ETAP STUDY 1

ETAP

Arc Flash Analysis

Load Flow Analysis

Short Circuit Analysis -

ANSI / IEEE

Star Device Coordination

Analysis

Transient Stability Analysis

Motor Starting Analysis

OverviewElectrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP)

Single Line DiagramGo to Edit Mode by Click the Edit button on the Mode toolbar.

select a Power Grid (Utility) element by clicking on the Power Grid button.. Click anywhere in the OLV to place a Utility on your one-line diagram

insert the elements

connect the elements in the one-line by clicking and dragging element to the connection pin of another element. Notice that a node is automatically inserted when connecting the cable to the transformer.

Enter the values for the elements shown in the figure above referring to the Editing Element Properties leaflet.

Purpose of Short Circuit AnalysisETAP Short Circuit software program allows for short circuit calculations based on ANSI and IEEE standards.

In ANSI/IEEE short circuit software program, an equivalent voltage source at

the fault location, which equals the prefault voltage at the location,

replaces all external voltage sources and machine internal voltage sources.

Three different impedance networks are formed to calculate momentary, interrupting, and steady-state short circuit currents, and corresponding fault current duties for

various protective devices. These networks are: ½ cycle network (subtransient network), 1.5-4 cycle network (transient network), and 30 cycle network (steady-state network).

ANSI/IEEE Standards recommend the use of separate R and X networks to calculate X/R values. An X/R ratio is obtained for each individual faulted bus and short circuit current. This X/R ratio is then used to determine the multiplying factor to account for the system DC offset.

Purpose for Transient Stability AnalysisElectrical power transient stability calculation program is used

•to accurately model the power system dynamics and transient by simulating system disturbances and other events.

Typical transient stability studies include

• identifying critical fault clearing time, •checking generator rotor angle stability,• assessing system stability margin,• evaluating motor dynamic acceleration and •reacceleration impact,• preparing and testing load shedding schedule, •computing fast bus transfer timing, •calibrating and evaluating relay setting and• simulating generator start-up. •split a system or combine multiple subsystems,• simulate automatic relay actions and associated circuit breaker operations,• start or auto-start motors.•enhanced plotting and graphical results

•to investigate whether the starting motor can be successfully started under the operating conditions,• and to see if starting the motor will seriously impede the normal operation of other loads in the system

•if a motor can be started and• how much time is needed for the motor to reach its rated speed,• as well as to determine the effect of voltage dips on the system using the dynamic motor starting

Purpose for Motor Starting Analysis

Purpose for Arc Flash Analysis

•capabilities which allow for faster and easier assessment of arc flash hazards and arc flash incident.• Identify and analyze high risk arc flash areas in your electrical power system with greater flexibility by simulating and evaluating various arc flash mitigation methods in your arc flash study.

•solves multiple scenarios to determine worst-case arc flash energy levels. •produces professional reports and high quality arc flash safety

•also includes comprehensive single phase and three phase arc flash assessment calculations as well as an invaluable arc flash analyzer tool to summarize results from the arc flash study.

Purpose for Star Coordination Analysis•for performing steady-state and dynamic device coordination, protection, and testing.

•To provide informed and reliable recommendations regarding the feasibility of the protective devices under consideration. •Help in resolving possible design issues and •make informed decisions to improve system reliability, increase system stability, and boost financial savings.•comprehensive over current protective device coordination analysis, using intelligent one-line diagrams, protective device libraries, and a three-dimensional database

•capable of plotting the starting, inrush, damage, etc. curves for equipment like motors, transformers, generators, and cables. Offering insight into troubleshooting false trips, relay and breaker mis-operation, and mis-coordination.

Process STATIC MOTOR STARTINGSwitch to Motor Acceleration Analysis mode

open the Motor Starting Study Case editor

Event page• change the Total Simulation Time to 10 seconds• You can start or switch off individual loads• You can add an event by selecting the Event page

Open Syn1’s editor• Acceleration Time (Static Starting) fields

Run Static Motor Starting button

Process DYNAMIC MOTOR STARTING Switch to Motor Acceleration Analysis mode

open the Motor Starting Study Case editor

Event page• change the Total Simulation Time to 10 seconds• You can start or switch off individual loads• You can add an event by selecting the Event page

Open Syn1’s editor• Acceleration Time (Static Starting) fields no load 1 full load 3

Open Syn1’s editor• Go to Model page go to dynamic model and select any category other than

noneOpen Syn1’s editor• Load Model and add model from lib

• go to the Inertia page and enter 0.2

Run Dynamic Motor Starting button

Required Data for Motor StartingMotor Starting Required DataBus DataRequired data for motor starting calculations for buses includes: Bus IDNominal kV%V and Angle (when Initial Condition is set to use Bus Voltages)Load Diversity Factor (if the Loading option is set to use the Maximum or Minimum load)Branch DataBranch data is entered into the branch editors, including the 3-Winding Transformer Editor, 2-Winding Transformer Editor, Transmission Line Editor, Cable Editor, Reactor Editor, and Impedance Editor. Required data for motor starting calculations for branches includes the following: Branch IDBranch Z, R, X, or X/R values and units, tolerance, and temperatures, if applicableCable and transmission line length and unitTransformer rated kV and kVA/MVA, tap and LTC settingsImpedance base kV and base kVA/MVAPower Grid DataRequired data for motor starting calculations for power grids includes: Utility IDMode (Swing, Voltage Control or Mvar Control)Rated kV, and short-circuit MVA and impedanceGeneration category data (%V and Vangle)Synchronous Generator DataRequired data for motor starting calculations for synchronous generators includes: Synchronous Generator IDMode (Swing, Voltage Control or Mvar Control)Rated kW, kV, and power factorXd’and X/R ratioGeneration category data, ( V%, MW and Mvar)Synchronous Motor DataRequired data for motor starting calculations for synchronous motors includes: Synchronous Motor IDRated kW/hp and kVPower factors and efficiencies at 100%, 75%, and 50% loading for operating motorsLoading Category IDs and % Loading for operating motorsEquipment cable data

Required Data for Motor StartingInduction Motor DataRequired data for motor starting calculations for induction motors includes:Induction Motor IDRated kW/hp and kVPower factors and efficiencies at 100%, 75%, and 50% loadingLoading Category ID and % LoadingEquipment cable dataStatic Load DataRequired data for motor starting calculation for static loads includes: Static Load IDRated kVA/MVA and kVPower factors at 100%, 75%, and 50% loading Loading Category ID and % LoadingEquipment cable dataMOV DataRequired data for motor starting calculation for MOV includes: MOV IDRated kW/hp and kVCurrent, PF, and time for each operation stageEquipment cable dataCapacitor DataRequired data for motor starting calculation for capacitor includes: Capacitor IDRated kV, kvar/bank and number of banksLoading category ID and % LoadingEquipment cable dataLumped Load DataRequired data for motor starting calculation for lumped load includes: Load IDRated kV, MVA, power factor, and % for motor loadLoading category ID and % LoadingAdditional Data for Starting MotorsFor Static Motor Starting studies, the additional data includes: Motor locked-rotor impedance and power factorMotor acceleration time at no load and full loadStart and final percent loading and begin and end of load change timeStarting device data when neededNo load and full load accelerated time (for static motor starting)

For Dynamic Motor Acceleration studies, the additional data includes: Dynamic motor model for induction motorsLR model for synchronous motorsLoad torque modelMotor inertiaStudy Case DataThere are some study case related data, which must also be provided. This data includes: Study Case IDMaximum number of iterationPrecision of solutionTotal simulation time, simulation time step, and plot time stepPrestart loading (loading category)Initial conditionTransformer LTC dataEquipment adjustment optionsAlert optionsReport (report format)

Required Data for Motor Starting

Process Harmonic Study

Purpose for Load Flow StudyTo perform power flow analysis and voltage drop calculations with accurate and reliable results. By using the

• automatic equipment evaluation, • alerts and warnings summary,• load flow result analyzer, and

To calculate the• bus voltages, •branch power factors, •currents, and •power flows throughout the electrical system.

Process Load Flow StudyClick the Load Flow Analysis button on the Mode toolbar to switch to Load Flow Analysis mode.

select the name of an existing output report to overwrite, or “Prompt.”

Go to Load Flow Study Case editor to specify the maximum number of iterations and precision; loading and generation categories can be individually selected; load diversity factors can be applied; and finally adjustments can be selected for different elements, e.g. transformer, reactor, overload heater, cable, transmission line, and more

click on the Run Load Flow button located in the Load Flow toolbar

Go to Display Options in the Load Flow Toolbar to change the format of the results.

Go to Alert View button in the load flow toolbar to view any overload problems. This will open a window containing a list of undersized equipment.

Click on Report Manager in the Load Flow toolbar, and go to the Result page and select Load Flow Report to output a more detailed and organized representation of the results in different formats

Check the results for marginal or critical flags in the Alert View window. The criteria for which a condition is flagged can be changed in the Load Flow Study Case editor.

Process Load Flow StudyETAP allows Auto LTC settings to be applied to regulate buses that are directly or indirectly connected to a transformer. For example, we can use transformer T4 to regulate Bus1 at 100% of nominal voltage. Open the editor of T4 by double clicking on its graphic on the one-line. On the Tap page, enable (check) the Auto LTC box on the primary winding

Open the LTC settings window by clicking on the LTC box and change the Regulated Bus ID to Bus1. Click OK for both the LTC window and the Transformer Editor window.

After running the Load Flow study, you can analyze the output data for different elements in a very compact and summarized way by using the Load Flow Results Analyzer. To do so, click on the Load Flow Result Analyzer button in the Load Flow toolbar.

Select the different reports that you want to consider from the Study Reports field. If you want to compare output reports from other projects along with the current project, you can select All Project in Active Directory from the Project Report field. The other projects must be in the same directory as your current project.

Select the report type from the Report Type field. The example above shows results for Loads. After selecting Loads, select the Load Types and Load Info to display. Select the units to display the results in, and the different fields that you want to display. In addition, you can create your own alerts and enable them from the Alert field.

Process Short Circuit Study

Required Data for Load Flow AnalysisBus Data

Required data for load flow calculations for buses includes: •Nominal kV•%V and Angle (when Initial Condition is set to use Use Bus Voltages)•Load Diversity Factor (when the Loading option is set to use Diversity Factor)Branch Data

Branch data is entered into the Branch Editors, i.e., Transformer, Transmission Line, Cable, Reactor, and Impedance editors. Required data for load flow calculations for branches includes: •Branch Z, R, X, or X/R values and units, tolerance, and temperature, if applicable•Cable and transmission line, length, and unit•Transformer rated kV and kVA/MVA, tap, and LTC settings•Impedance base kV and base kVA/MVAPower Grid Data

Required data for load flow calculations for power grids includes: •Operating mode (Swing, Voltage Control, Mvar Control, or PF Control)•Nominal kV•%V and Angle for swing mode•%V, MW loading, and Mvar limits (Qmax & Qmin) for Voltage Control mode•MW and Mvar loading, and Mvar limits Mvar Control mode•MW loading and PF, and Mvar limits for PF Control modeSynchronous Generator Data

Required data for load flow calculations for synchronous generators includes: •Operating mode (Swing, Voltage Control, or Mvar Control)•Rated kV•%V and Angle for swing mode of operation•%V, MW loading, and Mvar limits (Qmax and Qmin) for Voltage Control mode•MW and Mvar loading, and Mvar limits Mvar Control mode•MW loading and PF, and Mvar limits for PF Control mode  

Note: The Mvar limits (Qmax and Qmin) can also be calculated from the capability curve. The required additional data for this calculation includes: •All data on the Capability page•Synchronous reactance (Xd)

Inverter DataRequired data for load flow calculations for inverters includes: •Inverter ID•DC and AC rating data•AC output voltage regulating data Synchronous Motor DataRequired data for load flow calculations for synchronous motors includes: •Rated kW/hp and kV•Power factors and efficiencies at 100%, 75%, and 50% loadings•% Loading for desired Loading Category•Equipment cable dataInduction Motor DataRequired data for load flow calculations for induction motors includes: •Rated kW/hp and kV•Power factors and efficiencies at 100%, 75%, and 50% loadings•% Loading for desired Loading Category•Equipment cable dataStatic Load DataRequired data for load flow calculations for static loads includes: •Static Load ID•Rated kVA/MVA and kV•Power factor•% Loading for desired Loading Category•Equipment cable dataCapacitor DataRequired data for load flow calculations for capacitors includes: •Capacitor ID•Rated kV, kvar/bank, and number of banks•% Loading for desired Loading Category•Equipment cable dataLumped Load DataRequired data for load flow calculations for lumped loads includes: 

Required Data for Load Flow Analysis

Conventional •Load ID•Rated kV, kVA/MVA, power factor, and % motor load•% Loading for desired Loading Category Unbalanced•Load ID•Rated kV, kVA/MVA, power factor, % motor load, and % static load•% Loading for desired Loading Category Exponential•Load ID•Rated kV, P0, Q0, a, and b•% Loading for desired Loading Category Polynomial•Load ID•Rated kV, P0, Q0, p1, p2, q1, and q2•% Loading for desired Loading Category Comprehensive•Load ID•Rated kV, P0, Q0, a1, a2, b1, b2, p1, p2, p3, p4, q1, q2, q3, and q4•% Loading for desired Loading CategoryCharger and UPS DataRequired data for load flow calculations for chargers and UPSincludes: Element ID•Rated AC kV, MVA, and power factor, as well as DC rating data•% Loading for desired Loading CategoryHV DC Link DataRequired data for load flow calculations for HVDC links includes: Element ID•All data on the Rating page is required for Load Flow calculations•Inverter current margin (Im)

SVC DataRequired data for load flow calculations for SVCincludes: Element ID•Rated kV•Inductive Rating (Either QL, IL, or BL)•Capacitive Rating (Either QC, IC, or BC)•Max Inductive Rating (Either QL(Max), or IL(Max))•Max Capacitive Rating (Either QC(Min), or IC(Min))

 Note: QC, QC(Min), and BL must be entered as a negative value

Panel DataRequired data for load flow calculations for panels includes: •Element ID•Rated kV and Amps•Number of Branch Circuits•Loading and %Loading•Phasing, Number of Poles, and State•Connection Type, i.e. Internal, External, Spare, etc.Other DataThere are some study case related data, which must also be provided. This includes: •Method (Newton-Raphson, Fast-Decoupled, or Accelerated Gauss-Seidel)•Max Iteration•Precision•Acceleration Factor (when Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method is selected)•Loading Category•Initial Voltage Condition•Report (report format)•Update (for bus voltages and transformer LTCs using load flow result) 

Required Data for Load Flow Analysis

Required Data for Load Flow AnalysisComprehensive•Load ID•Rated kV, P0, Q0, a1, a2, b1, b2, p1, p2, p3, p4, q1, q2, q3, and q4•% Loading for desired Loading CategoryCharger and UPS DataRequired data for load flow calculations for chargers and UPSincludes: Element ID•Rated AC kV, MVA, and power factor, as well as DC rating data•% Loading for desired Loading CategoryHV DC Link DataRequired data for load flow calculations for HVDC links includes: Element ID•All data on the Rating page is required for Load Flow calculations•Inverter current margin (Im)

SVC DataRequired data for load flow calculations for SVCincludes: Element ID•Rated kV•Inductive Rating (Either QL, IL, or BL)•Capacitive Rating (Either QC, IC, or BC)•Max Inductive Rating (Either QL(Max), or IL(Max))•Max Capacitive Rating (Either QC(Min), or IC(Min))

 Note: QC, QC(Min), and BL must be entered as a negative value

Panel DataRequired data for load flow calculations for panels includes: Element ID•Rated kV and Amps•Number of Branch Circuits•Loading and %Loading•Phasing, Number of Poles, and State•Connection Type, i.e. Internal, External, Spare, etc.Other DataThere are some study case related data, which must also be provided. This includes: Method (Newton-Raphson, Fast-Decoupled, or Accelerated Gauss-Seidel)•Max Iteration•Precision•Acceleration Factor (when Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method is selected)•Loading Category•Initial Voltage Condition•Report (report format)•Update (for bus voltages and transformer LTCs using load flow result)