producing “new” small grain crops in the mid-atlantic wade thomason
TRANSCRIPT
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Producing “New” Small Grain Crops in the Mid-Atlantic
Wade Thomason
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Outline
• Current and Future Situation
• Bread Wheat
• Hulless Barley
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Virginia Wheat Acres
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Har
vest
ed A
cres
$0.00$0.50$1.00$1.50$2.00$2.50$3.00$3.50$4.00$4.50
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Val
ue,
$/b
u
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What’s This All About?
• 8.5 million acres of agricultural land• 47,000 farms• Avg. size is 181 acres• More than 1/3 of all the land development that has taken
place since 1607 has occurred in the last 20 years.• Average annual rate of agricultural land converted to
developed uses (acres) • 23,260
• Average annual rate of rural land converted to developed uses (acres)
• 69,480
• More, smaller farms
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Survey
Crop Mean Acres
Max Acres
Min Acres
Median Acres
Response of 0
Total Acres
% of harvested acres, 2005
Wheat 280 1800 10 200 50 39479 23 Corn 417 2500 15 300 25 67921 19 Soybeans 529 3300 10 350 17 91489 18 Cotton 664 1700 150 700 172 11285 12
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Survey
If your wheat acreage decreased, what were the two most important reasons for the decrease? (Indicate the most important reason with a 1 and the second most important reason with a 2)
1 2 Reason 13% 5% Loss of a local market 12% 24% Labor/management restrictions during June and October 1% 0% Crop insurance taken the “risk management” place of wheat in your operation 1% 2% Loan terms affected cash flow to the extent that you don’t need the sale of wheat
in your marketing plans 62% 44% Decrease in profit compared to other crops
10% 24% Other
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Survey
What price/bushel level would it take for you to re-introduce wheat on your farm or increase wheat acreage?
6% $3.50-3.75
28% $3.76-4.00
48% $4.01 +
17% Do not plan to grow wheat regardless of price
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Wheat Prices, CBOT & KCBOT
$0.00$1.00$2.00$3.00$4.00$5.00$6.00$7.00$8.00
01/0
2/19
96
01/0
2/19
97
01/0
2/19
98
01/0
2/19
99
01/0
2/20
00
01/0
2/20
01
01/0
2/20
02
01/0
2/20
03
01/0
2/20
04
01/0
2/20
05
01/0
2/20
06
AVG. of $0.40/bu or more
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Development of Specialty Wheat Varieties with High Value End Use
Properties
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Management StudiesBread Wheat Seeding Rate
• Plots were planted into conventionally tilled fields at rates of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 seeds per row ft. (25, 34, 43, 51, and 60 seeds per square ft.) at both sites.
• RCBD with 4 reps• Karl 92, Soissons, TAM 110, Lakin, and
Renwood 3260
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Bread Wheat Seeding Rate
y = -0.0046x2 + 0.5287x + 42.308
R2 = 0.8083
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Seeds ft-2
Pla
nts
ft-2
, GS
11
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Bread Wheat Seeding Rate
y = -0.0045x2 + 0.6953x - 0.0612
R2 = 0.9962
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Seeds ft-2
Hea
ds
ft-2,
GS
75
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Bread Wheat Seeding Rate
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
26 34 43 51 60
Seeds ft-2
Ker
nel
s p
er H
ead
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Bread Wheat Seeding Rate
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
26 34 43 51 60
Seeds ft-2
10
00
ke
rne
l w
t, g
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Bread Wheat Seeding Rate
y = -0.0014x2 + 0.2286x + 71.374
R2 = 0.9928
76
77
78
79
80
81
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Seeds ft-2
Yie
ld,
bu
ac-1
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Management StudiesBread Wheat Seeding Rate
• A quadratic effect of seeding rate on early season plant density was observed across sites in 2005 and 2006.
• The number of heads was increased with increased seeding rate up through 30 seeds row ft (1/3 more than the recommended seeding rate for SRWW).
• Yield was also increased with seeding rate, even at what would normally be considered extremely high rates.
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Fertilization• Randomized complete block design with eight
replications was deployed to evaluate late-season N rates and timing.
• 0, 20, 30, and 40 lb N/ac applied as dissolved urea solution at GS37, GS 45, or GS 54.
• Sulfur was applied randomly to four of the eight replications at GS 30 in each year, resulting in this effect being nested within replication effect.
• Soissons (French Bread • Wheat) • Heyne (Kansas HRWW)• Renwood 3260, • (SRWW –strong gluten)
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Fertilization
• Late-season N increased yield ~ 10% of the time.
• Late-season N never decreased yield.
• S at GS 30 caused foliar burn but not lost yield.
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Grain protein response of Soissons wheat to late-season N with and without S
y = 0.0203x + 11.249
R2 = 0.9954
y = -0.0004x 2 + 0.0412x + 11.218
R2 = 0.9999
11
11.5
12
12.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
N Rate (kg/ha)
Gra
in P
rote
in (
%)
+S
-S
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Flour protein of Soissons, Heyne, and Renwood 3260 winter wheat varieties as affected by late season N (with S), 2001-2003.
y = 0.0184x + 9.2055
R2 = 0.9874
y = 0.0109x + 10.716
R2 = 0.9921
y = 0.0207x + 10.599
R2 = 0.9597
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
GS 45 N rate, kg ha-1
Flo
ur
Pro
tein
, %
Soissons
Heyne
Renwood 3260
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Water absorption of Soissons, Heyne, and Renwood 3260 winter wheat varieties as affected by late season N (with S), 2001-2003.
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
0 10 20 30 40 50
GS 45 N rate, kg ha-1
Wat
er A
bso
rpti
on
, %
Soissons
Heyne
Renwood 3260
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Loaf volume of Soissons, Heyne, and Renwood 3260 winter wheat varieties as affected by late season N (with S), 2001-2003.
y = 1.1668x + 722.65
R2 = 0.9076
y = 0.6376x + 838.12
R2 = 0.7097
y = 1.3798x + 800.79
R2 = 0.9609
700
720
740
760
780
800
820
840
860
880
0 10 20 30 40 50
GS 45 N rate, kg ha-1
Loaf
Vol
ume
cm3
Soissons
Heyne
Renwood 3260
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Fertilization• No effect of late-season foliar N on yield• Grain and flour protein concentration of all three cultivars
were consistently increased with the application of late-season foliar N applications up to 30 lb N ac-1.
• Variable response to S.• Growth stage (45 versus 54) timing of late-season N
application generally did not differ significantly as to the effect on grain, flour, and bread quality characteristics.
• Grain protein increase in response to applied N varied by cultivar.
• Application of 30 to 40 lb N ac-1 between GS 45 and 54 to winter bread wheat cultivars grown in humid, high rainfall areas likely will result in consistent increases in grain and flour protein concentration as well as increased water absorption and improvements in bread loaf volume.
• Other measured flour and baking properties were not commonly affected.
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Disease Management
• Karl 92, Amelio, TAM 110, Renwood 3260, and Lakin.
• Seed for the seed treatment plots was treated with Baytan 30 seed treatment at 1.5 oz per 100 lb seed.
• Quilt was applied at 14 oz/ac to all treated plots at GS 37 (flag leaf emergence).
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Disease Management
Baytan No Baytan
Quilt treated Quilt treated
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Bread Wheat Disease Management
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Soissons Karl 92 TAM 110 Renwood 3260 Lakin
Lea
f R
ust
Rat
ing
, 0-9
+ Quilt
- Quilt
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Bread Wheat Disease Management
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
AMELIO KARL92 LAKIN REN3260 SOISSONS TAM110
Yie
ld b
u a
c-1
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Bread Wheat Disease Management
80
82
84
86
88
90
NONE QUILT
Yie
ld, b
u a
c-1
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Development of Hulless Barley as a Value-Added Crop
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Hulless Barley
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Hulless Barley
• Higher Starch• Higher Protein• Lower Ash• Lower Fiber
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Management StudiesHulless Barley Seeding Rate Study
• Seeding rates of 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 seeds row-ft-1 in six inch rows for three hulled and six hulless varieties.
• Seedling counts, grain yield, and yield components are measured.
Thoroughbred VA01H-68323 seeds m-2
Thoroughbred VA01H-68646 seeds m-2
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Hulless Barley Seeding Rate
y = 0.3497x + 65.592
R2 = 0.7957
y = 0.159x + 104.96
R2 = 0.6618
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0 20 40 60 80
Seeds/square foot
Gra
in Y
ield
, bu
sh
el/a
cre
Hulled
Hulless
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Fertilization• N applied at GS 25 and GS 30
• 0, 40, 60, and 80 lb ac-1
• 12 lb ac-1 foliar P2O5 applied at GS 30
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Hulless Barley N Rate
y = -0.0968x 2 + 34.024x + 2672.1
R2 = 0.942
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Total Spring N rate, kg ha-1
Gra
in Y
ield
, kg
ha
-1
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Hulless Barley N Rate
0
30
60
90
gs30
0
30
60
90
gs25
yl dkgha
2319
3222
4126
5030
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Pests
• Weeds
• Insects
• Disease
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Lodging
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 0.5 0.75 1
Ethephon rate, pint/acre
Pla
nt
He
igh
t, i
nc
he
s
DOYCE
VA00H-65
VA01H-68
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Lodging
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
0 0.5 0.75 1
Ethephon rate, pint/acre
Yie
ld, b
u/a
c
Doyce
VA00H-65
VA01H-68
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Harvesting
01020
3040506070
8090
100
handpick 900 rpm 950 rpm 1000 rpm 1400 rpm
% D
ecre
ase
ger
min
atio
n
01020
3040506070
8090
100
handpick 900 rpm 950 rpm 1000 rpm 1400 rpm
Ger
min
atio
n, %
Harvest Method / Combine Cylinder Speed
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Research and Education
• Swine and Poultry Feed
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Research and Education
• Equine
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5-1000
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
1000011000
HB1 Glu r2=0.13 HB2 Glu r2=0.65
Dose, g/kg NSC
AU
C
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5-2000-1000
0100020003000400050006000700080009000
HB2 Ins r2=0.42HB1 Ins r2=0.15
Dose, g/kg NSC
AU
C
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Results: Hulless Versus Hulled Barley Fermentations (No -Glucanase
Added)
Value Hulled Doyce Hulless
Fermentation Sample 7.5 lbs 7.5 lbs
Starch (db) in Grain 50% 59%
%Protein (db) in Grain 10.0 12.8
% B-Glucan (db) in Grain 2.9 3.3
Ethanol Yield (% Theory) 103% + 5% 105% + 5%
Ethanol Conc. in Beer 74 g/l 86 g/l
Ethanol per lb Barley 116 g/lb 137 g/lb
Gallons/Bushel (Theoretical)
1.64 gal/bu (test wt. = 48 lb/bu)
2.27 gal/bu (test wt. = 56 lb/bu