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Process Evaluation/Research Planning

2006/2007 Program

Prospectus

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PROSPECTUS January 2007

Process Evaluation/ Research Planning 2006/2007 Program Griffin House, 161 Hammersmith Road, London W6 8BS, UK tel: +44 20 7950 1600, fax: +44 20 7950 1550

Nexant®, ChemSystems® and ChemSystems Online® are registered trade marks of Nexant, Inc.

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January 2007 Process Evaluation/Research Planning 00235.040.20 2006/2007 Program

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CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

1 Introduction to the Program 1 2 Value of the Program 2 3 Scope of the Program 3 4 Detailed Description of the Program 4 5 Costs and Subscription 5

APPENDIX PAGE

A Subscription Terms and Conditions 6 B Contact Details 8 C Illustrative Table Of Contents Acrylic Acid (04/05-6) 9 D Illustrative Tables And Figures 17 E PERP Program Listings 20 F PERP Program 10-Year Title Index, 1996/1997 – 2005/2006 27 G Partial List of Clients 31


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SECTION 1. Introduction to the Program The ChemSystems Process Evaluation/Research Planning (PERP) Program is a multiclient service that provides, by way of periodic reports, an analysis of technological and commercial trends and developments in areas of interest to the chemical and allied industries. Our PERP program is entering its 34th year of publication and is recognized globally as the industry standard source for information relevant to the chemical process and refining industries.

Our PERP program examines existing, developing, and embryonic technologies with emphasis on:

■ Updates on major petrochemicals and polymers

■ Early identification of commercially significant developments for these products

■ Recognition of opportunities for new products and for innovative processes

■ Realistic, commercially oriented economic evaluations

■ Determination of the potential impact of R&D breakthroughs

In addition, our PERP reports cover:

■ Strategic assessments

■ Trends in chemical technology

■ Process economics (new versus conventional technology)

■ Process design

• chemistry

• process descriptions

• flow diagrams

■ Markets for new as well as established products

■ Product applications

■ Regulatory issues

■ Regional supply/demand forecasts

■ Regional capital listings by company


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SECTION 2. Value of the Program

Our PERP Program is unique in that it provides clients with process, technoeconomic, and market information useful in both research and business planning. This information is used by clients for:

Identification of Opportunities

An early awareness of the significance of new technological developments is key to a company's planning activities. Our PERP reports pinpoint recent developments that clients and our staff believe are important, and then place these developments in an economic context. This provides clients with a reliable and readily accessible source of data for consistent analyses of new developments.

Project Planning

Companies considering new investment decisions will find our PERP reports useful as a basis for commercially realistic investment and operating data.

Process Research

Our PERP program is designed to aid effective research planning by making client companies aware, to the maximum extent possible, of other companies' technology development efforts and of the true current and future economics of new and existing processes.

Process Evaluations

Many types of companies, including operating companies, contractors, refiners, specialty and performance chemical manufacturers, find it essential to have reliable information available on the leading processes for making important chemicals. Our PERP Program contributions contain reliable data that has been acknowledged for over 33 years.


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SECTION 3. Scope of the Program

The structure and scope of our PERP program is designed to provide useful information to research planning and monitoring personnel on a variety of polymers, petrochemicals, commodity, specialty, and performance chemicals, as well as other topics of relevance to the chemical industry.

Two types of reports are published: Petrochemical Updates and Special Reports. Petrochemical Updates are designed to give state-of-the-art, up-to-date information on major petrochemicals and polymers. Emphasis is placed on existing commercial technology with information derived from licensors, literature, and non-confidential operating company data. The reports also cover new developments in the field. Each report contains an extensive commercial section, updating the latest application developments, supply/demand balances and regulatory issues. Strategic assessments, tying together the technical and commercial issues, are also discussed.

The Special Reports cover a variety of topics including new process technology, specialties, advanced materials, waste treatment, engineering advances. Subjects are chosen based on clients’ requests and our review of literature and the industry. These reports provide a valuable insight into areas of economic value. As with the Petrochemical Updates, Special Reports cover both technology and the commercial picture.

A typical PERP format for a Special Report includes a discussion of the chemistry of the topic. Process designs and flowsheets based on the best available information are developed for the new technology and generally for the conventional technology against which it may compete. Economic projections for each are compared. The effects of changing raw material prices on the economics are estimated. The existing and potential markets are surveyed, usually on a tri-regional basis.

The tables of contents of a recent PERP report is reproduced in Appendix C to illustrate the type of coverage provided. Appendix D contains an example of a cost of production table which is developed for these reports as well as typical plots relevant to process economics. A process flow diagram is also shown.

Titles of our reports from the 2000/2001, 2001/2002, 2002/2003, 2003/2004, 2004/2005, 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 programs are given in Appendix F. An alphabetized list of titles, by keyword, of PERP reports published in the 1996/1997 – 2005/2006 programs is included to illustrate the breadth of our program (Appendix E).


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SECTION 4.

Detailed Description of the Program Our PERP Program for 2006/2007 will provide:

■ Reports on advances in the technology, updates of current economics, strategic issues and market information for the major petrochemicals listed below:

• Acetic Acid - Alpha Olefins

• Polypropylene - Benzene/Toluene

• Propylene - Bisphenol A

• Butanediol/THF - Oxo Alcohols

■ Twelve Special Reports, which cover technical and economic analyses of recent technical or commercial developments. The topics are chosen as the year progresses based on client input and searches of the patent, technical and commercial literature, as well as client suggestions. Subjects covered include polymers, specialty chemicals, fine chemicals, commodities, advanced materials, and chemical engineering. Conceptual process designs are developed for the new technology and for the conventional technology against which it may compete. Economic projections for each are compared. New clients may substitute any of the earlier reports for those published in this series. (See Appendices E and F.)

Tri-regional (North America, Western Europe, Japan) supply/demand information will be provided for certain of the products involved. Other countries may be included when pertinent.


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SECTION 5. Costs and Subscription

Subscription prices are for an annual company subscription to our PERP program. The standard subscription includes one paper copy of PERP reports and unlimited downloads of electronic reports from the www.chemsystems.com web site. Subscription prices are in U.S. dollars and are invoiced at the start of the subscription period. PERP subscriptions include:

■ Consulting services (two man-days per year) of a Nexant consultant on subjects of interest to clients. Travel and living expenses, if applicable, will be reimbursed by the client at cost.

■ A special PERP client rate for our seminars held annually in the U.S., Western Europe and Japan.

■ Special client price for previously published reports.

■ The price for the 2006/2007 program year is $38,000.

The reports will be published individually in a hard-cover binding suitable for permanent storage.

One copy of each of the reports issued during the year is supplied. A complete extra set of reports may be purchased for $1,000. Additional copies of reports are available at the reproduction and handling cost of $100 per copy. Copies may be sent to different locations at the request of the client.

■ Unlimited downloads of soft copies of all reports via a password protected area within www.chemsystems.com are permitted at no extra cost.


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APPENDIX A.

Subscription Terms and Conditions

1. The undersigned (hereafter "Subscriber") hereby subscribes to purchase from Nexant, Inc. (“Nexant”), the ChemSystems Process Evaluation/Research Planning (PERP) Program for the 2006/2007 program year (“the Program”), in accordance with the following terms and conditions.

Nexant will provide to Subscriber the following information and services in connection with the Program (collectively, the “Program Information”):

(a) Eight Petrochemical Updates, identified below, which review current technology, trends, and market conditions for the following products: - Acetic Acid - Polypropylene - Propylene - Butanediol/THF - Alpha Olefins - Benzene/Toluene - Bisphenol A - Oxo Alcohols

(b) Twelve reports prepared by Nexant covering selected fields including polymers, specialty chemicals, fine chemicals, commodities, advanced materials, and advances in chemical engineering procedures.

(c) Consulting services of a Nexant consultant for up to a total of two man-days. Travel and living expenses, if applicable, will be reimbursed by Subscriber to Nexant at cost within thirty days of submission of a written notice.

(d) Admission for up to five of Subscriber’s employees at each of Nexant’s Annual Petrochemical Seminars in the United States and Western Europe at a special rate, discounted from the public offering rate, to be advised by Nexant in advance of each seminar. Subscriber will be responsible for all living and travel expenses of Subscriber’s attendees.

2. While the information supplied by Nexant to Subscriber in connection with the Program will represent an original effort by Nexant, based on its own research, it is understood that portions of the reports will involve the collection of information available from third parties, both published and unpublished. Nexant does not believe that such information will contain any confidential technical information of third parties but cannot provide any assurance that any third party may, from time to time, claim a confidential obligation to such information.

3. The Program information will be retained by Subscriber for the sole and confidential use of Subscriber and its 51 percent or greater owned affiliates in their own research and commercial activities, including loaning the reports on a confidential basis to third parties for temporary and specific use for the sole benefit of Subscriber.

4. Subscriber further agrees that it will use reasonable efforts to keep the Program Information in the reports for its sole use; however, this restriction shall not apply to information which is or becomes generally available to the public in a printed publication, which is already in the possession of Subscriber, or which is received by Subscriber in good faith from a third party without an obligation of confidentiality.

5. Subscriber shall not republish any of the report except within its own organization or that of its 51 percent or greater owned affiliates. Subscriber further agrees to refrain from any general publication of the Program Information, either directly or through its affiliates, so as to constitute passage of title into the public domain or otherwise jeopardize common law or statutory copyright in the Program Information.

6. In consideration of the Program Information, Subscriber will be billed by and shall pay to Nexant a total subscription fee of US$38,000 (thirty-eight thousand U.S. dollars). Subscriber shall have the option of being invoiced the total amount upon signing this Subscription Agreement or in two equal installments, one upon signing this Subscription Agreement and the second six months later. Amounts are due upon receipt of invoice and payable within thirty (30) days. Late payments shall accrue interest at the rate of 1.5% per month. Fees quoted do not include any applicable sales tax, or use or value added tax, all of which are for the account of Subscriber.

7. Subscriber shall receive one (1) hard-cover bound copy of each 2006/2007 program report and access to electronic downloads of each 2006/2007 program report via a password-protected area from www.chemsystems.com. All rights and limitations described above apply equally to hard copy and electronic versions of the reports. Additional copies of any 2006/2007 Program hard-cover bound report can be obtained by Subscriber at US$100 each. An additional full set of hard-cover bound reports for the 2006/2007 Program Year can be obtained for US$1,000.

8. The obligations of paragraphs 3 and 4 shall terminate five (5) years from receipt of reports.

9. Unless specified otherwise, there are no warranties of any kind for reports and consulting services provided under this Agreement. Nexant’s total liability under this Agreement is limited to the total amount paid to Nexant for the reports.

10. This Agreement will be governed by the laws of the State of New York, United States of America.


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APPENDIX A. Subscription Terms and Conditions

If the foregoing terms are acceptable, please sign below to confirm subscriber’s agreement and return to Nexant. AUTHORISATION AGREED TO AND ACCEPTED: AGREED TO AND ACCEPTED: SUBSCRIBER:.......................................................... NEXANT, INC Name: ............................................................. Name: ...........................................................................

Title: ............................................................. Title: ...........................................................................

Address: ............................................................. Address: ...........................................................................

............................................................. ...........................................................................

............................................................. ...........................................................................

Phone: ............................................................. Phone: ...........................................................................

Fax: ............................................................. Fax: ...........................................................................

Email: ............................................................. Email: ...........................................................................

Signature: ............................................................. Signature: ...........................................................................

One Invoice Two Invoices

Date: ............................................................. Date: ...........................................................................

If your company purchase order is required, please provide the purchase order number below: Purchase Order Number: _____________________________

NEXANT, INC., CHEMSYSTEMS PERP PROGRAM 44 SOUTH BROADWAY, 5th Floor

WHITE PLAINS, NY 10601-4425, U.S.A. FAX: 1-914-609-0399


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APPENDIX B. Contact Details

EUROPE Nexant Ltd. Griffin House 161 Hammersmith Road London, W6 8BS United Kingdom Attn: Mark Morgan Executive Consultant Tel: + 44 (20) 7950 1596 Fax: + 44 (20) 7950 1550 Email: [email protected]

AMERICAS Nexant, Inc. 44 South Broadway White Plains, NY 10601-4425 U.S.A. Attn: Heidi Junker Coleman Multiclient Programs Administrator Division Marketing/Communication Manager Tel: + 1 (914) 609 0381 Fax: + 1 (914) 609 0399 e-mail: [email protected]

ASIA Nexant (Thailand) Ltd LSCB Park Plaza, West Tower 2 20th Floor, Zone B 18 Ratchadapisek Road Kwaeng Chatuchak, Khet Chatuchak Bangkok 10900 Thailand Attn: John King Vice President Tel: +66-2-937-5150 Fax: +66-2-937-5145 Email: [email protected]

TOKYO Nexant Inc. Yoshida Bldg. 7F 1-2-2 Hirakawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0093 Japan Attn: Mr Ko Matsushita Associate Tel: +81-3-3237-3383 Fax: +81-3-5212-1708 Email: [email protected]


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APPENDIX C.

Illustrative Table of Contents Acrylic Acid (04/05-6)

Section Page 1 Executive Summary 1 1.1 SYNOPSIS 1 1.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 2 1.3 COMMERICAL TECHNOLOGY 4 1.3.1 Acrylic Acid 4 1.3.1.1 Propylene 4 1.3.1.2 Acetylene 4 1.3.2 Commodity Acrylates 4 1.3.3 Acrylic Acid Purification 5 1.4 EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 5 1.4.1 Propane Based Technologies 5 1.4.2 Biotransformation 6 1.5 PROCESS TECHNOECONOMIC SUMMARY 7 1.5.1 Commercial Processes 7 1.5.2 Emerging Technology 7 1.6 COMMERCIAL STATUS SUMMARY 9 1.6.1 Crude Acrylic Acid 9 1.6.2 Commodity Acrylates 9 1.6.3 Glacial Acrylic Acid 9 1.7 STRATEGIC ISSUES 12 1.7.1 Propylene 12 1.7.2 Biotransformation 13

2 Introduction 15 2.1 OVERVIEW 15 2.2 MANUFACTURE 15 2.2.1 Acetylene Chemistry 15 2.2.2 Acetyls Chemistry 16 2.2.3 Ethylene Chemistry 17 2.2.3.1 Ethylene Cyanohydrin 17 2.2.3.2 Ethylene Oxide Carbonylation 18 2.2.4 Propylene Chemistry 18 2.2.4.1 Acrylonitrile/Acrylamide 18 2.2.4.2 Single Stage Oxidation 18 2.2.4.3 Two Stage Oxidation 18 2.2.5 Biotransformation 19 2.3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 20 2.3.1 Specifications 20 2.3.2 Storage and Transportation 20 2.3.2.1 Acrylic Acid 20 2.3.2.2 Commodity Acrylate Esters 21 2.3.3 Toxicity 21


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APPENDIX C. Illustrative Table of Contents Acrylic Acid (04/05-6)

3 Commercial Processes 22 3.1 OVERVIEW 22 3.2 PROPYLENE BASED PROCESSES FOR CRUDE ACRYLIC ACID 22 3.2.1 Process Chemistry 22 3.2.1.1 By-Product Formation 24 Furfural Formation 24 By-Product Gases 24 3.2.1.2 General Catalytic Concepts and Operating Conditions 24 Primary Oxidation 24 Secondary Oxidation 25 3.2.1.3 Catalyst Developments 26 3.2.2 Process Design 26 3.2.2.1 General Comments 26 3.2.2.2 Reaction Section 26 Tandem Reactors 27 Combination Reactors 28 Process Layout and Operation 30 3.2.2.3 Separation Train 33 Water Quench 33 Solvent Quench 36 3.2.3 Environmental Treatment 38 3.2.3.1 Incineration 38 3.2.3.2 Wastewater Treatment 38 3.2.3.3 Solid Waste 41 3.2.4 Metallurgy 41 3.2.5 Storage Requirements 41 3.3 GLACIAL ACRYLIC ACID 42 3.3.1 Overview 42 3.3.2 Crystallization 42 3.3.3 Distillation 42 3.3.3.1 Standard Grade 42 3.3.3.2 Flocculant Grades 43 3.4 CRUDE ACRYLIC ACID FROM ACETYLENE 43 3.4.1 Process Chemistry 43 3.4.2 Mass Balance and Integration 45 3.5 COMMODITY ACRYLATES 47 3.5.1 Overview 47 3.5.2 Process Chemistry 47 3.5.3 Process Design 48 3.5.3.1 Methyl Acrylate/Sulfuric Acid 48 3.5.3.2 Higher Acrylates 50 3.5.4 Environmental Considerations 50 3.5.4.1 Organic Waste 50 3.5.4.2 Wastewater 50 3.5.5 Specialty Acrylates 52 3.5.6 Commodity Acrylates from Acetylene 52 3.5.6.1 Process Integration and Mass Balance 52 3.5.6.2 Simplified Process Design 53


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4 Ongoing Development 56 4.1 OVERVIEW 56 4.2 PROPANE BASED PROCESSES 56 4.2.1 Direct Propane Oxidation 56 4.2.1.1 Catalyst 56 4.2.1.2 Reactor Limitations 56 4.2.1.3 Separation Train Limitations 57 Quench/Absorber Column and Recycle 57 Azeotropic and Desorption Column 57 4.2.2 Oxidative Dehydrogenation 57 4.3 FLUID BED PROPYLENE OXIDATION 58 4.4 BIOTRANSFORMATION PROCESSES 61 4.4.1 Lactic Acid Route 61 4.4.1.1 Lactic Acid Acetoxylation 61 4.4.1.2 Acrylic Acid Production 61 4.4.1.3 Simplified Process Concept 61 Scale 62 Water Concentration 62 Metallurgy 62 Ketene Production 63 4.4.2 Hydroxypropionaldehyde Route 64 5 Commercial Review 65 5.1 OVERVIEW 65 5.2 APPLICATIONS OF ACRYLIC ACID AND ACRYLATES 65 5.2.1 Crude Acrylic Acid 65 5.2.2 Glacial Acrylic Acid End-Uses 65 5.2.2.1 Polyacrylic Acid 65 5.2.2.2 Superabsorbent Polymers 66 5.2.2.3 Detergent Applications 66 5.2.2.4 Miscellaneous End-Uses for Polyacrylic Acid and Copolymers 66 5.2.2.5 Miscellaneous End-Uses for Glacial Acrylic Acid 67 5.2.3 Commodity Acrylates 67 5.2.3.1 Coatings 68 Emulsion Systems 68 Straight Acrylics 68 Vinyl Acrylates 68 Styrene Acrylates 69 Acrylic Latexes 69 Acrylate Polymers in Organic Solution 70 5.2.3.2 Adhesives and Sealants 71 Emulsion Polymers 71 Solution Polymers 72 5.2.3.3 Textiles and Fibers 72


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5.2.3.4 Polymer Additives/Impact Modifiers 73 5.2.3.5 Film and Barrier Resin Applications 74 5.2.3.6 Varnishes and Polishes 74 5.2.3.7 Printing Inks 75 5.2.3.8 Miscellaneous 75 5.2.4 Specialty Acrylates 75 5.2.4.1 Alkyl Acrylates 75 5.2.4.2 Radiation Curing 76 5.2.4.3 Hydroxyalkyl Acrylates 77 5.2.4.4 Dialkylaminoethyl Acrylates 77 5.3 GLOBAL MARKET 77 5.3.1 Crude Acrylic Acid 77 5.3.2 Commodity Acrylates 81 5.3.3 Glacial Acrylic Acid 84 5.4 MAJOR MARKETS 86 5.4.1 United States 86 5.4.1.1 Consumption 86 Crude Acrylic Acid 86 Commodity Acrylates 86 Specialty Acrylates 88 Glacial Acrylic Acid 89 5.4.1.2 Production Capacity 89 5.4.1.3 Supply/Demand Balance and Trade 91 5.4.2 Western Europe 94 5.4.2.1 Consumption 94 Crude Acrylic Acid 94 Commodity Acrylates 95 Specialty Acrylates 96 Glacial Acrylic Acid 96 5.4.2.2 Production Capacity 96 5.4.2.3 Supply/Demand Balance and Trade 98 5.4.3 Japan 101 5.4.3.1 Consumption 101 Crude Acrylic Acid 101 Commodity Acrylates 102 Specialty Acrylates 103 Glacial Acrylic Acid 104 5.4.3.2 Production Capacity 104 5.4.3.3 Supply/Demand Balance and Trade 105 5.5 EMERGING MARKETS 108 5.5.1 East Asia 108 5.5.2 Rest of the World 109


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6 Process Economics 110 6.1 OVERVIEW 110 6.2 PROPYLENE BASED PROCESS 111 6.2.1 Capital Cost Estimates 111 6.2.1.1 Inside Battery Limits 111 6.2.1.2 Outside Battery Limits 111 6.2.2 Variable Cost 112 6.2.2.1 Raw Materials 112 6.2.2.2 Utilities 112 6.2.3 Fixed Costs 112 6.3 ACETYLENE BASED PROCESSES 114 6.3.1 Capital Cost Estimates 114 6.3.2 Variable Cost 114 6.3.2.1 Raw Materials 114 6.3.2.2 Utilities 115 6.3.3 Fixed Costs 115 6.4 COMMODITY ACRYLATES 117 6.4.1 Capital Cost Estimates 117 6.4.2 Variable Cost 117 6.4.2.1 Raw Materials 117 Methyl Acrylate 117 Ethyl Acrylate 117 n-Butyl Acrylate 118 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate 118 6.4.2.2 Utilities 118 6.4.3 Fixed Costs 118 6.5 GLACIAL ACRYLIC ACID 123 6.6 PRODUCT COST SUMMARY 126 6.7 SENSITIVITIES 127 6.7.1 The Impact of Gas Price 127 6.7.2 The Scale Impact 128 6.8 NEW PROCESSES 129 6.8.1 Propane Economics 129 6.8.2 Biotransformation Economics 130 6.9 SUMMARY 131 7 Strategic Issues 132 7.1 OVERVIEW 132 7.2 PROPYLENE SUPPLY 132 7.2.1 Propylene Demand 132 7.2.1.1 By Application 132 7.2.1.2 By Region 133 7.2.2 Propylene Production 133 7.3 THE BIOTRANSFORMATION OPTION 134


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8 Bibliography 136 8.1 GENERAL REFERENCES AND SOURCES 136 8.2 REFERENCED PERP REPORTS 136 8.3 SPECIFIC REFERENCES 136 8.3.1 Selected Patents awarded to BASF 136 8.3.2 Selected Patents awarded to Nippon Shokubai 137 8.3.3 Selected Patents awarded to Mitsubishi Chemical Corp 138 8.3.4 Selected Patents Awarded to Rohm&Haas 139 8.3.5 Selected Patents Awarded to Arkema 139 8.3.6 Selected Patents Awarded to Other Parties 139 8.3.7 Selected Patents concerning Acetylene based Acrylic Acid Production 139 8.3.8 Selected Patents concerning Propane based Acrylic Acid Production 139 8.3.9 Fluid Bed Acrylic Acid Processes 140 8.3.10 Selected Patents/Articles concerning Biotransformation based Acrylic Acid Production 140 8.4 AD HOC REFERENCES 140 8.5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 140

Appendix Page A Cost of Production Methodology 150 B PERP Program Title Index 155

Figure Page 1.1 Chemical Routes to Acrylic Acid/Acrylates 3 1.2 Acrylic Acid Production Based On Gas-Derived Acetylene 5 1.3 Acrylic Acid from Lactic Acid 6 1.4 Production Cost Summary 8 1.5 Propylene Supply/Demand Balance 13 1.6 Extending the Corn Vale Chain 14 2.1 Integrated Acetylene based Acrylic Acid Process 16 2.2 Acrylic Acid from Acetic Acid 17 2.3 Ethylene Based Routes to Acrylic Acid 18 2.4 Propylene Based Routes to Acrylic Acid 19 2.5 Biotransformation Routes to Acrylic Acid 19 3.1 Simplified View of Propylene to Acrolein Reaction Mechanism 23 3.2 Oxidation Reactor Schematic 27 3.3 Tandem Acrylic Acid Reactors in Shipment 28 3.4 Nippon Shokubai Combination Reactor 29 3.5 Alternative Design of Combination Reactor 30 3.6 Oxidation Section with Tandem Reactors (One Line Only) 32 3.7 Simplified Water Quench Separation Tandem 35 3.8 Solvent Quench Separation Tran 37 3.9 Simplified Incinerator Design 39 3.10 Simplified Wastewater Treatment System Design 40


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3.11 Mass Balance for Crude Acrylic Acid from Acetylene 46 3.12 Methyl Acrylate Production 49 3.13 Butyl Acrylate Production 51 3.14 Combined Acrylic Acid/Methyl Acrylate Production from Acetylene 53 3.15 Commodity Acrylates from Acetylene 55 4.1 Acrylic Acid via Propane Oxidative Dehydrogenation 58 4.2 Conceptual Fluid Bed Acrylic Acid Process reaction Section 60 4.3 Integrated Lactic Acid to Acrylic Acid Process 63 5.1 Global Crude Acrylic Acid Demand by Major Derivative 79 5.2 Global Crude Acrylic Acid Demand by Major Region 79 5.3 Global Crude Acrylic Acid Supply/Demand Balance 80 5.4 Global Crude Acrylic Acid Inter-Regional by Major Region 80 5.5 Global Commodity Acrylate Demand by Ester 81 5.6 Global Commodity Acrylate Demand by Region by Ester 83 5.7 Global Commodity Acrylate Supply/Demand Balance 83 5.8 Global Commodity Acrylate Inter-Regional Trade 84 5.9 Global Glacial Acrylic Acid Supply/Demand Balance 85 5.10 United States Acrylic Acid Consumption by End-Use 86 5.11 United States Commodity Acrylate Consumption by Major End-Use 87 5.12 United States Commodity Acrylate Consumption by Ester 88 5.13 Location of Acrylic Acid and Commodity Acrylate Plants on the US Gulf Coast 90 5.14 United States Crude Acrylic Acid Supply/Demand Balance 93 5.15 United States Commodity Acrylate Supply/Demand Balance 93 5.16 United States Glacial Acrylic Acid Supply/Demand Balance 94 5.17 West European Acrylic Acid Consumption by End-Use 94 5.18 West European Commodity Acrylate Consumption by Major End-Use 95 5.19 West European Commodity Acrylate Consumption by Ester 95 5.20 Location of Acrylic Acid and Commodity Acrylate Plants in Western Europe 97 5.21 Western Europe Crude Acrylic Acid Supply/Demand Balance 100 5.22 Western Europe Commodity Acrylate Supply/Demand Balance 100 5.23 Western Europe Glacial Acrylic Acid Supply/Demand Balance 101 5.24 Japanese Acrylic Acid Consumption by End-Use 102 5.25 Japanese Commodity Acrylate Consumption by Major End-Use 102 5.26 United States Commodity Acrylate Consumption by Ester 103 5.27 Location of Acrylic Acid and Commodity Acrylate Plants in Japan 104 5.28 Japanese Crude Acrylic Acid Supply/Demand Balance 107 5.29 Japanese Commodity Acrylate Supply/Demand Balance 107 5.30 Japanese Glacial Acrylic Acid Supply/Demand Balance 108 6.1 Cost of Production Summary for Acrylic Acid and Acrylates 126 6.2 Cost of Production Summary for Acrylic Acid and Acrylates 127 6.3 Cost of Production Summary for Acrylic Acid – Impact of Scale 128 6.4 Cost of Production Summary for Acrylic Acid – Propylene versus Propane 129 6.5 Cost of Production Summary for Acrylic Acid – Lactic Acid Acetylation 131 7.1 Global Propylene Consumption by End-Use, 1995-2015 132 7.2 Global Propylene Consumption by End-Use, 1995-2015 133 7.3 Global Propylene Production by Source, 1995-2015 134 7.4 Extending the Corn Value Chain 135


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Table Page 1.1 Production Cost Summary 8 1.2 Global Crude Acrylic Acid Supply/Demand Summary 10 1.3 Global Commodity Acrylate Supply/Demand Summary 11 1.4 Global Glacial Acrylic Acid Supply/Demand Summary 12 2.1 Acrylic Acid and Commodity Acrylate Specifications 20 5.1 Global Crude Acrylic Acid Supply/Demand Summary 78 5.2 Global Commodity Acrylate Supply/Demand Summary 82 5.3 Global Glacial Acrylic Acid Supply/Demand Summary 85 5.4 United States Acrylic Acid and Commodity Acrylate Capacity, End 2005 90 5.5 United States Crude Acrylic Acid Market Summary 91 5.6 United States Commodity Market Summary 92 5.7 United States Glacial Acrylic Acid Market Summary 92 5.8 West European Acrylic Acid and Commodity Acrylate Capacity, End 2005 97 5.9 Western Europe Crude Acrylic Acid Market Summary 98 5.10 Western Europe Commodity Market Summary 99 5.11 Western Europe Glacial Acrylic Acid Market Summary 99 5.12 Japanese Acrylic Acid and Commodity Acrylate Capacity, End 2005 104 5.13 Japanese Crude Acrylic Acid Market Summary 105 5.14 Japanese Commodity Market Summary 106 5.15 Japanese Glacial Acrylic Acid Market Summary 106 5.16 East Asian Acrylic Acid and Commodity Acrylate Capacity, End 2005 109 5.17 Rest of the World Acrylic Acid and Commodity Acrylate Capacity, End 2005 109 6.1 Raw Material, Utility and Manpower Costs 110 6.2 Cost of Production Estimate for Crude Acrylic Acid 113 6.3 Cost of Production Estimate for Crude Acrylic Acid 116 6.4 Cost of Production Estimate for Methyl Acrylate 119 6.5 Cost of Production Estimate for Ethyl Acrylate 120 6.6 Cost of Production Estimate for n-Butyl Acrylate 121 6.7 Cost of Production Estimate for 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate 122 6.8 Cost of Production Estimate for Glacial Acrylic Acid 124 6.9 Cost of Production Estimate for 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate 125 6.10 Cost of Production Summary for Acrylic Acid and Acrylates 126


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APPENDIX D. Illustrative Tables and Figures

Table D.1 Cost of Production Estimate for: Caprolactam Process: Ex Cyclohexane (High Ammonium Sulfate)

CAPITAL COST MILLION U.S. $Plant Start-up 1Q2005 ISBL 367.3Analysis Date 1Q2005 OSBL 146.8Location USGC Total Plant Capital 514.1Capacity 440.9 Million Pounds/Yr Other Project Costs 128.5

200.0 Thousand Metric Tons/Yr Total Project Investment 642.6Operating Rate 100 Percent Working Capital 62.4Throughput 440.9 Million Pounds/Yr Total Capital Employed 705.0

UNITS PRICE ANNUALPer Lb U.S. $ U.S. $ COST MM U.S. $

PRODUCTION COST SUMMARY Product /Unit Per Lb U.S. $ Per MT

RAW MATERIALS Cyclohexane Gal 0.14570 3.0301 0.4415 194.66Ammonia Lb 0.92000 0.1302 0.1198 52.81Hydrogen Lb 0.04000 0.2724 0.0109 4.80Caustic Soda Lb 0.12000 0.1624 0.0195 8.59Sulfuric Acid Lb 1.59000 0.0400 0.0636 28.04Carbon Dioxide Lb 0.42000 0.0150 0.0063 2.78Catalyst & Chemicals U.S.$ 1.00000 0.0098 0.0098 4.31

TOTAL RAW MATERIALS 0.6713 296.00 1,480.0BY-PRODUCT CREDITS

Ammonium Sulfate Lb 2.40000 0.0600 (0.1440) (63.49)Heavy By-Products Lb 0.05000 0.0387 (0.0019) (0.85)

TOTAL BY-PRODUCT CREDITS (0.1459) (64.35) (321.7)NET RAW MATERIALS 0.5254 231.65 1,158.3

UTILITIES Power (Purchased) kWh 0.567000 0.0471 0.0267 11.77Cooling Water M Gal 0.244600 0.0918 0.0225 9.90Process Water M Gal 0.016700 1.0540 0.0176 7.76Boiler Feedwater M Gal 0.000100 1.7910 0.0002 0.08Steam (Gas), 200 Psig M Lb 0.002900 8.0829 0.0234 10.34Steam (Gas), 600 Psig M Lb 0.006200 9.1119 0.0565 24.91

TOTAL UTILITIES 0.1469 64.75 323.8NET RAW MATERIALS & UTILITIES 0.6722 296.41 1,482.0

VARIABLE COST 0.6722 296.41 1,482.0

DIRECT FIXED COSTS Laborers, 100.0 Men 43.3 Thousand U.S. $ 0.0098 4.33Foremen, 15.0 Men 49.1 Thousand U.S. $ 0.0017 0.74Supervisors, 2.0 Men 59.3 Thousand U.S. $ 0.0003 0.12Maintenance, Material & Labor 4.00 % of ISBL 0.0333 14.69Direct Overhead 45.0 % Labor & Supervision 0.0053 2.33

TOTAL DIRECT FIXED COSTS 0.0504 22.21 111.0ALLOCATED FIXED COSTS General Plant Overhead 60.0 % Direct Fixed Costs 0.0302 13.33

Insurance, Property Tax 1.0 % Total Plant Capital 0.0117 5.14 TOTAL ALLOCATED FIXED COSTS 0.0419 18.47 92.3

CASH COST 0.7645 337.08 1,685.4

Depreciation @ 10.0 % for ISBL & OPC 5.0 % for OSBL 0.1291 56.92 284.6

COST OF PRODUCTION 0.8936 394.01 1,970.0

Return on Total Capital Employed (Incl. WC) @ 10.0 Percent 0.1599 70.50 352.5

COST OF PRODUCTION + ROCE 1.0535 464.51 2,322.6


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APPENDIX E. PERP Program Listings

2006/2007 PERP PROGRAM

PETROCHEMICAL UPDATES Publication Date 06/07-1 Acetic Acid 06/07-2 Polypropylene 06/07-3 Propylene 06/07-4 Butanediol/THF 06/07-5 Alpha Olefins 06/07-6 Benzene/Toluene 06/07-7 Bisphenol A 06/07-8 Oxo Alcohols SPECIAL REPORTS 06/07S1 Hydrogen Production in Refineries 06/07S2 Hydrogen Peroxide-Based PO 06/07S3 Urea 06/07S4 Biodiesel Glycerine to Epichlorohydrin 06/07S5 Biomass Gasification 06/07S6 Phthalic Anhydride 06/07S7 06/07S8 06/07S9 Polyaramids 06/07S10 06/07S11 Renewables to Solvents 06/07S12 CO2 Utilisation Remaining report topics to be determined based on client input and industry developments


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PETROCHEMICAL UPDATES Publication Date 05/06-1 Vinyl Acetate August 2006 05/06-2 Acrylonitrile October 2006 05/06-3 HDPE December 2006 05/06-4 Phenol/Acetone/Cumene 05/06-5 Butadiene/Butylenes 05/06-6 Terephthalic Acid December 2006 05/06-7 Polycarbonate July 2006 05/06-8 Xylenes August 2006 SPECIAL REPORTS 05/06S1 Biogasoline 05/06S2 Wood Composites 05/06S3 Styrene from Ethane and Benzene November 2006 05/06S4 Glycerine to Epichlorohydrin 05/06S5 Ammonia as a Hydrogen Carrier 05/06S6 Optimizing Aromatics Production 05/06S7 Polyolefin Elastomers 05/06S8 Trends in Plasticizers 05/06S9 Polyaramids 05/06S10 Octene-1 05/06S11 Renewables to Solvents 05/06S12 LNG Regasification January 2007


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PETROCHEMICAL UPDATES Publication Date 04/05-1 LDPE June 2005 04/05-2 Methyl Methacrylate March 2006 04/05-3 Caprolactam February 2006 04/05-4 Polystyrene February 2006 04/05-5 Ethylene Oxide/Ethylene Glycol January 2006 04/05-6 Acrylic Acid February 2006 04/05-7 Ethylene September 2005 04/05-8 Ethanol January 2006 SPECIAL REPORTS 04/05S1 Fuel Switching with NGLs/Small Scale LNG August 2005 04/05S2 EPDM May 2005 04/05S3 Crystalline High Temperature Polymers February 2006 04/05S4 Impact of Supply Chain IT Applications on the Refining Industry April 2006 04/05S5 Nylon Fiber Spinning Technology December 2005 04/05S6 Polypropylene Compounding December 2005 04/05S7 Reducing Costs in PET Manufacture July 2005 04/05S8 Gas Processing and NGL Extraction: Natural Gas Conditioning March 2006 04/05S9 Unconventional Heavy Oils November 2005 04/05S10 Formaldehyde and Derivatives January 2006 04/05S11 Epoxy Resins December 2005 04/05S12 Phenol/MEK Co-Product Process February 2006


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PETROCHEMICAL UPDATES Publication Date 03/04-1 LLDPE January 2005 03/04-2 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) March 2004 03/04-3 Adipic Acid November 2004 03/04-4 Methanol December 2004 03/04-5 Hydrogen Peroxide October 2004 03/04-6 VCM/EDC December 2004 03/04-7 Maleic Anhydride February 2005 03/04-8 Styrene/Ethylbenzene November 2004 SPECIAL REPORTS 03/04S1 Acetic Anhydride/Cellulose Acetate June 2004 03/04S2 Ethylene via Catalytic Ethane Partial Oxidation July 2004 03/04S3 Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP) April 2004 03/04S4 Developments in Syngas Technology February 2005 03/04S5 Polyether Polyols October 2004 03/04S6 Medium Quality Terephthalic Acid October 2004 03/04S7 Propylene Refineries January 2005 03/04S8 PET Fiber Spinning Technology August 2004 03/04S9 Specialty LDPE Copolymers December 2004 03/04S10 Advances in LNG Technologies October 2004 03/04S11 Coal Gasification Technologies January 2005 03/04S12 Amorphous High Temperature ETPs December 2004


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PETROCHEMICAL UPDATES Publication Date 02/03-1 Acetic Acid September 2003 02/03-2 Nitrobenzene/Aniline June 2003 02/03-3 Polypropylene Aug 2003 02/03-4 Alpha Olefins Jan 2004 02/03-5 Benzene/Toluene April 2003 02/03-6 Polyethylene Terephthalate September 2003 02/03-7 1,4-Butanediol/THF January 2004 02/03-8 Propylene Oxide November 2003 SPECIAL REPORTS 02/03S1 Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Butadiene Rubber (SBR/BR) December 2003 02/03S2 Biodiesel December 2003 02/03S3 Modified Polyphenylene Oxide (MPPO) March 2003 02/03S4 Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) April 2003 02/03S5 Fuel Cells for Transportation December 2003 02/03S6 Stationary Fuel Cells November 2003 02/03S7 Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPUs) May 2003 02/03S8 Developments in Non-Phosgene Polycarbonate Technology October 2003 02/03S9 Thermoplastic Copolyester and Copolyamide Elastomers October 2003 02/03S10 Curtailing Coke Formation in Ethylene Furnace Tubes June 2003 02/03S11 Refinery of the Future as Shaped by Environmental Regulations December 2003 02/03S12 Barrier Monomers for PET December 2003


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PETROCHEMICAL UPDATES Publication Date 01/02-1 HDPE December 2002 01/02-2 Phenol/Acetone/Cumene October 2002 01/02-3 Butadiene/Butylenes February 2003 01/02-4 Terephthalic Acid December 2002 01/02-5 Polycarbonates July 2002 01/02-6 Bisphenol A September 2002 01/02-7 Xylenes May 2002 01/02-8 Oxo Alcohols April 2003 SPECIAL REPORTS 01/02S1 Thermoplastic Polyolefin (TPO) and Vulcanizate (TPV) Elastomers July 2002 01/02S2 Ethanolamines August 2002 01/02S3 High Temperature Thermoplastic Nylons June 2002 01/02S4 Chlor Alkali March 2003 01/02S5 Polyvinyl Alcohol November 2002 01/02S6 Glycol Ethers August 2002 01/02S7 Polytrimethylene Terephthalate (PTT) October 2002 01/02S8 Linear Alkylbenzene (LAB) May 2003 01/02S9 Fischer-Tropsch Liquids as Steam Cracker Feedstocks December 2002 01/02S10 Acrylamide November 2002 01/02S11 PTMEG/Spandex December 2002 01/02S12 Polyacetal October 2002


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PETROCHEMICAL UPDATES Publication Date

00/01-1 Polystyrene/ABS June 2001 00/01-2 Ethylene Oxide/Ethylene Glycol November 2001 00/01-3 Vinyl Acetate February 2002 00/01-4 Ethylene/Propylene June 2001 00/01-5 LDPE April 2001 00/01-6 Acrylonitrile March 2002 00/01-7 Acrylic Acid May 2001 00/01-8 Formaldehyde April 2001

SPECIAL REPORTS

00/01S1 Plastic Beer Bottles April 2002 00/01S2 Impact of MTBE Phaseout on Chemical Markets June 2001 00/01S3 Biotech Route to Lactic Acid/Polylactic Acid May 2002 00/01S4 Glycerin November 2001 00/01S5 Silicones May 2002 00/01S6 Plants as Plants December 2002 00/01S7 Developments in PTA Production Technologies February 2002 00/01S8 Novel Desulfurization Technologies October 2002 00/01S9 Methanol to Olefins January 2001 00/01S10 Liquid Crystal Polymers September 2001 00/01S11 Thermoplastic Nanocomposites September 2001 00/01S12 Developments in Propylene Oxide Technology November 2001


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APPENDIX F.

PERP Program 10-year Title Index, 1996/1997 - 2005/2006

This index is intended to be a handy and convenient tool for quickly identifying PERP reports of interest. It should be noted, however, that this is a title index only. For a more complete search, dating back to 1972, the full subject indices should be used. See your local technical information service department for the PERP subject indices or contact Nexant. To browse all Nexant ChemSystems reports, please visit: www.chemsystems.com

Title Report Date Title Report DateAcetic Acid 06/07/2001 * Bioprocessing Technologies, DevelopmentsAcetic Acid 02/03/2001 09-Mar in Alternative Routes to Specialty Chemicals 96/97S1 May-97Acetic Acid/Acetic Anhydride 97/98-1 Jan-99 Biotech Route to Lactic Acid/Polylactic Acid 00/01S3 05-FebAcetic Acid via Ethane Oxidation 99/00S5 01-Jan Biotransformation Routes to 1,3-Propanediol 97/98S4 Sep-98Acetic Anhydride/Cellulose Acetate 03/04S1 06-Apr Bisphenol A 06/07/2007 *Acetone/Phenol/Cumene 05/06/2004 * Bisphenol A 01/02/2006 09-FebAcetone/Phenol/Cumene 01/02/2002 10-Feb Bisphenol A 97/98-4 May-98Acetone/Phenol/Cumene 96/97-2 Dec-97 Butadiene/Butylenes 05/06/2005 *Acrylamide 01/02S10 11-Feb Butadiene/Butylenes 01/02/2003 02-MarAcrylic Acid 04/05/2006 02-Jun Butadiene/Butylenes 97/98-2 Jun-98Acrylic Acid 00/01-7 05-Jan Butadiene, Chemicals from 99/00S13 01-JanAcrylic Acid/Acrylates 96/97-8 Nov-97 Butadiene, Oxo Alcohols from 98/99S13 01/00Acrylonitrile 05/06/2002 * Butadiene Rubber/Styrene ButadieneAcrylonitrile 00/01-6 03-Feb Rubber (SBR/BR) 02/03S1 12-MarAcrylonitrile 96/97-7 Dec-97 Butanediol/THF 06/07/2004 *Adipic Acid 03/04/2003 11-Apr Butanediol, 1,4-/THF 02/03/2007 01-AprAdipic Acid 98/99-3 Jul-99 Butanediol/THF 98/99S1 Sep-99Advances in LNG Technologies 03/04S10 10-Apr Butyl Acetate/Ethyl Acetate 97/98S5 Aug-98Aliphatic Diisocyanates 98/99S11 Sep-99 Butylenes/Butadiene 01/02/2003 02-MarAlkylbenzene, Linear (LAB) 01/02S8 05-Mar Butylenes/Butadiene 97/98-2 Jun-98Alkyl Vinyl Ethers 97/98S6 Jul-98 Caprolactam 04/05/2003 02-JunAlpha Olefins, Developments in Production Caprolactam 99/00-4 03-Jan Technology 97/98S14 Jan-99 Caprolactam from Adiponitrile 96/97S8 Mar-97Alpha Olefins 06/07/2005 * Carbon Monoxide Production andAlpha Olefins 02/03/2004 01-Apr Purification Technologies 96/97S10 Apr-98Alpha Olefins 98/99-7 Dec-99 Catalytic Ethane Dehydrogenation,Alternative Uses for MTBE Facilities 99/00-7 03-Jan Ethylene via 98/99S9 Apr-99Ammonia 97/98-6 Aug-98 Catalytic Naphtha Cracking, Ethylene via 96/97S12 Sep-97Ammonia as a Hydrogen Carrier 05/06S5 * Cellulose Acetate/Acetic Anhydride 03/04S1 06-AprAmorphous High Temperature ETPs 03/04S12 12-Apr Chemicals from Butadiene 99/00S13 01-JanAniline/Nitrobenzene 02/03/2002 06-Mar Chlor Alkali 01/02S4 03-MarAromatics from Light Olefins 97/98S1 Apr-99 Chlorine Recovery via HCl RecycleAromatics Production, Optimizing 05/06S6 * Technologies 96/97S6 Apr-98Ascorbic Acid and Sorbitol 97/98S11 Mar-99 Coal Gasification Technologies 03/04S11 01-MayBarrier Monomers for PET 02/03S12 12-Mar Compounding, Polypropylene 04/05S6 12-MayBenzene, Styrene from Ethane and 05/06S3 * Copolyester and Copolyamide Elastomers,Benzene/Toluene 06/07/2006 * Thermoplastic 02/03S9 10-MarBenzene/Toluene 02/03/2005 04-Mar Cost/Performance of Fuel Oxygenates 99/00S3 09/00Benzene/Toluene 98/99-6 May-99 Crystalline High Temperature Polymers 04/05S3 02-JunBiodesulfurization of Petroleum Fractions 98/99S7 01/00 Cumene/Phenol/Acetone 05/06/2004 *Biodiesel 02/03S2 12-Mar Cumene/Phenol/Acetone 01/02/2002 10-FebBiogasoline 05/06S1 * Cumene/Phenol/Acetone 96/97-2 Dec-97


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APPENDIX F. PERP Program 10-year Title Index, 1996/1997 – 2005/2006 Title Report Date Title Report DateCurtailing Coke Formation in Ethylene Ethylene, Propylene 96/97-6 Mar-97 Furnace Tubes 02/03S10 06-Mar Ethylene via Catalytic EthaneDesulfurization Technologies, Novel 00/01S8 10-Feb Dehydrogenation 98/99S9 Apr-99Detergent Alcohols 98/99S5 01-Feb Ethylene via Catalytic Naphtha Cracking 96/97S12 Sep-97Developments in Alpha Olefin Production Ethylene via Catalytic Ethane Partial Technology 97/98S14 Jan-99 Oxidation 03/04S2 07-AprDevelopments in Bioprocessing Technologies: Extending the Methane Value Chain 99/00S9 10/00 Alternative Routes to Specialty Chemicals 96/97S1 May-97 Fiber Spinning Technology, Nylon 04/05S5 12-MayDevelopments in Dimethyl Carbonate Fiber Spinning Technology, PET 03/04S8 08-Apr Production Technology 99/00S6 05/00 Fiber Spinning Technology, PET 97/98S13 02/00Developments in Methanol Production Fischer-Tropsch Liquids as Steam Cracker Technology 96/97S14 Aug-98 Feedstocks 01/02S9 12-FebDevelopments in Natural Gas to Liquid Fluidized Bed Vinyl Acetate Process 98/99S3 02/00 Fuels Conversion Technologies 96/97S13 Feb-98 Formaldehyde 00/01-8 04-JanDevelopments in Non-Phosgene Formaldehyde and Derivatives 04/05S10 01-Jun Polycarbonate Technology 02/03S8 10-Mar Fuel Cells for Transportation 02/03S5 12-MarDevelopments in para-Xylene Technology 96/97S7 Jul-97 Fuel Oxygenates, Cost/Performance of 99/00S3 09/00Developments in PET Recycling 99/00S4 07/00 Fuel Switching with NGLs/Small Scale LNGDevelopments in Propylene Oxide Gasification Technologies, Coal 03/04S11 01-May Technology 00/01S12 11-Jan Gas Processing and NGL Extraction: NaturalDevelopments in PTA Production Gas Conditioning 04/05S8 03-Jun Technologies 00/01S7 02-Feb Glycerin 00/01S4 11-JanDevelopments in Syngas Technology 03/04S4 02-May Glycerine to Epichlorohydrin 05/06S4 *Developments in Thermoplastic Elastomers 98/99S12 Nov-99 Glycol Ethers 01/02S6 08-FebDicyclopentadiene and Derivatives 97/98S7 Aug-98 HCl Recycle Technologies, ChlorineDimethyl Carbonate Production Recovery via 96/97S6 Apr-98 Technology: Developments in 99/00S6 05/00 Heavy Oils, Unconventional 04/05S9 11-MayDimethyl Ether (DME) 97/98S8 Mar-99 HDPE 05/06/2003 *Dimethylnaphthalene, (2,6-) 99/00S7 06/00 High Density Polyethylene 01/02/2001 12-FebEDC/VCM 03/04/2006 12-Apr High Density Polyethylene 96/97-3 Apr-98EDC/VCM 99/00-3 04/00 High Temperature ETPs, Amorphous 03/04S12 12-AprEPDM 04/05S2 05-May High Temperature Polymers, Crystalline 04/05S3 02-JunEpichlorohydrin 99/00S11 07/00 High Temperature Thermoplastic Nylons 01/02S3 06-FebEpichlorohydrin, Glycerine to 05/06S4 * Hydrocarbon Resins 99/00S10 03-JanEpoxy Resins 04/05S11 12-May Hydrogen Carrier, Ammonia as a 05/06S5 *Elastomers, Polyolefin 05/06S7 * Hydrogen Peroxide 03/04/2005 10-AprEthane Dehydrogenation, Ethylene Hydrogen Peroxide 98/99-8 Sep-99 via Catalytic 98/99S9 Apr-99 Impact of Supply Chain IT Applications onEthane Oxidation, Acetic Acid via 99/00S5 01-Jan The Refining Industry 04/05S4 04-JunEthane Partial Oxidation, Ethylene via Iron and Cobalt Based Olefin Polymerization Catalytic 03/04S2 07-Apr Catalysts 97/98S9 Sep-99Ethane and Benzene, Styrene from 05/06S3 * Isoprene 98/99S2 Sep-99Ethanol 04/05/2008 01-Jun Lactic Acid/Polylactic Acid, Biotech Route to 00/01S3 05-FebEthanol 99/00-8 08-Jan LDPE 04/05/2001 06-MayEthanolamines 01/02S2 08-Feb LDPE 00/01-5 04-JanEthyl Acetate/Butyl Acetate 97/98S5 Aug-98 LDPE Copolymers, Specialty 03/04S9 12-AprEthylbenzene/Styrene 03/04/2008 11-Apr Light Olefins, Aromatics from 97/98S1 Apr-99Ethylbenzene/Styrene 99/00-6 08/00 Linearalkylbenzene (LAB) 01/02S8 05-MarEthylene Oxide/Ethylene Glycol 04/05/2005 01-Jun Liquefied Natural Gas 96/97S2 Nov-97Ethylene Oxide/Ethylene Glycol 00/01-2 11-Jan Liquid Crystal Polymers 00/01S10 09-JanEthylene Oxide/Ethylene Glycol 96/97-4 Aug-97 LLDPE 03/04/2001 01-MayEthylene 04/05/2007 09-May LLDPE 99/00-1 06/00Ethylene, Propylene 00/01-4 06-Jan LNG Regasification 05/06S12 *


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APPENDIX F. PERP Program 10-year Title Index, 1996/1997 – 2005/2006 Title Report Date Title Report DateLNG Technologies, Advances in 03/04S10 10-Apr PET Fiber Spinning Technology 03/04S8 08-AprMaleic Anhydride 03/04/2007 02-May PET Fiber Spinning Technology 97/98S13 02/00Maleic Anhydride 99/00-5 06/00 PET Manufacture, Reducing Costs in 04/05S7 07-MayManaging Technology Development in PET Recycling, Developments in 99/00S4 07/00 the Chemical Industry 97/98S2 Jun-99 Petroleum Coke Utilization Options 97/98S10 Mar-99MDI/TDI 98/99S8 Sep-99 Phenol/Acetone/Cumene 05/06/2004 *Medium Quality Terephthalic Acid 03/04S6 10-Apr Phenol/Acetone/Cumene 01/02/2002 10-FebMEK/Phenol Co-Product Process 04/05S12 02-Jun Phenol/Acetone/Cumene 96/97-2 Dec-97Methane Value Chain, Extending the 99/00S9 10/00 Phenol Manufacture, On-Purpose N2OMethanol 03/04/2004 12-Apr Production for 98/99S14 Oct-99Methanol 98/99-4 05/00 Phenol/MEK Co-Product Process 04/05S12 02-JunMethanol Production Technology, Plants as Plants 00/01S6 12-Feb Developments in 96/97S14 Aug-98 Plastic Beer Bottles 00/01S1 04-FebMethanol to Olefins 00/01S9 01-Feb Plasticizers, Trends in 05/06S8 *Methyl Methacrylate 04/05/2002 03-Jun Polyacetal 01/02S12 10-FebMethyl Methacrylate 99/00-2 09-Jan Polyaramids 05/06S9 *Modified Polyphenylene Oxide (MPPO) 02/03S3 03-Mar Polyaspartic Acid 96/97S4 Apr-98MTBE Facilities, Alternative Uses of 99/00-7 03-Jan Polybutylene Terephthalate 98/99S6 Jul-99MTBE Phaseout on Chemical Markets, Polycarbonate 05/06/2007 * Impact of 00/01S2 06-Jan Polycarbonates 01/02/2005 07-FebNanocomposites, Thermoplastic 00/01S11 09-Jan Polycarbonates 97/98-8 Oct-98Naphthalene and Derivatives 96/97S9 Mar-98 Polyether Polyols 03/04S5 10-AprNatural Gas to Liquid Fuels Conversion Polyethylene, High Density 96/97-3 Apr-98 Technologies, Developments in 96/97S13 Feb-98 Polyethylene Terephthalate 02/03/2006 09-MarNGL Extraction and Gas Processing: Polyethylene Terephthalate 98/99-5 01/00 Natural Gas Conditioning: 04/05S8 03-Jun Polylactic Acid/Lactic Acid, Biotech Route to 00/01S3 10-FebNGLs/Small Scale LNG, Fuel Switching with 04/05S1 08-May Polymers, Super Absorbent (SAP) 03/04S3 04-AprNickel and Palladium Olefin Polymerization Polymer Compounding 99/00S2 04/00 Catalysts 96/97S11 Sep-98 Polyolefin Elastomers 05/06S7 *Nitric Acid 97/98S12 Oct-98 Polyphenylene Oxide, Modified (MPPO) 02/03S3 03-MarNitrobenzene/Aniline 02/03/2002 06-Mar Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) 02/03S4 04-MarNon-Phosgene Polycarbonate Technology, Polypropylene 06/07/2002 * Developments in 02/03S8 10-Mar Polypropylene 02/03/2003 08-MarNovel Desulfurization Technologies 00/01S8 10-Feb Polypropylene 98/99-1 01/00Nylon 6/Nylon 6,6 99/00S1 04/00 Polypropylene Compounding 04/05S6 12-MayNylon Fiber Spinning Technology 04/05S5 12-May Polystyrene 04/05/2004 02-JunNylons, High Temperature Thermoplastic 01/02S3 06-Feb Polystyrene 96/97-1 May-97Octene-1 05/06S10 * Polystyrene/ABS 00/01-1 06-JanOlefin Polymerization Catalysts, Iron and Polytrimethylene Terephthalate (PTT) 01/02S7 10-Feb Cobalt Based 97/98S9 Sep-99 Polyurethanes, Thermoplastic (TPUs) 02/03S7 05-MarOlefins, Methanol to 00/01S9 01-Feb Polyvinyl Alcohol 01/02S5 11-FebOleochemicals 99/00S12 05-Jan Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) 03/04/2002 03-AprOn-Purpose N2O Production for Phenol Polyvinyl Chloride 98/99-2 Apr-99 Manufacture 98/99S14 Sep-99 Propanediol, (1,3-), BiotransformationOptimizing Aromatics Production 05/06S6 * Routes to 97/98S4 Sep-98Options for Refinery C5's 98/99S4 Sep-99 Propionic Acid 98/99S10 Jun-99Oxo Alcohols 06/07/2008 * Propylene 06/07/2003 *Oxo Alcohols 01/02/2008 04-Mar Propylene, Ethylene 00/01-4 06-JanOxo-Alcohols 96/97S3 Feb-98 Propylene, Ethylene 96/97-6 Mar-97Oxo Alcohols from Butadiene 98/99S13 01/00 Propylene Oxide 02/03/2008 11-Marpara-Xylene Technology, Developments in 96/97S7 Jul-97 Propylene Oxide 97/98-7 Dec-98


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APPENDIX F. PERP Program 10-year Title Index, 1996/1997 – 2005/2006 Title Report Date Title Report DatePropylene Oxide Technology, Developments Syngas Technology, Developments in 03/04S4 02-May in 00/01S12 11-Jan TDI/MDI 98/99S8 Sep-99Propylene Refineries 03/04S7 01-May Technology Management, Managing, in thePropylene, Routes to 97/98S3 02/00 Chemical Industry 97/98S2 Jun-99PTA Production Technologies, Developments Terephthalic Acid 05/06/2006 * in 00/01S7 02-Feb Terephthalic Acid 01/02/2004 12-FebPTMEG/Spandex 01/02S11 12-Feb Terephthalic Acid 97/98-5 Feb-99Pyromellitic Dianhydride/Trimellitic Terephthalic Acid, Medium Quality 03/04S6 10-Apr Anhydride 99/00S8 07/00 Thermoplastic Copolyester and CopolyamideReducing Costs in PET Manufacture 04/05S7 07-May Elastomers 02/03S9 10-MarRefineries, Propylene 03/04S7 01-May Thermoplastic Elastomers, Developments in 98/99S12 Nov-99Refinery of the Future as Shaped by Thermoplastic Nanocomposites 00/01S11 09-Jan Environmental Issues 02/03S11 12-Mar Thermoplastic Polyolefin (TPO) andRefining Industry, Impact of Supply Vulcanizate (TPV) Elastomers 01/02S1 07-Feb Chain IT Applications on 04/05S4 04-Jun Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPUs) 02/03S7 05-MarRenewables to Solvents 04/05S11 * Titanium Dioxide 99/00S14 08/00Regasification, LNG 05/06S12 * Toluene/Benzene 06/07/2006 *Routes to Propylene 97/98S3 02/00 Toluene/Benzene 02/03/2005 04-MarSilicones 00/01S5 05-Feb Toluene/Benzene 98/99-6 May-99Solvents, Renewables to 05/06S11 * Trends in Plasticizers 05/06S8 *Sorbitol and Ascorbic Acid 97/98S11 Mar-99 Trimellitic Anhydride/Pyromellitic Dianhydride 99/00S8 07/00Spandex/PTMEG 01/02S11 12-Feb Unconventional Heavy Oils 04/05S9 11-MaySpecialty Chemicals, Alternative Routes to: Urea 96/97S5 Sep-97 Developments in Bioprocessing Technologies 96/97S1 May-97 Utilization Options, Petroleum Coke 97/98S10 Mar-99Specialty LDPE Copolymers 03/04S9 12-Apr VCM/EDC 03/04/2006 12-AprStationary Fuel Cells 02/03S6 11-Mar VCM/EDC 99/00-3 04/00Steam Cracker Feedstocks, Fischer-Tropsch Vinyl Acetate 05/06/2001 *Liquids as 01/02S9 12-Feb Vinyl Acetate 00/01-3 02-FebStyrene Butadiene Rubber/Butadiene Vinyl Acetate 96/97-5 Jul-97 Rubber (SBR/BR) 02/03S1 12-Mar Vinyl Acetate Process, Fluidized Bed 98/99S3 02/00Styrene/Ethylbenzene 03/04/2008 11-Apr Wood Composites 05/06S2 *Styrene/Ethylbenzene 99/00-6 08/00 Xylenes 05/06/2008 *Styrene from Ethane and Benzene 05/06S3 * Xylenes 01/02/2007 05-FebSulfide, Polyphenylene (PPS) 02/03S4 04-Mar Xylenes 97/98-3 Jul-98Super Absorbent Polymers (SAP) 03/04S3 04-AprSupply Chain IT Applications on the Refining Industry, Impact of 04/05S4 04-Jun


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APPENDIX G. Partial List of Clients

Our clients represent a range of companies in the international energy, chemical, plastics and process industries. Although we work primarily with manufacturers, marketers and end users, our expertise frequently is called upon by aligned businesses and organizations, such as utilities, financial institutions, engineering service firms, trade associations and national/regional governmental entities. Representative clients include:

Acetex Air Products and Chemicals AKZO Nobel Albemarle Aramco Argonne National Laboratory Aristech Arkema Asahi Chemical Ashland Chemical Atofina Bahrain National Gas Bangkok Bank Bankers Trust BASF Bayer BOC Group BP Caltex Campanhia Petroquimica Camacari (CPC) Cargill CEFIC Celanese Chevron Phillips Chemicals Chiyoda Ciquine Cia Petroquimica (CCP) Citibank Conoco Copesul Daicel Degussa Dow Chemical DSM DuPont Dyno Industries Eastman Chemical Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) ENAP Engelhard EniChem Enron ExxonMobil

Fluor Daniel FMC Foster Wheeler General Electric Georgia Gulf BFGoodrich Grupo Ultra Henkel Hercules Huntsman Chemical Hyundai Petrochemical ICI Idemitsu Petrochemical Indian Petrochemical Company Ltd. (IPCL) INEOS Institut Francais du Petrole ISP C. Itoh Japan Synthetic Rubber Jet Propulsion Laboratory Johnson Matthey Kaneka Kellogg, Brown & Root Kemira Oy Korea Steel Chemical (KOSCO) Kosco/Daewoo Kuwait Petroleum Lagoven Lanxess Louisiana Power and Light Lyondell Petrochemical Maruzen Makhteshim Metropolitan Capital Millennium Mitsubishi Chemical Mitsubishi Corporation Mitsui Chemical Monsanto Morgan Guaranty Trust National Energy Administration (Sweden) Neste Chemicals


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APPENDIX G. Partial List of Clients New England Electric Company New York Power Authority New York State Energy Research & Development Authority Nippon Petrochemical Nippon Shokubai Nippon Steel Chemicals NL Chemicals NOVA Olin OMV Orkem Pacific Gas & Electric (PG&E) Paine Webber PDVSA Pequiven Petrobras Petrochina Petrofina Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX) Petroleum Association of Japan Petroleum Authority of Thailand Petroleum Energy Center (PEC) Petroquimica Argentina (PASA) Phillips Petroleum Polimeri Europa Price Waterhouse Reliance Repsol Rhodia

RTZ Ruhr Oil SABIC Saga Petroleum Sasol Shell Chemical Sinopec Society of Plastics Industry (SPI) Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI) Solutia Solvay Southern California Edison Sterling Stone and Webster Sumitomo Sunkyong Industries Symyx Teijin Tessenderlo Chemie Texaco Tokyo Electric Power Tonen Tosoh Trinidad and Tobago Oil (TRINTOC) Ube UCB UOP U.S. Department of Energy Washington Group

Nexant, Inc. appears on the register of consultants of the following international lending organizations, and has conducted projects in conjunction with many of them.

■ The World Bank (IRBD, IFC and associated funds)

■ Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

■ Asian Development Bank

■ African Development Bank

■ European Development Bank

■ Kuwait Fund

■ United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

■ Industrial Development Centre for Arab Studies (IDCAS)

■ British Ministry of Overseas Development (ODM)

■ USAID.

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