processing and properties of natural fiber-reinforced polymer

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of MaterialsVolume 2013 Article ID 297213 6 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013297213

Research ArticleProcessing and Properties of Natural Fiber-ReinforcedPolymer Composite

Jyoti Prakash Dhal1 and S C Mishra2

1 Department of Chemistry National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha 769008 India2Department of Metallurgical amp Materials Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela Odisha 769008 India

Correspondence should be addressed to Jyoti Prakash Dhal jyoti84chemgmailcom

Received 24 November 2012 Accepted 5 December 2012

Academic Editor Viacutector M Castantildeo

Copyright copy 2013 J P Dhal and S C Mishra is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

A novel low cost polymer composite using brown grass ower broom reinforcement is preparede prepared polymer compositehas the lowest porosity homogeneous surface structure and the greatest interface bonding From the physico-mechanicalcharacterization such as hardness measurement density measurement void fraction or porosity measurement and exuralstrengthmeasurement it is found that the prepared composite is of light weight and high strength Again from dielectric behaviourof this polymer composite it is found that this material has an efficiency that is considered as a high valued marketable productAs the composite is made using bio-materials from local resources its cost is less compared to other polymer composites availabletoday

1 Introduction

Natural ber-reinforced polymer composites have raisedgreat attention and interest among materials scientists andengineers in recent years due to that the composites givea combination of superior mechanical property dielectricproperty and environmental advantages such as renewabilityand biodegradability Due to various disadvantages suchas high progressing technologies rising prices of niteresources and ecounfriendly the conventional petroleum-based plastic glass or carbon bermaterials are compensatedby naturalbi-based bers ese ber composites are wellsuited as wood substitutes in the housing and constructionsector sing such naturalbiobers with polymers based onrenewable resources will allow many environmental issuesto be solved e various natural bers such as jute coirsisal pineapple ramie bamboo and banana are used asreinforcement of polymer composite nowadays [1ndash12] Inrecent years a number of investigations have been madewhich prove that the worth of natural bers against theirsynthetic counterparts such as glass andor carbon ber-reinforced polymer composites [13ndash16]

e potential of ber-reinforced polymer composites wasrecognized more than 50 years ago now they can nd theirapplications in almost every industry including constructionaerospace automotive and electronics Composite materialsare increasingly used for dielectric applications that isapplications that make use of electrically insulating or nearlyinsulating behaviour is is because of the need of the elec-tronic industry for dielectricmaterials in electrical insulationencapsulation multilayer ceramic chip and capacitors andfor piezoelectric ferroelectric and pyroelectric devices thatprovide sensing actuation and so forth Development ofdielectric material with low dielectric constant 119896119896 and lowdielectric loss is considered to be one of the main issues inhigh-speed microelectronics e dielectric constant of anymaterial depends upon the polarizability of its molecules andis determined by different contributions interfacial dipoleatomic and electronic polarizations Interfacial polarizationin the composite inuences the dielectric properties at verylow frequencies and usually decreases with increasing fre-quency [17ndash19]

Developing an efficient and light weight dielectric mate-rial with high strength from sustainable resources such as

2 Journal of Materials

F 1 Brown grass ower broom

brown grasses broom bre is quite attractive from bothapplication and environmental point of viewis paper aimsat development of a biobre-reinforced polymer compositeusing natural bre that is brown grass ower broom whichis lightweight commonly available biodegradable and lowcost e raw material is commonly available in agriculturalsector

2 Materials andMethods

21 Materials Used Epoxy LY 556 (common name bisphe-nol A diglycidyl ether) is used as matrix material in the com-posite fabricatione hardener used here is HY-951(IUPACname NNprime-bis (2-aminoethylethane-1 2-diamin) EpoxyResin and hardeners are mixed in a ratio of 10 1 by weightBrown grass ower broom (shown in Figure 1) is commonlyused in house Short ber of the broom that is nearly 10mmlength was prepared and used as the reinforcing agent in thecomposite preparation

22 Preparation of Test Samples e biober (brown grassesber) was mixed with the epoxy by stirring at room tem-perature in a glass beaker with the help of suitable glassrod Hardener was added into the beaker containing mixtureat the time of stirring With proper stirring for 10 minutesuniform mixing of the reinforcing agent and the polymermatrix were possible Proper stirring was required for uni-formmixing of the reinforcing agent and the polymer matrixand they were poured into suitable moulds to obtain disc-shaped samples of 12mm diameter and 25mm thicknessree different broom ber-reinforced epoxy compositeswere fabricated varying the amount of reinforcement Testspecimens of suitable dimensions are cut from the composite(shown in Figure 2) e different composites prepared aredescribed in Table 1

e surface morphology of the sample (Epoxy + 10brown grass ower broom) was examined with JEOL T-330Scanning Electron Microscope Samples were coated with60Aring thick platinum in JEOL sputter ion coater for surfaceconductivity and then observed under SEM operated at anacceleration voltage of 200 kV Hardness test was conductedin a Vickers hardness tester Leitz Germany e Vickers

F 2 Polymer composites of brown grass ower broom andepoxy

hardness numbers (VHN) of the hybrid composite weremeasured under a load of 119865119865 119865 119865119865119865Kgf and Vickers hardnessnumber was calculated by using the formula

HV 119865 11986511986518891198651198651198711198712

119871119871 119865119883119883 119883 1198831198832

(1)

where 119865119865 is the applied load 119871119871 is the diagonal of squareimpression (mm) 119883119883 is the horizontal length (mm) and 119883119883is the vertical length (mm) e density of neat epoxy andthe composites were measured by measuring its mass andvolume e bulk density and void fraction of the compositematerials will be obtained from following equations by usingArchimedesrsquo principle

density 119865dry weight

soaked weight minus suspended weight

void fraction or porocity

119865soaked weight minus dry weight

soaked weight minus suspended weighttimes 1119865119865

(2)

where dry weight is the weight of the sample at completelydried condition soaked weight is the weight of the samplethat soaked in kerosene oil and suspended weight is theweight of the sample suspended in the oil through a stringTo evaluate the value of exural strength (FS) the short-beamshear (SBS) tests (3-point bend test) were performed on thesamples at room temperature e SBS test was conducted asper ASTM D2344-84 using the Instron 1195 UTMe spanlength was 40mm and the cross head speed was 5mmmine FS of any composite can be calculated by using thefollowing formula

FS 119865 11986511986511986511987111987121198871198871198871198872

(3)

where 119865119865 is the applied load 119871119871 is span length and 119887119887 and 119887119887 arethe thickness and width of the specimen respectively

Dielectricmeasurementswere carried outwith the help ofa Solartron 1296 Impedance Analyser For that the samples

Journal of Materials 3

T 1 Test samples prepared

Samples CompositionsSample A Pure epoxySample B Epoxy + 10 brown grass ower broomSample C Epoxy + 20 brown grass ower broom

T 2 Variation of density with dierent weight percent of berreinforced in epoxy matrix

Sample Fiber () Density (gmcc)Sample A Nil 192Sample B 10 1852Sample C 20 1614

of the composites had to be cut into thin circular shapeand their surfaces were polished en graphite coating wasgiven on their surfaces to make surface conducting and forallowing measurements over frequency interval from 100Hzto 1MHz e dielectric constant and dielectric loss weredetermined as follows

Dielectric constant (119896119896) = 119862119862prime

119862119862 (4)

where 119862119862prime (pF) is the measured capacitance and 119862119862 (pF) iscalculated using the equation

119862119862 = 1198621198620 1007652100765211986011986011988911988910076681007668 (5)

where119860119860 is area of the electrode (mm2) and 119889119889 is the thicknessof the sample (mm)

e dielectric loss is given by

tan 120575120575 =119866119866 (119878119878)

119908119908119862119862prime (119865119865) (6)

where 119908119908 = 2119908119908119908119908 119908119908 is the measuring frequency and 119866119866 =1198661198660(119877119877 119877 1198771198770) [20]

3 Results and Discussion

esurfacemorphology of the prepared test samplewith 10broomber is shown in Figure 3e interface bonding of thebroomber with epoxy resin is clearly visibleis compositehas lowest porosity and homogeneous surface structure

Hardness values of the samples are given in Figure 4From the gure it can be seen that the hardness of broomber-reinforced polymer composite is more than that of thepure epoxy and also increases with the increase in amountof reinforcement e increase in hardness of the compositemay be due to stronger interface bonding of the broom berwith epoxy resin

e actual density of the composite is determined exper-imentally by simple water immersion technique by usingArchimedes principle e densities of the samples are givenin Table 2 t is observed that the presence of broom bres

Epoxy resin

Broom fiber

Interface

F 3 Surface morphology of the composite with 10 of broomber reinforcement

0 5 10 15 20 25

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Har

dn

ess

(HV

)

minus5

Weight percent of flower broom fiber

F 4 Variation of hardness (HV) of composites with weightpercent of ower broom ber-reinforced epoxy composites

as llers in epoxy matrix reduces the density of polymercomposite and hence makes it lightweight is may be dueto presence of the high air content

ith addition of ower broom ber in epoxy resin thevolume fraction of voids is increased as shown in Figure5 e voids signicantly aect some of the mechanicalproperties and even the performance of the composites in theplace of use

Figure 6 shows the comparison of exural strengths ofthe ower broom-reinforced epoxy composites ere is anincrease in the exural strength that is associated with anincrease in wt of short ber ower broom in compositesis may be due to the presence of stronger interfacial bonds(as shown in SEM gure) mpregnations of natural brehelp in the interface bonding which improve the structuralproperties of the compositeemicromechanical events thatoccur for a long ber-reinforced composite are not the sameas those observed for a short ber reinforced composites na short ber there are variations in stress distribution alongthe ber matrix interface and end eects can be neglected inthe case of long bers but they can be very important in thecase of short ber-reinforced composites


0 5 10 15 20

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

Vo

id f

ract

ion


F 5 Variation of void fraction of composite with weight ofbroom ber-reinforced epoxy composites

0 5 10 15 20

58

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

Fle

xura

l st

ren

gth

(M

Pa)


F 6 Variation of exural strength of composites with weightpercent of ower broom ber-reinforced epoxy composites

It is observed from Figure 7 that the dielectric constant(at 100Hz frequency) increases with the volume fractionreinforcement However from Figures 8 and 9 it is inferredthat the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss initiallyreduce and attain a steady state with an increase in frequencyis may be due to the fact that (i) dielectric behavior isdependent on porosity (ii) on material properties and alsoon (iii) interface bonding in case of composite materialsSo in this study the materials used are having many diversephysico-mechanical properties However it is found thatmaking a composite with these wastes using a polymerbinder is best suited for providing good mechanical strengthwithout sacricing its dielectric property Impregnation ofnatural bre helps in the interface bonding and distributionof absorbedmoisture in the material whichmay be one of thereasons for change in dielectric properties With increase infrequency the dielectric constant of the composites decreases

0 5 10 15 20

6

7

8

9

10

11

Die

lect

ric

con

stan

t

Weight percent of brown grass flower broom fiber

F 7 Variation of dielectric constant with amount of brereinforcement

4 6 8 10 12 14

5

6

7

8

9

10D

iele

ctri

c co

nst

ant

Frequency (log scale)

0 fiber

10 fiber

20 fiber

F 8 Variation of dielectric constant with frequency

due to dielectric relaxation From structural point of viewthe dielectric relaxation involves oriental polarization whichin turn depends on molecular arrangement of the dielectricmaterial At high frequency the rotational motion of polarmolecule is not sufficiently rapid for attainment of equilib-rium with applied eld hence dielectric constant decreasesAs the reinforcement content increases the dielectric con-stant also increases Dielectric loss of the composite shows astabilizing trend with an increase in frequency which appearsto be a benecial from application point of view

4 Conclusions

rown grass ower broomber-reinforced epoxy compositescan be prepared easily with different weight percentage ofreinforcement e polymer composite cost will be low as


0 fiber

10 fiber

20 fiber

4 6 8 10 12 14

0

05

1

15

2

25

Die

lect

ric

loss


F 9 Variation of dielectric loss with frequency

the raw material is plant bre based and the processingtechnique is simple is composite has the lowest porosityand homogeneous surface structure and a strong interfacebonding of the broom ber with epoxy resin is present evoid fraction of the composites increases slightly with theincrease in the reinforcement content It might be due to thepresence of porescavities in the bre ere is an increase inthe exural strength alongwith the increase inweight percentof short ber ower broom in composites Moreover thematerial is of light weight and possesses high strength Withthe increase in reinforcement content the density of the com-posite decreases and the hardness of the composite increasesand hence make it of light weight and high of strengthDielectric properties (relative permittivity and loss factor)of pure epoxy resin and composites with different amountof broom ber-reinforced polymer composite have beenstudied in the frequency range from 100Hz to 1MHz eexperimental results indicate that the dielectric constant anddielectric loss factor decrease with the increasing frequencyIt maycan be due to the orientation polarization whichhas increased with increasing temperature due to greatermovement of polarmolecular dipoles appears to be benecialin electronic industry and can be processed by village artisansalso As the composite is made using bio-materials fromlocal resources its cost is less compared to other polymercomposites available today is can further open up a newfrontier for the industrialization at rural sectors

References

[1] H Peltola B Madsen R Joffe and K Naumlttinen ldquoExperimentalstudy of ber length and orientation in injection mouldednatural berstarch acetate compositesrdquo Advances in MaterialsScience and Engineering vol 2011 Article ID 891940 7 pages2011

[2] M H Ab Ghani and S Ahmad ldquoe comparison of waterabsorption analysis between counterrotating and corotatingtwin-screw extruders with different antioxidants content inwood plastic compositesrdquo Advances in Materials Science andEngineering vol 2011 Article ID 406284 4 pages 2011

[3] A Gupta A Kumar A Patnaik and S Biswas ldquoEffect ofdifferent parameters on mechanical and erosion wear behaviorof bamboo ber reinforced epoxy compositesrdquo InternationalJournal of Polymer Science vol 2011 Article ID 592906 10pages 2011

[4] S Kalia L Aveacuterous J Njuguna ADufresne and BMCherianldquoNatural bers bio- and nanocompositesrdquo International Journalof Polymer Science vol 2011 Article ID 735932 2 pages 2011

[5] T Williams M Hosur M eodore A Netravali V Rangariand S Jeelani ldquoTime effects onmorphology and bonding abilityin mercerized natural bers for composite reinforcementrdquoInternational Journal of Polymer Science vol 2011 Article ID192865 9 pages 2011

[6] S C Mishra ldquoLow cost polymer composites with ruralresourcesrdquo Journal of Reinforced Plastics andComposites vol 28no 18 pp 2183ndash2188 2009

[7] S K Acharya and S C Mishra ldquoWeathering behavior of y-ash jute polymer compositerdquo Journal of Reinforced Plastics andComposites vol 26 no 12 pp 1201ndash1210 2007

[8] J George M S Sreekala and Somas ldquoA review on interfacemodication and characterization of natural ber reinforcedplastic compositesrdquo Polymer Engineering and Science vol 41no 9 pp 1471ndash1485 2001

[9] S Varghese B Kuriakose and S omas ldquoStress relaxation inshort sisal-ber-reinforced natural rubber compositesrdquo Journalof Applied Polymer Science vol 53 no 8 pp 1051ndash1060 1994

[10] Mi Chen and Guo ldquoBamboo ber-reinforcedpolypropylene composites crystallization and interfacial mor-phologyrdquo Journal of Applied Polymer Science vol 64 no 7 pp1267ndash1273 1997

[11] F M B Coutinho T H S Costa and D L CarvalholdquoPolypropylene-wood ber composites effect of treatment andmixing conditions onmechanical propertiesrdquo Journal of AppliedPolymer Science vol 65 no 6 pp 1227ndash1235 1997

[12] H K Mishra and S C Mishra ldquoErosion wear behaviour of coirdust reinforced polymer compositerdquo Orissa Journal of Physicsvol 18 no 1 pp 97ndash108 2011

[13] S Joseph M S Sreekala Z Oommen P Koshy and Somas ldquoA comparison of the mechanical properties of phenolformaldehyde composites reinforced with banana bres andglass bresrdquo Composites Science and Technology vol 62 no 14pp 1857ndash1868 2002

[14] N Sombatsompop K Chaochanchaikul C Phromchirasukand Songsang ldquoEffect of wood sawdust content on rheolog-ical and structural changes and thermo-mechanical propertiesof PVCsawdust compositesrdquo Polymer International vol 52 no12 pp 1847ndash1855 2003

[15] H Djidjelli J J Martinez-Vega J Farenc and D BenachourldquoEffect of wood our content on the thermal mechanical anddielectric properties of poly(vinyl chloride)rdquo MacromolecularMaterial Engineering vol 287 no 9 pp 611ndash618 2002

[16] H Djidjelli M Kaci J J Martinez-Vega and D BenachourldquoEffects of hydrothermal ageing on the thermal behaviour ofpoly(vinyl chloride) lled with wood ourrdquo Polymer Interna-tional vol 53 no 11 pp 1760ndash1765 2004


[17] S C Mishra N B Nayak and A Satapathy ldquoInvestigation onbio-waste reinforced epoxy compositesrdquo Journal of ReinforcedPlastics and Composites vol 29 no 19 pp 3016ndash3020 2010

[18] S C Mishra and H Aireddy ldquoEvaluation of dielectric behaviorof bio-waste reinforced polymer compositerdquo Journal of Rein-forced Plastics and Composites vol 30 no 2 pp 134ndash141 2011

[19] S C Mishra and N B Nayak ldquoAn investigation of dielectricproperties of chicken feather reinforced epoxy matrix compos-iterdquo Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites vol 29 no17 pp 2691ndash2697 2010

[20] A Arbelaiz B Fernaacutendez G Cantero R Llano-Ponte Aalea and I Mondragon ldquoMechanical properties of axbrepolypropylene composites Inuence of brematrixmod-ication and glass bre hybridizationrdquo Composites Part A vol36 no 12 pp 1637ndash1644 2005

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Advances in

Materials Science and EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

Smart Materials Research



MetallurgyJournal of


BioMed Research International

MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials


Journal ofNanomaterials


F 1 Brown grass ower broom

brown grasses broom bre is quite attractive from bothapplication and environmental point of viewis paper aimsat development of a biobre-reinforced polymer compositeusing natural bre that is brown grass ower broom whichis lightweight commonly available biodegradable and lowcost e raw material is commonly available in agriculturalsector

2 Materials andMethods

21 Materials Used Epoxy LY 556 (common name bisphe-nol A diglycidyl ether) is used as matrix material in the com-posite fabricatione hardener used here is HY-951(IUPACname NNprime-bis (2-aminoethylethane-1 2-diamin) EpoxyResin and hardeners are mixed in a ratio of 10 1 by weightBrown grass ower broom (shown in Figure 1) is commonlyused in house Short ber of the broom that is nearly 10mmlength was prepared and used as the reinforcing agent in thecomposite preparation

22 Preparation of Test Samples e biober (brown grassesber) was mixed with the epoxy by stirring at room tem-perature in a glass beaker with the help of suitable glassrod Hardener was added into the beaker containing mixtureat the time of stirring With proper stirring for 10 minutesuniform mixing of the reinforcing agent and the polymermatrix were possible Proper stirring was required for uni-formmixing of the reinforcing agent and the polymer matrixand they were poured into suitable moulds to obtain disc-shaped samples of 12mm diameter and 25mm thicknessree different broom ber-reinforced epoxy compositeswere fabricated varying the amount of reinforcement Testspecimens of suitable dimensions are cut from the composite(shown in Figure 2) e different composites prepared aredescribed in Table 1

e surface morphology of the sample (Epoxy + 10brown grass ower broom) was examined with JEOL T-330Scanning Electron Microscope Samples were coated with60Aring thick platinum in JEOL sputter ion coater for surfaceconductivity and then observed under SEM operated at anacceleration voltage of 200 kV Hardness test was conductedin a Vickers hardness tester Leitz Germany e Vickers

F 2 Polymer composites of brown grass ower broom andepoxy

hardness numbers (VHN) of the hybrid composite weremeasured under a load of 119865119865 119865 119865119865119865Kgf and Vickers hardnessnumber was calculated by using the formula

HV 119865 11986511986518891198651198651198711198712

119871119871 119865119883119883 119883 1198831198832

(1)

where 119865119865 is the applied load 119871119871 is the diagonal of squareimpression (mm) 119883119883 is the horizontal length (mm) and 119883119883is the vertical length (mm) e density of neat epoxy andthe composites were measured by measuring its mass andvolume e bulk density and void fraction of the compositematerials will be obtained from following equations by usingArchimedesrsquo principle

density 119865dry weight

soaked weight minus suspended weight

void fraction or porocity

119865soaked weight minus dry weight

soaked weight minus suspended weighttimes 1119865119865

(2)

where dry weight is the weight of the sample at completelydried condition soaked weight is the weight of the samplethat soaked in kerosene oil and suspended weight is theweight of the sample suspended in the oil through a stringTo evaluate the value of exural strength (FS) the short-beamshear (SBS) tests (3-point bend test) were performed on thesamples at room temperature e SBS test was conducted asper ASTM D2344-84 using the Instron 1195 UTMe spanlength was 40mm and the cross head speed was 5mmmine FS of any composite can be calculated by using thefollowing formula

FS 119865 11986511986511986511987111987121198871198871198871198872

(3)

where 119865119865 is the applied load 119871119871 is span length and 119887119887 and 119887119887 arethe thickness and width of the specimen respectively

Dielectricmeasurementswere carried outwith the help ofa Solartron 1296 Impedance Analyser For that the samples








119862119862 (4)


119862119862 = 1198621198620 1007652100765211986011986011988911988910076681007668 (5)



tan 120575120575 =119866119866 (119878119878)

119908119908119862119862prime (119865119865) (6)






Epoxy resin

Broom fiber

Interface


0 5 10 15 20 25

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Har

dn

ess

(HV

)

minus5







0 5 10 15 20

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

Vo

id f

ract

ion



0 5 10 15 20

58

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

Fle

xura

l st

ren

gth

(M

Pa)




0 5 10 15 20

6

7

8

9

10

11

Die

lect

ric

con

stan

t



4 6 8 10 12 14

5

6

7

8

9

10D

iele

ctri

c co

nst

ant


0 fiber

10 fiber

20 fiber



4 Conclusions



0 fiber

10 fiber

20 fiber

4 6 8 10 12 14

0

05

1

15

2

25

Die

lect

ric

loss




References





























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials










119862119862 (4)


119862119862 = 1198621198620 1007652100765211986011986011988911988910076681007668 (5)



tan 120575120575 =119866119866 (119878119878)

119908119908119862119862prime (119865119865) (6)






Epoxy resin

Broom fiber

Interface


0 5 10 15 20 25

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Har

dn

ess

(HV

)

minus5







0 5 10 15 20

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

Vo

id f

ract

ion



0 5 10 15 20

58

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

Fle

xura

l st

ren

gth

(M

Pa)




0 5 10 15 20

6

7

8

9

10

11

Die

lect

ric

con

stan

t



4 6 8 10 12 14

5

6

7

8

9

10D

iele

ctri

c co

nst

ant


0 fiber

10 fiber

20 fiber



4 Conclusions



0 fiber

10 fiber

20 fiber

4 6 8 10 12 14

0

05

1

15

2

25

Die

lect

ric

loss




References





























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




0 5 10 15 20

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

Vo

id f

ract

ion



0 5 10 15 20

58

60

62

64

66

68

70

72

74

Fle

xura

l st

ren

gth

(M

Pa)




0 5 10 15 20

6

7

8

9

10

11

Die

lect

ric

con

stan

t



4 6 8 10 12 14

5

6

7

8

9

10D

iele

ctri

c co

nst

ant


0 fiber

10 fiber

20 fiber



4 Conclusions



0 fiber

10 fiber

20 fiber

4 6 8 10 12 14

0

05

1

15

2

25

Die

lect

ric

loss




References





























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials




0 fiber

10 fiber

20 fiber

4 6 8 10 12 14

0

05

1

15

2

25

Die

lect

ric

loss




References





























CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials















CeramicsJournal of







Biomaterials




Journal of


Journal of





CoatingsJournal of

Advances in








MaterialsJournal of


Nano

materials



processing and properties of natural fiber-reinforced polymer

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