall with any building deformation)

Check of allowable unit stress (ensure the building will not suffer damage by regular and medium-scale earthquakes, storms, etc.)

Check of modulus of rigidity and eccentricity ratio (make sure the structural balance of the building is appropriate)

Check of ultimate lateral strength (make sure the building will not collapse in a major earthquake)

Check of bearing capacity(make sure the amount of load-bearing walls or columns and bearing capacity of connections are appropriate)

Specified building: a building that is not: a wooden building not greater than 13 m in height and not greater than 9 m in eaves height, a steel frame building not higher than 13 m and complying with predetermined specifications, or an RC building not higher than 20 m and complying with predetermined specifications

32

Calculation of allowable unit

stress

Make sure that the building will not suffer damage to any part, by its own dead weight, applied loads or the force of a medium scale earthquake, etc. (earthquake, storm or snowfall likely to occur about once in the life time).

(1) The force that occurs to a part of a building is calculated by loads and external force. Then, the unit stress that occurs in a section of any part of the building (stress per unit area) is calculated.

(2) Make sure that the unit stress of any given part calculated in (1) is smaller than the allowable unit stress* of that part.

* Allowable unit stress is the limit force per unit area in the building material’s elastic domain (the section which recovers to its original condition once the force is removed).

33

Elastic area Plastic area

Major earthquake(Japanese scale of 6 + to 7)

Range of calculation of allowable unit stress

* Original condition will be recovered after removal of force (after earthquake).

No damage

Allow

able

unit s

tress

(Max

imum

force

that

the

memb

er ca

n sus

tain)

Ordinary condition

Deformation

* Damage (deformation) will remain even after removal of force.

Collapse

Size of force that actsRelationship between force working on a member and deformationMedium scale

earthquake(Japanese scale of 5)

Range of calculation of ultimate lateral strength

34

Inter-story drift

The level of deformation that occurs on each floor (section) in the lateral direction at the time of an earthquake of medium scale should be smaller than the level that causes the fall of exterior materials (in principle, within 1/200, and in case of no possibility of serious damage, within 1/120).

Modulus of rigidity &

Eccentricity ratio

Modulus of rigidity is an index of balance of rigidity for each floor of the building. Eccentricity ratio is an index of balance of rigidity for each floor in the lateral direction. With these indexes, one can check if the balance of the building is appropriate without causing serious defects in structural strength.

—Ž‰º

” z’ u‚ Ì• Î‚ è‚ Å• ÏŒ‚̀ ª“ Á’ è‚ Ì’ Œ‚ É� W’ †

�s• ½– Ê� }�t

‘ ¼‚ æ‚ è� _‚ ç‚ ©‚ ¢Š K‚ É‘ ¹� �‚ ª� W’ †‚ ·‚ é

Floo

r tha

t is

too

elas

tic.

Fall

[Top View][ElevationalView]

Damage is concentrated on the most elastic floor. Deformation is concentrated

on a specific column due to the eccentricity of the layout.

35

Calculation of ultimate lateral strength

The building should not suffer collapse or destruction that can harm people in the building in the event of an extremely rare major earthquake.

(1) Ultimate lateral strength for each floor is calculated from the strength of materials used.

(2) The ultimate lateral strength necessary for each floor not to suffer collapse or destruction in the event of major seismic force is calculated.This should be calculated by considering various parameters, such as tenacity and shape characteristics (eccentricity ratio and modulus of rigidity) of each floor.

(3)

(1) should be larger than (2).

36

3. Calculation of Ultimate Bearing Capacity

Calculation of ultimate bearing capacity

Method of structural calculation that checks the required performance for each item.→ Either allowable unit stress or ultimate bearing capacity should be

chosen.→ This rule does not need to apply to the majority of specification

regulations excluding those that cannot be checked by structural calculations, such as durability or constructibility. (Its application is, however, necessary for specification regulations in calculation of allowable unit stress.)

Structural calculation should be made to check the following performance:

The building should not suffer deformation or vibration that prevents intended use of the building by its own dead weight or applied loads .

The building should not suffer collapse or destruction in the event of large-scale snowfall, storm or earthquake that very rarely happens.

The building should not suffer damage in the event of (medium scale) snowfall, storm or earthquake that can happen once or more in the service life of the building.

37

For instance, safety of a building against a major earthquake ischecked by the following structural calculations:

* In calculating the ultimate lateral strength, it is assumed that the building complies with certain specification standards. A relatively simple method is used to evaluate tenacity or shape characteristics of each floor, and an equation to calculate ultimate lateral strength is specified as the standard method of calculation.

For calculation of ultimate bearing capacity, it is not based on the assumption of the deformation that occurs to the building by the seismic force and the seismic force that acts on the building when such deformation is caused, but a highly versatile calculation method to ensure detailed verification is used.

(1) Maximum deformation (safety limit displacement) occurring to each floor when the floor resists lateral force equal to its ultimate lateral strength is calculated.

(2) Seismic force acting on each floor during a major earthquake is calculated, while considering vibration characteristics of the building under displacement equal to the safety limit displacement.

(3)The seismic force in (2) should be smaller than the ultimate lateral strength.

38

4. Advanced Structural Calculations

Structural calculations for super high-rises (buildings higher than 60 m)

Time history response analysis (the method of structural calculation where changes in force and deformation occurring to the building by seismic waves of a major earthquake are continuously simulated by the computer to verify seismic resistance of the building)

Since very advanced technical capability is required to properly judge the appropriateness of the calculation result, the result is evaluated by specialists of university professor level at an independent specialized organization (designated performance evaluation organization) and the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport will make final judgment for certification based on the evaluated result.

39

5. Specification Regulations

Durability of the foundation and members (specifications common for all types of structures): This specification should be complied with whether or not the structural calculation is required.Specification regulations for each type of structure (wooden, masonry, steel, RC, SRC, etc.): This may be omitted when calculation of ultimate bearing capacity or time history response analysis is conducted.

[Example of Specification Regulation](Common)

Where corrosion or decay is particularly likely at parts important in terms of structural strength, materials resistant to corrosion or decay, or those treated with effective rust-preventatives or corrosion-preventatives, should be used.

(Wooden structure)The size of the column should be 13.5 cm per side or more on the first floor of a two-story building.Corner pillars of a building of two or more stories should be through-pillars.Effective corrosion-preventive treatment should be provided to the foundation and columns less than 1 m in height from the ground.

40

Principle of Fireproof and Evacuation Regulations

To be specific, measures should be taken based on the following principles:

(1) Prevention of the spread of fire from a neighboring building (2) For buildings highly prone to fire, prevention of fire from occurring indoors,

spreading, or causing the collapse of the building (3) In the event of a fire, ensure the evacuation and safety of users, and facilitate

fire-fighting activities

PrincipleSafety measures against fire should be taken to buildings based on past fire cases and the experience of the fire-related regulations, in order to protect people’s lives and assets against fire.

41

A fireproof building is a building most unlikely to catch fire from outside or to collapse by ordinary fire.

A building that falls under any of the following descriptions and has fire-prevention equipment at any opening likely to catch fire from outside:

a. Major structural parts (wall, column, floor, beam, roof, stairs) are fireproof (specification regulation).

b. Major structural parts are proven, by the fireproof performance verification method (performance regulation), to withstand a fire until the fire ends.

c. Major structural parts are certified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport to be able to withstand a fire until it ends (performance regulation).

* Fire-prevention equipment is equipment which prevents fire, such as fire doors with fire-shielding performance (capable of shielding fire for 20 minutes) or drenchers (water curtain equipment), which are certified by the Minister of MLIT for compliance with the notified regulations.

A semi-fireproof building is a building less likely to catch fire from outside and collapse by fire inside, having performance in line with the fireproof building and falling under either of the following:

(1) Major structural parts are semi-fireproof;(2) External walls are fireproof;(3) Noncombustible materials, such as steel, are used for frames.

* What is a “fireproof” and “semi-fireproof”building?

42

Fireproof structure

Fireproof performance: Structure of reinforced concrete, steel, etc., in case of an ordinary fire, capable of preventing the collapse or spread of the fire until it ends. A structure is qualified to be fireproof by either satisfying the requirements given in the Ministerial Notification or being certified by the Minister of MLIT.

Semi-fireproof structure

Semi-fireproof performance: Structure of wood, etc. having performance to control the spread of an ordinary fire. A structure is qualified to be semi-fireproof either by satisfying the requirements given in the Ministerial Notification or being certified by the Minister of MLIT.

(Fireproof and Semi-fireproof Structures)

Reinforced concrete structure

Plaster board: double panels (12 mm + 9 mm) (both sides)

(Column and wall)

Column

43

(Noncombustible, quasi-noncombustible, flame-retarding materials)

[Requirements]1) Does not combust.2) Does not suffer deformation, fusion, cracking, or other

damage that is harmful in terms of fire prevention.3) Does not generate smoke or gas, toxic or harmful

enough to prevent evacuation.

Materials satisfying all the requirements below during the time range shown in the right when subjected to heat.

This qualification is granted either by certification by the Minister of LIT or compliance with the stipulations set by the Minister of LIT. 5 min.

10 min.

20 min.

Duration

Flame-retarding plywood, etc.

Flame-retarding

Sawdust-mixed cement board,

plaster board, etc.

Quasi-noncombustibl

e

Concrete, steel plate, etc.

Noncombustible

ExampleMaterial

44

6. Means of Evacuation

Evacuation safety in the entire building is stipulated so as to ensure the safe evacuation of people inside the building to the ground outdoors, in case of a disaster, and particularly, a fire.

The following means must be put in place:(1) Evacuation route should be established. (room→corridor→evacuation stairs→entrance to evacuation

floor→passage in the compound→road or open area)

(2) Rescue means from outside should be put in place, such as an emergency entrance or emergency elevator.

(3) Means to facilitate evacuation should be put in place, such as smoke ejectors, emergency lighting, etc.

The following means must be put in place:(1) Evacuation route should be established. (room→corridor→evacuation stairs→entrance to evacuation

floor→passage in the compound→road or open area)

(2) Rescue means from outside should be put in place, such as an emergency entrance or emergency elevator.

(3) Means to facilitate evacuation should be put in place, such as smoke ejectors, emergency lighting, etc.

(1) Buildings larger than a prescribed scale, such as theater, movietheater, or hall, where an undetermined number of people use

(2) Buildings of 3 stories or higher(3) Buildings covering a floor area of over 1,000 m2

(4) Buildings with no openings, such as windows, effective for air exhaustion

45

Direct StairsThe distance from any given part of rooms on upper floors or basement floors of a building to the direct stairs (walking distance) should not exceed the predetermined distance. Floors used for certain purposes or of certain scales, such as seating floors of a theater, should have two or more direct stairs.

Regulation for Means of Evacuation - 1

Evacuation Stairs & Special Evacuation StairsThe following direct stairs should have evacuation or special evacuation stairs in principle:

Evacuation stairs:(1) Direct stairs leading from the 5th floor or higher or the 2nd

basement or lower(2) Two or more direct stairs of a building having a retail

store on the 3rd or higher floors

Special evacuation stairs:(1) Direct stairs leading from the 15th floor or higher or the

3rd basement or lower(2) Of direct stairs of a building having retail stores on the 3rd

or higher floors:i) one or more direct stairs leading to a retail on the 5th

or higherii) all direct stairs leading to a retail on the 15th or

higher

Evacuation stairs

Special evacuation stairs

(Outside) No influence of smoke

Return wall

Sm

oke

Smoke

Room Room

(Corridor) 750 or wider

Window should be a fire-prevention equipment having 20-minute fire shielding performance, be fixed, and have an open area of less than 1 m2.

Fire-prevention equipment having 20-min. fire shielding performance

Adjacent anteroom

Evacuation direction

Fixed door

Windowopenable toward the outside

Specified fire-prevention equipment

(Inside)

(Outside)

500 o

r hig

her 900 or

wider

Fire-prevention equipment having 20 min. fire shielding performance

46

Smoke ExhaustBuildings where a large number of people use or reside should have appropriate means of smoke exhaust in order to eliminate smoke in the early stage of a fire that starts in any given room or is entering into other rooms beyond the fire compartment.

Emergency LightingEmergency lighting should be installed in the following areas of a building used by a large number of people in order to ensure minimum action necessary for evacuation in the event of power outage:

1) Rooms2) Corridors that serve as evacuation routes from any room to the outdoor ground,

stairs and other corridors

Regulation for Means of Evacuation - 2

47

Installation of emergency entranceEmergency entrances must be installed on the 3rd floor or higher floors lower than 31 m.

7. Emergency Entrance and Elevator

Installation of emergency elevatorA minimum number (corresponding to the maximum floor area of floors 31 m or higher) of emergency elevators must be installed in a building 31 m or higher.

Installation of emergency entrances and elevators is mandatory to facilitate the rescue activities of fire fighters.

(Floor that must have emergency entrances)

Bui

ldin

g re

quire

d to

in

stal

l em

erge

ncy

entra

nce

Floor required to install emergency entrance

Corridor

General elevator

Emergency elevator

Window wider than 3 m2 in area or with smoke exhaust system

Special evacuation stairs

Elevator lobby

Anter

oom

48

System of General Structural and Building Services Regulations

Purpose of general structural and building services regulations: To ensure sanitary environment and safety

[Purpose] [Measures to be taken]

Sanit

ary

envir

onme

nt

Prevention of the falling of equipment

Good indoor air environment

Removal of excessive moisture

Ensure natural lighting

Elimination of noises from daily life

Prevention of fire or electric shock caused by equipment

Opening for natural lighting and ventilation or ventilation system

“Sick-house” measures (materials, ventilation, etc.)

Moister prevention under the floor or in the basement rooms

Sound insulation structure for apartments

Stairs (width, rise, tread, handrail, etc.)

Safet

y

Prevention of lightning strike

Ceiling height or floor height

Appropriate treatment of sewer and wastewater

[Description]

Prevention of casual accidents, such as tumbling

Prevention of contamination of drinking water

Structure of lifting equipment (elevators and escalators)

Piping (water supply and sewerage)

Electricity and gas (stipulated by other laws and regulations)

Lightning protection system

Toilet structure restrictions

Structural strength of building services

Natural lighting

49

Article 37 of Building Standard Law and Its Relevant Notifications

Overview

50

Article 37 in Old BSL

Article 37 The quality of steel, cement and other building materials used for the foundations, principal building parts and other parts of buildings specified by Cabinet Order which are important from the viewpoint of safety, fire prevention or sanitation, shall comply with the Japanese Industrial Standard or the Japanese Agricultural Standard designated by the Minister of Construction.

MOC Notification 26, 1951Abolished in 2000

51

MOC Notification 26, 1951

“Fire Retardant Paint for Buildings (JIS K5661)”Fire Retardant Paint

Class 1 or Class 2 of “Fire-Retardant Wood (JIS A5801)”

Fire-Retardant Woods

“Cement bonded wood-wool boards (JIS A5404)”Cement Bonded Wood-Wool Boards

9 mm or thicker in “Metal Laths (JIS A5505)”Metal Laths

9 mm or thicker in “Wire Laths JIS A5504)”Wire LathsFor Structural Part of Fireproof Construction or Fire Preventive Construction, or For Fire Door

“Portland Cement” (JIS R5210)“Blast-Furnace Slag Cement(JIS R5211)” or “pozzolan cement (JIS R5212)”

CementFor Foundation and Principal Building Part

Japanese Industrial StandardBuilding MaterialCategory on Use

Not much substantially regulated as only a part of cement products has been designated

52

Main Points in 1999 BSL Revision

To A Performance Oriented StandardSpecifying Spiritual Stipulations to DetailsTo Improve Approval Systems That Have Been VagueConvert to SI Unit System

53

Article 37 in New BSLArticle 37 Such building materials as wood, steel,

concrete, and other materials specified by the Minister of Construction used for the foundations, principal building parts, and other parts of buildings specified by Cabinet Order which are important from the viewpoint of safety, fire prevention,and sanitation (hereinafter in this Article referred to as “designated building materials”) shall come under either one of the following items.

(To be continued)Article 144-3 of Cabinet Order

MOC Notification 1446, 2000

54

Specified by Cabinet Order (Article 144-3)Article 144-3. Parts of buildings which are important from the

viewpoint of safety, fire prevention or sanitation as specified by Cabinet Order under Article 37 of the Law shall be mentioned as follows:(1) Principal parts necessary for structural strength other than

foundations and principal buildings parts.(2) Structural parts of fireproof, quasi-fireproof, or fire preventive

construction other than principal building parts.(3) Fire preventive equipment or its part stipulated in Article 109.(4) Interior or exterior parts of buildings that the Minister stipulates, such as fire doors or fire preventive dampers or parts of these.(5) Partition walls, removable floor boards, floors of the lowest floor, small beams, pent roofs, small stairs for local use, outside stairs, balconies or other parts similar thereto, other than principal building parts, which the Minister stipulates as important from the viewpoint of safety or fire prevention.(6) Omitted.

55

Notes on Revised Article 37“Designated building materials” is referred to as those which are regulated under Article 37 BSL. This does not mean that using other materials than designated building materials is prohibited.It does not require products labeled with JIS or JAS mark. It requires that the materials conform to the qualities stipulated in JIS or JAS.Once a material becomes “Designated Building Material,” the BSL regulates this in all cases when used in important parts defined in structural and fire preventive codes, unless parts being applied to are specified. In case a JIS standard is revised, materials conforming to the revised JIS can not be used in buildings unless the notificationrelevant to Article 37 is revised.

56

Designated Building MaterialsAs of October 2001 by Notification 1446 of 2000)

1. Structural Steel and Cast Steel

2. High Strength Bolt and Bolt

3. Structural Cable, Wire Rope, etc.

4. Steel Bar5. Welding Material6. Turn Buckle7. Concrete8. Concrete Block9. Base Isolation Material

(Added in 2000)

Additions by Notification 1539, 2001

10. Wood-Based Glued Axial Material

11. Wood-Based Composite Axial Material

12. Wood-Based Composite Insulated Panel

13. Wood-Based Glued Composite Panel

57

Designated Building Materials(Additions by Notification 1539 of 2001)Wood-Based Glued Axial Material (axial materials

manufactured by laminating veneers or forming strands with adhesive · · ·LVL, LSL, PSL, etc.Wood-Based Composite Axial Material axial materials manufactured by composing sawn lumber, laminated lumber or other wood material with adhesives to cross sections such as I-shape, squares, etc.) · · · I-Joist, Box Beams, etc.Wood-Based Composite Insulated Panel (panel products manufactured by sandwiching organic foamed material by structural plywood, etc with adhesives, no framing inside) · ··Structural Insulated PanelsWood-Based Glued Composite Panel (panel products manufactured by composing sawn lumber, glulams, etc. with structural plywood using adhesives) · · ·Composite panels for wooden prefab homes

58

Item 1 of Article 37 of New BSL

1. Those whose quality conforms to the Japanese Industrial Standard or the Japanese Agricultural Standard designated for each designated building material by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport.

Item 1 in Annexed Table 1 of MOC Notification 1446 of 2000

↓LVL JAS standard was designated as one of

wood-based glued axial materials

59

Item 2 of Article 37 of New BSL

In addition to building materials stipulated in the preceding item, those approved by the Minister of Construction as conforming to technical criteria for each designated building material specified by the Minister of Construction concerning the quality necessary for safety, fire prevention, and sanitation.

Item 2 in Annexed Table in 1 of MOC Notification 1446 of 2000

60

Quality Measurement Method for 4 Wood-Based Designated Building Materials (Item 2 of Annexed Table of the Notification)

Wood-Based Glued Axial Material · · · · Based on JAS LVL standardWood-Based Composite Axial Material · · · · Based on ASTM D 5055 “Standard Specification for Establishing and Monitoring Structural Capacities of Prefabricated Wood I-Joist”Wood-Based Composite Insulated Panel · · · · Based on JIS A1414 “Methods of performance test of panels for building construction”Wood-Based Glued Composite panel · · · · Based on JIS A1414

In addition, referenced from Circular Notice from Director of International Codes and Standards MOC Dated December 1, 1998.

61

Quality Standard for Wood-Based Glued Axial Material

1) Criteria for sizes and bow2) Criteria for bending strength

and bending MOE3) Criteria for shear strength

and shear MOE4) Compressive strain

strength (when used for the parts where this stress applies)

5) Criteria of Moisture Content

6) Moisture content adjustment factors for 2), 3) and 4)

7) Duration of load adjustment factors for 2), 3) and 4)

8) Creep adjustment factors for 2) and 3)

9) Adjustment factors for accidental wetting for 2), 3) and 4)

10) Bending strength retention ratio based on bonding durability

11) Influence of preservative treatment

62

Quality Standard for Wood-Based Composite Axial Materials

1) Criteria for size and bow2) Criteria for each part of

bending strength, bending MOE, shear strength, shear MOE and compressive strain strength (where this stress applies)

3) Quality of adhesive4) Criteria of maximum bending

moment and bending stiffness

5) Criteria for shear strength and MOE

6) Moisture Content Criteria

6) Moisture content adjustment factor for 2), 3) and 4)

7) Load duration adjustment factor for 2), 3) and 4)

8) Creep adjustment factor for 2) and 3)

9) Adjustment factor for accidental wetting for 2), 3) and 4)

10) Bending strength retention ratio based on bonding durability


63

Quality Standard for Wood-Based Composite Insulated Panel

1) Size Criteria2) Quality of each component3) Criteria for in-plate

compression strength (when used for the parts where this stress applies)

4) Criteria for out-plane bending strength and MOE

5) Criteria for compressive strain strength

6) Criteria for shear strength and rigidity

7) Criteria for heat resistance

8) Moisture content adjustment factor for 4)

9) Load duration adjustment factors for 3), 4) and 5)

10) Creep adjustment factor for 4)

11) Accidental wetting adjustment factors for 3), 4) and 5)

12) Bending retention ratio based on bonding durability


64

Quality Standard for Wood-Based Glued Composite Panel

1) Size Criteria2) Quality of each component3) Criteria for in-plane

compression strength4) Criteria for out-plane

bending strength and MOE5) Criteria for shear strength

and MOE6) Moisture content adjustment

factor for 4)

7) Load duration adjustment factors for 3) and 4)

8) Creep adjustment factor for 4)

9) Accidental wetting factors for 3) and 4)


65

Required Performance Items (Shear Wall – 1)

Buckling Resistance of Shear Wall to Vertical Load (based on weak-

axis bending of studs)

○○Shear Ductility of Shear Wall

○Shear Rigidity of Shear Wall

○○Shear Resistance of Shear Wall

○○Impact Bearing Strength to Human or Object (out-plane)

○○Resistance force to Wind Pressure Perpendicular to Surface (Exterior Wall)

Shear Walls Based On Shear Wall Calculation

Ductility

Rig

idity

Stren

gth

Rig

idity

Stren

gth

Rig

idity

Strren

gth

Assumed External Force

Shear-Through-Thickness

Out-Plane Compressio

nBendingPerformance Items

Parts

66


○Buckling Resistance of Shear Wall to Vertical Load (based on weak-


Shear Ductility of Shear Wall


○Shear Resistance of Shear Wall

○○○Impact Bearing Strength to Human or Object (out-plane)

○○Resistance force to Wind Pressure Perpendicular to Surface (Exterior Wall)

Shear Walls Based On Shear Wall Calculation

Stren

gth

Rig

idity

Stren

gth

Rig

idity

Strren

gth


Impact Bending

Compressive Strain

In-Plane Shear

Performance Items

Parts

67

Required Performance Items (Shear Wall –3)

○

Ductility

○Buckling Resistance of Shear Wall to Vertical Load (based on weak-




○○Shear Resistance of Shear Wall

○Impact Bearing Strength to Human or Object (out-plane)

○Resistance force to Wind Pressure Perpendicular to Surface (Exterior Wall)

Shear Walls

Based On Shear Wall Calculation

Rig

idity

Strren

gth


Withdrawal Resistance

of Connectors

Shear Resistance of Connectors

Performance Items

Parts

68


On-Site and Long-Term Performance Assurance

○○○

○

Load Duratio

n

Bond Durabilit

y

Durability, Anti-Termite

Buckling Resistance of Shear Wall to Vertical Load (based on weak-axis

bending of studs)


Shear Rigidity of Shear Wall

Shear Resistance of Shear Wall

Impact Bearing Strength to Human or Object (out-plane)

Resistance force to Wind Pressure Perpendicular to Surface (Exterior Wall)

Shear Walls

Based On Shear Wall Calculation


Accidental

Wetting

Performance ItemsParts

69

Required Performance Items (Floor/Roof – 1)

○Diaphragm Ductility

○Diaphragm Shear Rigidity

○Diaphragm Shear Resistance

○Rigidity to Live and Snow loads

○Resistance to Live and Snow Loads

Floor Sheathing and Roof Sheathing

Ductility

Rig

idity

Stren

gth

Rig

idity

Stren

gth

Rig

idity

Strren

gth


Shear-Through-Thickness

Out-Plane Compressio

nBendingPerformance Items

Parts

70


Diaphragm Ductility



○○Rigidity to Live and Snow loads

○○Resistance to Live and Snow Loads


Stren

gth

Rig

idity

Stren

gth

Rig

idity

Strren

gth


Impact Bendin

g

Compressive Strain

In-Plane ShearPerformance Items

Parts

71


Withdrawal Resistance

of Connectors

○Diaphragm Ductility



○Rigidity to Live and Snow loads

○Resistance to Live and Snow Loads


Ductility

Rig

idity

Strren

gth


Shear Resistance of ConnectorsPerformance Items

Parts

72


○

Accidental Wetting

○

○

Load Duration

○

Bond Durabilit

y

○

Durability, Anti-Termite

On-Site and Long-Term Performance Assurance

Diaphragm Ductility

Diaphragm Shear Rigidity

Diaphragm Shear Resistance

Rigidity to Live and Snow loads

Resistance to Live and Snow Loads



Performance Items

Parts

73

Sampling1) Test specimens should be collected from identifiable

populations at each stage-production so that they appropriately represent the material properties of the populations.

2) The number of specimens from the same samples should be the one that can appropriately estimate the population properties.

Sampling should be done from a production lot and any deviation should be avoided in the process of extracting the specimen from the sample so that the test is conducted with the number that can process the variation statistically.

74

Conditioning and Testing Environment

Specimens should be conditioned until they reach an equilibrium state at temperature of 20 C and 65% 5% relative humidity.This requires that the specimens reach the equilibrium state in a constant temperature and humidity environment at 20 C and relative humidity 65% 5%. Equilibrium state is defined as the case that the change in the mass of each specimen is less than 0.1% over a 24-hour period. Specimens can be in air-dried condition in case that the change in the mass can be evaluated as equal to the above (less change than in constant temperature and humidity environment).

75

Various Adjustment Factors

Following adjustment factors should be requiredStrength adjustment factors on load durationRigidity adjustment factor on creepMoisture content adjustment factorAccidental wetting adjustment factorStrength retention ratio on bonding durability

76

Side-Matching Test Specimens

Panel Products →

Axial Materials

Full-size specimen · · · ·Obtain data from side-matching and proper specimens with extracting method and number of specimens, by which no statistically significant difference is observed between proper and side-matching materials.

Proper Specimen for Adjustment Factor

Side-Matching Specimen

Side-Matching Specimen

Proper Specimen for

Adjustment Factor

Side-Matching

Specimen

Side-Matching

Specimen

77

Adjustment Factors on Load DurationA = Average of characteristic values from 2 side-

matching specimensProvide proper specimen with (A x Stress Level (<1))(Stress Level 3 or more) → Measure time to ruptureMore than half of ruptures with stress level 1 or more occur at duration of longer than 6 months

10 or more sets of specimens at each stress level

Stre

ss L

evel

Time to Rupture 50 years

Strength Adjustment Factors on Load Duration

78

Rigidity Adjustment Factor on CreepA = Average of characteristic values from 2 side-matching

specimensApply stress of A x (Moisture Content Adjustment Factor) x (Load

Duration Adjustment Factor) x (2/3) to the proper test specimen → Measure deformation at 1, 5, 10 100 and 500 minutes elapsed then every 24 hours for 5 weeks or longerObtain creep ratio by dividing 1-minute deformation by each time deformation10 or more sets of specimens

Log (Time) 50 years

Rigidity Adjustment Factor on Creep

Log (Creep Ratio)

79

Categories for Application Environments

1) Environments in which parts could be perpetually exposed to moisture by being directly exposed to the outside (perpetual moist environment) = exterior finishing materials or balconies

2) Environments in which parts could be faced to the outside (except parts effectively water-prevented by building paper etc.) or parts could be exposed to moisture (except 1)). (intermittent moist environment) = materials applied to exteriorwalls or roofs without water-preventive measure such as applying building paper

3) Environments other than the above (dry environment) = Materials applied to interior walls or floors inside, with waterpreventive measure such as applying building paper

80

Moisture Content Adjustment Factors

A = Average of strength characteristic values from 2 side-matching specimens (20 2 C and RH 65 5%).

1) Materials used in perpetual moist environment: B/A

B = Each strength characteristic values at 20 2 C and RH 65 5%

2) Material used in intermittent moist environment: C/A

C = Each characteristic values at 20 2 C and RH 85 5%).

Materials used only in dry environment: No need to measure

81

Adjustment Factor on Accidental Wetting

A = Average of strength characteristic values from 2 side-matching specimens (20 2 Cand RH 65 5%)

B = 72-hour water spraying → Strength characteristic value after drying

Obtain B/A

82

Bonding DurabilityA = Average of strength characteristic values from 2 side-matching

specimensB = Characteristic values of the proper specimens after

treatments in the table below(smaller value in case of 2 treatments or more)

1 Time of Vacuum Method

1 Time of Boiling Method1 Time of Vacuum/Pressure Method

Dry Environment

6 Times of Vacuum Method

2 Times of Boiling Method2 Times of Vacuum/Pressure Method

Intermittent Moist Environment

6 Times of Heating-Freezing Method

6 Times of Heating-Freezing Method

Perpetual Moist Environment

Composite PanelAxial MaterialEnvironment Categories

83

Quality Control

A. Inspections for all quality standards for each material are required whenever there is a change in each component, adhesive type or manufacturing condition.

B. However, other measurement methods for typical quality standards may be used when they can secure the quality of the building material.

C. Dimensions and shapes shall be inspected on the basis of documents received at the time of acceptance of the materials, such as materials delivery documents, inspection reports or tests certificates.

84

Approvals Based on Item 2 of Article 37 of BSL

Document Evaluation by Designated Evaluation BodiesRequired data can be collected either by in-house or by a third partyPerformance values secured as other than standard items can be written in the annexed form in the evaluation application

85

Some other requirements of BSL

Some lumbers shall satisfy Article 37 of BSL or have strength specified by Minister.