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2004

Print quality study of a laboratory offset pressPAPRO Forest Research, New Zealand

Lisa Johansson [email protected] Lundin [email protected]

EXAMENSARBETE

Grafisk TeknologiNr: E3001GT

AcknowledgementsThis project would not have been possible to make without some specialpeople at PAPRO Forest Research. First of all we would like to thank oursupervisor Ian Chalmers for giving us the opportunity to come to NewZealand and to make this project possible to be carried out. We would alsolike to thank our “right hand” throughout this whole project, SueWilliams, who has have been very helpful and kind with us and she hasshowed a great patience for all our thousand questions with a nice smileon her lips. Thirdly we would like to thank Alan Dickson who always tooktime to help us with different problems in the project.

Also a big gratitude to our tutor Dr Göran Bryntse (University ofDalarna, Sweden), who made all the arrangements and contacts withPAPRO, and who pushed us forward to go through with this Bachelorsdegree in New Zealand, and contributed to an unforgettable lifelongmemory and useful experiences.

We would also like to express our gratitude to a special and remarka-ble person, Lynn Collier who no matter what, always has a plan for sor-ting problems out. Specials thanks to her for helping us organise everyt-hing practical, for our stay in her house and for always being such a posi-tive and kind person. Thank you!

Lisa JohanssonSandra LundinDegree Project, 15 ECTS

University of DalarnaGraphic Art of Technology

Print Quality Study of a Laboratory Offset Press

DEGREE PROJECTGraphic Arts Technology

ProgrammeGraphic Art Technology, 120p

Reg numberE30001GT

Year-Month-Day2004/04/05-2004/07/02ExaminerGöran BryntseSupervisor at the Company/DepartmentIan Chalmers

Exents15 ECTS

NamesSandra LundinLisa Johansson

Company/DepartmentPAPRO, Forest Research, New ZealandTitle


KeywordsOffset, Fountain solution, IGT, Image analysis, Halftone dots, Isopropanol, Standard deviation

Högskolan Dalarna781 88 BorlängeRöda vägen 3

Telefon: 023-77 80 00Telefax: 023-77 80 50URL: http://www.du.se/

SummaryPAPRO operates within the Forest Research company and their mission is to develop value-addingindustry solutions. At present there are no good ways for mills to easily test the printing quality on new-sprint paper. There is a great need for a fast way to do this on different paper qualities; with a labora-tory-offset press this can be both a time and money saving method. At PAPRO Forest Research, NewZealand, a laboratory offset press has been developed and designed, during the past seven years, con-cerning this issue. Earlier projects were made concerning the press, e.g. to establish the optimal set-tings.

The mission with this project was to partly determine the present variability of the print quality andto evaluate if the fountain solution, distilled water and 2% Diol green concentrate, used at the momentmixed with different percentages of Isopropanol could decrease the variability and contribute to morestabile results. Throughout the whole project the print quality showed a high variation and was evenmore variable when the Isopropanol was added. All in all 50 print rounds times twelve printed paperstrips was carried out through the project divided into three parts. To analyse the print quality, amicroscope with an image capture camera has been used. Data from the taken images was analysedand inserted into charts to see the variations.

The conclusions of the whole project are not satisfying because no final evaluations were possible tomake. Main conclusions are that the additive of Isopropanol to the ordinary fountain solution, used atpresent, only contributed to more unstable results of the print quality. And it seems to be difficult toget some stable results from the lab press as long as the room where it is placed is not fully conditio-ned as required for the process of offset printing. And the fact that the airbrush which applies theamount of fountain solution is also variable, as shown in earlier projects, which contributes to unstableresults as well. For further work more exact parameters as a conditioned room are required and thepossibility to further design the laboratory press to use waterless offset printing instead.

EXAMENSARBETE, C-nivåGrafisk Teknik

ProgramGrafisk Teknologi, 120p

Reg nrE3001GT

Månad/År2004/04/05-2004/07/02ExaminatorGöran BryntseHandledare vid företaget/institutionenIan Chalmers

Omfattning10 poäng

NamnSandra LundinLisa Johansson

FöretagPAPRO, Forest Research, Nya ZeelandTitel

Tryckkvalitetsstudie av en laboratorieoffsetpress

NyckelordOffset, Fuktvatten, IGT, Bildanalys, Rasterpunkter, Isopropanol, Standard avvikelser

Högskolan Dalarna781 88 BorlängeRöda vägen 3

Telefon: 023-77 80 00Telefax: 023-77 80 50URL: http://www.du.se/

SammanfattningPAPRO (Paper And Pulp Research Organisation) är en egen avdelning inom företaget Forest ResearchInstitute, vilka som helhet jobbar med att ta fram och utveckla kvalitetslösningar inom pappersindus-trin. I dagsläget finns det inga tillförlitliga metoder för pappersbruk att testa tryckkvaliteten för tid-ningspapper. Behovet är stort av att snabbt kunna göra ett test av tryckkvaliteten hos olika tidnings-papperskvaliteter. Med en fungerande offsetpress i laboratorieskala skulle denna kontroll kunna görassnabbt och enkelt samt även spara tid och pengar för pappersbruken. PAPRO Forest Research, NyaZeeland har under de senaste sju åren utvecklat och designat en laboratorieoffsetpress för att tillmö-tesgå detta behov. Tidigare projekt rörande denna offsetpress har t ex utvecklat optimala inställning-ar för körning i pressen.

Uppgiften med examensarbetet var att delvis undersöka variationerna i dagsläget hos tryckkvalite-ten i laboratorieoffsetpressen samt utvärdera huruvida fuktvattnet, bestående av destillerat vatten och2% DIOL grön koncentrat, skulle kunna leda till ett bättre och stabilare tryckresultat om denna blan-dades med olika procentuella tillsatser av Isopropanol. Genom hela tryckprojektet var tryckkvalitetenenormt varierande och tillsatsen av Isopropanol gjorde hela processen mer ostabil och varierande.Totalt utfördes 50 tryckomgångar gånger tolv tryckningar i varje omgång och projektet delades in i tredelar. Med hjälp av ett mikroskop utrustat med digitalkamera gjordes en analys av de tryckta pap-persremsorna. Mätvärdena från tryckomgångarna sattes in i tabeller och diagram för att kunna se vari-ationerna trycken emellan.

Dragna slutsatser av hela projektet upplevs ej som tillfredställande då slutliga utvärderingar intekunde göras. Detta på grund av att hela processen var oacceptabelt ostabil till stor del på grund av dedåliga förhållandena i laboratoriet där pressen var placerad. Något som syntes tydligt var att tillsatsenav Isopropanol gjorde hela processen mer ostabil. Faktum är också att lufttryckssprutan som användesför applicering av fuktvatten var varierande även den och var en bidragande orsak till en del av varia-tionerna.

Framtida arbete med utveckling av en fungerande laboratorieoffsetpress hos PAPRO kräver ett rättkonditionerat testrum, mer exakta appliceringsmetoder samt möjligheterna att kunna prova på enutveckling/utformning av pressen till vattenfrioffset anses vara av intresse för PAPRO.

Table of contents

1. Introduction 81.1 Background 91.2 Function 91.3 Purpose 91.4 Aim 91.5 Delimitation 91.6 Method 91.7 Resources 9

2. Materials offset printing 102.1 Offset plate 102.2 Blanket 102.3 Ink 112.4 Dampening water 112.5 Paper 122.6 Cotton cleaners 122.7 Blanket roller wash 122.8 Oil 12

3. Method 133.1 Laboratory offset press 133.2 Inking unit 133.3 Printing unit 14

3.3 1 Settings - inking and printing unit 143.4 Printing procedure 14

4. Realisation 154.1 Printing 15

4.1.1 Part 1 154.1.2 Result part 1 154.1.3 Part 2 164.1.4 Result part 2 164.1.5 Part 3 174.1.6 Result part 3 17

4.2 Analysis 17







5. Critical factors during printing 185.1 Fountain solution 185.2 Temperature 185.3 Humidity 195.4 Isolation/Weather 19

6. Image analysis 196.1 Equipment 196.2 Image analysis procedure 206.3 Evaluation - microscope reliability 20

7. Results 21

8. Conclusion 22

9. Discussion 23

10. References 2510.1 Reports 2510.2 Personal communication 2510.3 Literature 25

Appendix A (1)Time plan

Appendix B (2)Pictures of the press

Appendix C (3)Plate illustration

Appendix D (4)Printing manual




Appendix E (5)Image analyse manual

Appendix F (6)Explanation of variable data

Appendix G (7)Data tables part 1

Appendix H (8)Charts part1

Appendix I (9)Halftone images

Appendix J (10)Data tables part 2

Appendix K (11)Charts part 2

APPENDIX L (12)Halftone images 2

Appendix M (13)Data tables part 3

Appendix N (14)Charts part 3

Appendix O (15)Halftone images 3

1. IntroductionPAPRO is a leading Pacific Rim supplier of pulp, paper and packagingtechnology. PAPRO operates within Forest Research, which has integra-ted science programs across the forestry, wood, fiber, paper and bio-mate-rial sectors.

PAPRO's mission is to develop value-adding solutions for the pulp,paper and packaging industries through innovative science, applied rese-arch and specialised professional services.

PAPRO has focused its business and research activities into three keyareas: Paper and Paperboard, Chemical and Enzymatic Technologies andMechanical Fiber Technologies.

This project is a part of the Paper and Paperboard group. Expertise wit-hin the Paper and Paperboard group relates to:

Papermaking and papermaking chemistry Paper performance Printing and packaging Printability of newsprint Linerboard manufacture and converting Paper recycling Paper physics Surface properties (e.g. dynamic contact angles) Coarse fibre separation




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1.1 BackgroundTo be able to monitor the print quality on newspaper a laboratory offsetpress has been developed in PAPRO. The press has an external inkingand dampening unit and is a rebuild of the IGT F1 Flexo press. Previousprojects about the PLOT (Printing Laboratory Offset Press) have beenfocused on the optimisation of the settings to get an acceptable print.

Conclusions from earlier projects [see reference list] claim that theprints show enough quality to be used for testing the printability on new-sprint; although a few practical changes have been suggested.

1.2 FunctionIt is desirable for the mills to have a reliable and quick method for testingthe printability of their paper. The PLOT-method has not been very reli-able because of the many variabilities. To establish the exact variations,all the variables must be found and calculated.

1.3 PurposeTry to calculate the variations in the press and find out if the laboratorypress has enough reliability for newsprint evaluation.

1.4 AimTo identify the critical and variable factors of the conventional offset prin-ting method in a laboratory scale. To find out the best conditions for usingthe laboratory offset press.

1.5 DelimitationTo only do the examinations on one kind of newspaper. The work is limi-ted to the laboratory offset press.

1.6 MethodA work plan was made at the beginning of the project, [see Appendix A].Through studies of earlier reports and projects made concerning thePLOT a good understanding about the press has been obtained. Guidanceon how to use the press was given by Sue Williams, research technicianat PAPRO Forest Research. Several tests with the PLOT were made tolearn how to handle it and to minimise human errors. Experiments andtests were made to get a good understanding in the big differences thatresult from having the wrong and right settings.

A visual and microscopic assessment is going to be made on the basis ofthe printed sheets.

1.7 ResourcesLaboratory, redesigned flexo press into an offset press in laboratory scale,densitometer, microscope and software.




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2. Materials - offset printing

2.1 Offset plateToday in the printing industry different lithographic plates are used,such as diazo, photopolymer, silver halide, Electrophotographic andwaterless. There are several types but usually they are all classified aseither positive or negative working plates. The base of an offset plate is ofaluminium with a light sensitive coating.

Negative plates are generally coated with a photopolymer and are com-paratively not so expensive. When exposing the plate, a film negative isplaced on the plate's light sensitive surface and is then exposed with UVlight. The areas of the plate that are exposed through the clear areas of thefilm react with the UV light and polymerise. The light cannot pass throughthe black areas of the negative film so there is no reaction taking placeunder those. When processing, the non-exposed areas are washed away.

The plate used in the PLOT is a negative baked offset plate with athickness of approximately 0.3 mm without packing. The plate dimen-sions are 50 mm x 200 mm and it consists of a 58 mm x 40 mm solid pat-tern and six 17 mm x 17 mm halftone dot patterns. The squares have ascreen ruling of 70, 100 and 133 lines per inch and the theoretical dotcoverage of 10 % or 30 %. [For illustration see Appendix C]

The plates arrive ready to emply, from the manufacturer with its pack-ing glued on the backside of the plate. A cover film on the packing is remo-ved before attaching the plate to the plate holder. The plate is a littlethicker than a regular offset plate because it was originally intended tobe used when printing on cardboard.

2.2 BlanketThe rubber blanket used in offset is usually made of rubber and somekind of fabric. The types of blankets vary from compressible to hard finis-hes and the surface can be rough or smooth.

The rubber blankets hardness is measured with a Shore meter with aspring needle. The Shore values go from 0–100. A soft blanket is usuallyaround 65–70 Shore A, a medium hard blanket is 70–75 Shore A and75–80 is a hard blanket. The rubber blankets hardness affects its abilityto follow the structure of the paper – how well it prints out.

The surface structure of the blanket can be expressed in a Rª-value inµm, this is a mean value of the deviations up and down from a central linethrough the surface. This interval is usually between 0.5–2.5 µm. Thesurface can be made in three different ways; through casting – surfacefinish by curing paper and talc, grounding – mechanical process or textu-rising – by chemicals. The blanket should be; resistant to ink vehicles, cle-aning solvent and varnish, be ink receptive, have a uniform surface hard-ness and be resilient when optimised for the offset printing method.

The blanket used in the PLOT is a Vulcan offset printing blanket whichis composed of multiple layers of specially formulated, oil-resistant




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synthetic elastomer and specially designed textile fabrics.. To measurethe hardness a Rex Durometer was used, the measured hardness of therubber blanket was 75 Shore A. No measurement of the surface rough-ness was made.

2.3 InkThere are four key ingredients in ink:

Pigments Solvents Vehicles Additives

Pigments are the particles that give the ink its colour. There are two dif-ferent types of pigments, organic and inorganic. The organic pigments aremade from petroleum and contain carbon and hydrogen. Vegetable oilsand coal are also substances used for making organic pigments. When itcomes to inorganic pigments it is possible to make a wider range ofcolours. When creating these, chemical compounds are used and a preci-pitation occurs. It is cheaper to produce ink from inorganic pigments thanink from organic pigments.

The vehicles task is to carry and hold the pigments. It is also supposedto work as a drying mechanism in the ink and helps to hold the ink to thecarrier. The vehicles are made from resins that promote the pigment´stack, gloss and wetting, and solvents are used for ink fluidity and pressstability.

The ink used during all the printings was CSB015/200 Newspeed black.In earlier projects different inks have been tested and this ink showed thebest result and has therefore been used in this project. [A. Lindqvist]

The ink is stored in the printing lab in a small glass bottle with a screwlid, which is put in a plastic bag closed with a rubber band. All the inkand the refill tins of ink are stored in the printing lab.

2.4 Dampening water The principle with offset can be described as an interaction method bet-ween cohesion forces and adhesion forces. The cohesion force is the forcethat wants to keep the water and colour layers in the different parts ofthe press together. The adhesion force is how well the ink and water lay-ers binds to the rollers, plate surfaces, rubber roller and paper surface.

The offset plate consists of two different surface layers after develop-ment. One of the layers is hydrophilic and attracts the water, the secondlayer is hydrophobic, water repellent and is also the image carrier. Whenthe plate is moistened there is a thin layer of water like a film left on thenon-printing areas. On the image carrier there are small drops of waterleft. When inking, the water layer splits into two layers, half the layer fol-lows the inking rollers and the other layer remains on the plate. The cohe-sion force of the dampening water must be smaller than its adhesion forceboth toward the ink and the plate non-printing areas, for the offset method to work.




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Still water is emulsified into the ink and transferred through this into theprinting areas. This means that water attaches to the ink and is emulsi-fied into the ink layer and splint on (the ink splits up) the inking rollers.A water/ink emulsification is transferred to the printing areas and afterthat to the paper via the rubber roller.

The fountain solution used in the project consists of 2% DIOL greenfountain concentrate and 98% distilled water. Different amounts/percen-tages of Scharlan AL0323 2-PROPANOL was added to the original foun-tain solution.

When printing, new fountain solution was made every week or moreoften. When printing with IPA - Isopropanol in the fountain solution, anew mix was made the same day or at most two days earlier. All fountainsolutions were stored in a fridge, and special care was taken with thefountain solution with IPA because it is very volatile.

When mixing the fountain solution a special pipette was used. Thepipette can be set to measure the exact amount of fluid up to a hundredthof a millilitre.

2.5 PaperPaper used for the printing is 45 g/m2 commercial news paper. The paperis cut to 50 mm wide and 450 mm in length using a guillotine. Shortersamples can be spliced together to make up the length as long as the joinis not in the area of first print (area to be tested). Samples are normallytested in the machine direction to simulate actual process conditions. Allthe samples were printed on the wire side of the paper to eliminate a further cause of variations, since the quality of the top and wire side aredifferent in due to the roughness of the surfaces.

2.6 Cotton cleanersTo clean the rubber roller after each print, cotton tissues where used. Itis important that they are not dirty with hard particles or chemicals thatcould destroy the blanket. These cotton tissues where cut from an old cle-aned lab coat. A small problem with these was that dust and fibres fromthe tissues sometimes remained on the blanket and left missing dots onthe next print.

2.7 Blanket roller washTo clean the plate, press, blanket and ink pipette a blanket roller washwas used. The cotton cleaners were dampened with blanket roller washwhen cleaning the blanket after each print.

2.8 OilTo protect the copper cylinders from corrugating with the sulphurous airin Rotorua they were lubricated with Singer sewing machine oil. The oilgives a covering layer and is not harmful to the copper though it is veryimportant to clean all the oil away.




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3. Method

3.1 Laboratory Offset pressAn IGT F1 press normally used for flexographic printing was and is cont-inuously redesigned and further developed at PAPRO into an offset press.The developed press contains an inking unit and a printing unit that ismodified to suit the offset printing method.

3.2 Inking unitA special inking unit for inking of the offset plate, designed by I.Chalmers and constructed by R. Hensel, is used. Over the last sevenyears the unit has been modified and at present it consists of three inkingrollers (two made of copper and one made of rubber) and one plate holder.[For illustration see Appendix B.]

The ink is added to the rubber roller manually with a special IGT inkpipette. In earlier work different kinds of ink and amounts have been tes-ted [T. Burhen 2000]. The amount of ink considered being the best fromearlier projects has also been used in this project. The required amount ofink on the rubber roller at start up is 4 ml and further 0.4 ml of ink isapplied between every print.

The fountain solution is applied via an external airbrush unit, the unitis placed by hand in front of the inking unit. The inking unit has onespeed and one pressure setting. After inking up the rubber roller andspraying the fountain solution, the plate is pressed by hand, via a pres-sure lever, against the rubber roller. The ink is thereby transferred fromthe inking rollers to the plate. This means that for this special developedlaboratory offset press, the fountain solution is added directly to the rub-ber roller, mixes with the ink to an emulsion and is thereafter applied onthe plate. In other words, no fountain solution unit is used to wet theinking plate as in a real commercial offset press. Due to the correct mix-ture of ink and fountain solution and the exact time the plate is in con-tact with the inking unit, the printing areas will stay dry and the non-printing areas become covered with a thin layer of fountain solution.




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Plate Cylinder Anilox Roll

Doctor Blade

Impression Cylinder

Blanket Cylinder Plate Cylinder

Impression Cylinder

Figure 1a. IGT F1 as a Flexo printer Figure 1b. IGT F1 as an Offset printer

3.3 Printing unitSince the laboratory offset press is a modified flexographic press, an off-set blanket replaces the standard anilox roll. The inking plate cylinderhas half the circumference of the blanket cylinder, which means that thetest area is printed twice on each strip. To provide the back pressure ofthe printing nip an impression roller is used, which also has the functionof feeding the sample via the blanket roller. [For figure see Appendix B]

3.3.1 Settings - inking and printing unitWithin the inking and the printing unit three different settings can bealtered: printing speed, inking force and printing force. The speed of thesubstrate while it travels between the impression roller and the blanketcylinder is the printing speed. The inking force is the force of the printingplate onto the blanket cylinder and the printing force is the force of theimpression roller onto the blanket cylinder. Previous work and projectsconcerning the modification of the laboratory press has shown that theinking force should be set to 450 N, the printing force to 500 N and theprinting speed to 0.30 m/s [M. Myohanen, 1999]. With these parametersadjusted, the right degree of penetration of ink onto the paper is received.

3.4 Printing procedureThe laboratory offset press, which consists of the inking and the printingunit, is placed in a fume cupboard due to the presence of fumes from cleaning solvents.

Due to the lack of a conditioned laboratory, the press room needs to bewarmed up to 23˚C before printing. The temperature needs to be kept atthe same temperature level during the whole print session. Before anyprinting is carried out the unit needs to be warmed up by switching on thepress for approximately one hour before starting to print.

The ink needs to be measured with the IGT pipette manually and dis-tributed on the inking unit. After approximately 5 minutes the ink is com-pletely distributed over the inking roller. By using an airbrush the foun-tain solution should be sprayed on the distributed ink layer. Three sprayswith the fountain solution should be applied approximately every threeseconds. After the last spray wait 15 seconds “even out time” (the waitingtime after the last delivery of fountain solution into the ink before theemulsified ink is transferred to the offset roll) [A. Lindqvist 2002] to letthe fountain solution emulsify and to even out the ink surface. Press theplate, by releasing the pressure knob, firmly against the ink roller for fourseconds to ink up the plate. Immediately after inking, the printing platemust be placed on the printing unit in order to run the print. The printedstrip should be left to dry at room temperature (23˚C) for at least 24 hoursbefore any measurements are done. [For printing manual see Appendix D.]




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4. Realisation

4.1 PrintingThe whole work with the project got divided into three parts. They aretherefore called Part 1, Part 2 and Part 3. First part was to determine therange of the time for the sprays of the fountain solution plus the amountof added Isopropanol in the percentage range between 0 %, 5 %, 10 %,15%, 20 % up to 25 %. In total 50 print rounds were carried out. Part 2was a further analyse of those print rounds which showed the best resultconcerning the standard deviation of the mean dot area. Part 3 of the pro-ject was to see the possible repeatability within a long print round of 45strips without any breaks for cleaning the plate etc.

Part 1Several print rounds were made to gain a good skill in how the PLOTworks. After preparing everything for the experiment, (cutting papersamples, heating up the room, mixing fountain solution etc) the printingexperiments could start. These are the print rounds that were made:

(The spray time of the fountain solution is the changing parameter).These are the times possible to print with for each percentage of IPAbefore toning occurs.

All the prints (except for those which had a very poor quality) were ana-lysed with a microscope with an image capture camera. [See data appen-dix I] The prints were left to dry at least 24 hours before analysis.

Result part 1After analysing and comparing the data with numbers acquired from theimage analyse system they were illustrated in charts to obtain a way tosee the variations figurative. Analysis from the charts [see appendix G &H] led to further experiments. The different experiments with different




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IPA 0% IPA 5% IPA 10% IPA 15% IPA 20% IPA 25%IPA 0% 0.65s x 12 IPA 5% 0.65s x 12

IPA 0% 0.70s x 12 IPA 5% 0.70s x 12 IPA 10% 0.70s x 12



IPA 0% 0.85s x 12 IPA 5% 0.85s x 12 IPA 10% 0.85s x 12 IPA 15% 0.85s x 12

IPA 0% 0.90s x 12 IPA 10% 0.90s x 12 IPA 15% 0.90s x 12 IPA 20% 0.90s x 12 IPA 25% 0.90s x 12




IPA 0% 1.10s x 12 IPA 15% 1.10s x 12 IPA 20% 1.10s x 12 IPA 25% 1.10s x 12

IPA 0% 1.15s x 12 IPA 15% 1.15s x 12

amount of Isopropanol added showed that it only made the whole printingprocess even more unstable in this case. One reason could be the evapo-ration of the alcohol during the time of the application. This causes une-ven addition of the amount of fountaion solution to the ink rollers and canlead to toning or clogging.

The three different print rounds, concerning different time and percen-tages of additive to the fountain solution, which showed the lowest stan-dard deviation of the mean dot area was decided to be further investiga-ted in part 2 of the project.

Part 2Three of the “best” (smallest variations) print rounds from part 1, werechosen for following experiments to be able to see variations withinrounds with the exact same settings and amount of fountainsolution.(Cleaning up was made between each round)

These three rounds (twelve strips in each round) were printed threetimes (see print schedule).

In every set no breaks were made (e.g. one round in the morning and theothers after lunch) to eliminate changing conditions in the room duringthe day. All the samples were analysed with a microscope equiped withan image capture camera [see data appendix L]. New charts were madefrom these prints. [See Appendix J and K].

Result part 2The image analyse of part two ended up with the result that using onlyfountain solution without Isopropanol added was in this case the best, butnot close to acceptable variations. There were still big varieties betweeneach printed strip but the smallest varieties were shown in the printedseries without Isopropanol added to the normal fountain solution. Thisled to the experiment of part 3 in the project, to see whether the repeata-bility in the print rounds could maintain during a long print round wit-hout any unnecessarily breaks except from inking the plate and cleaningthe blanket roller.




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IPA 0% IPA 10% IPA 20%IPA 0% 0.70s x12 IPA 10% 0.85s x12 IPA 20% 0.95s x12

IPA 0% 0.70s x12 IPA 10% 0.85s x12 IPA 20% 0.95s x12

IPA 0% 0.70s x12 IPA 10% 0.85s x12 IPA 20% 0.95s x12

Part 3Part three of the project was to investigate the stability from the printround with best result of part two. This took place approximately duringthree hours, in order to see if the variation decreases or increases over alonger period of time, where 45 strips were printed. After 15 and 30prints, the fountain solution bottle was refilled to the same amount it con-tained from the start. This was made to minimise the difference inamount of fountain solution sprayed into the ink. [S. Halonen 2002]

Result part 3The image analyse of the printed strips showed that they varied diffe-rently without any patterns and the charts also showed many variations.As seen from the charts and the captured dot pictures, a maximum of 15printed strips without cleaning the plate and the copper roller is prefer-red, since the quality of the printed dots decreased. [See Appendix M, Nand O] Although the same procedures with preparation were made beforeeach printing, in order to make the printing round as repeatable as pos-sible. But parameters like the exact amount of fountain solution appliedexact temperature and humidity of the room was uncontrollable. Resultsfrom the print round were not satisfying and conclusions are hard tomake. Therefore this project ended up in a dead end where a final resultis missing.

4.2 AnalysisWarming up and calibration was carried out before using the microscopeand video camera. On each strip 15 images were taken from the area with30 % dot cover and 100 lpi since that was the area chosen for the evalua-tion. Each image gave information about:

Number of measurementsContrastDot coverageDot numberNumber of dots processedMean dot areaStandard deviation of dot areaMean dot perimeterStandard deviation of dot perimeterForm factorDot mottleDot gain

The figures used in the charts were calculated from the Mean dot areaand Standard deviation of the dot perimeter. Calculations were made inMicrosoft Excel to get the average, standard deviation and the percenta-ge value of the coefficient for the variation. These were considered to bethe numbers best showing the print quality in the charts.




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IPA 0%

IPA 0% 0.75s x45

5. Critical factors during printingMany critical factors were discovered during the project. Human errorswhere minimised as far as possible, e.g. having the same person doing thesame thing through a whole print.

If printing a set of three print rounds, they were made in a row, direct-ly after each other (with cleaning up after each round) to keep the sameroom conditions as far as possible (e.g. since it gets warmer outsideduring the day, the conditions in the room change from morning to after-noon).

5.1 Fountain solutionThe main problem with the printing is the amount of fountain solutiondelivered to the ink through an airbrush [S. Halonen 2002]. The amountdelivered for each spray differs with the amount of fountain solution theairbrush bottle contains. It is probably the pressure from the bottle thatdiffers with the different amount in the bottle. The fountain solution con-tainer holds 25 ml and each spray makes an important percentage diffe-rence to the amount left in the container.

One way to keep the same amount in the bottle is to refill after eachprint. When refilling the container, the airbrush has to be removed fromits position and a screw lid must be taken off. This procedure is a bit timeconsuming - the exact amount of fountain solution delivered must be refil-led with some kind of pipette and to get the airbrush back into its posi-tion takes lot of precision.

If all this were to be considered, maybe using the airbrush equipmentwould be suitable for adding the fountain solution into the ink.

5.2 TemperatureThe temperature in the printing lab is not constant. First of all the labshould be warmed up to 23°C at least 24 hours before printing so that allthe equipment has the right temperature, and this should also be heldconstant during printing. [I. Chalmers 2000] The equipment available forheating up the printing room is an electrical radiator. A timer is connec-ted to the radiator, which is turned up to keep the radiator going for 30minutes. This makes it impossible to heat up the room 24 hours beforeprinting. During printing it is important to remember to have the radia-tor running during the whole print, so it has to be turned on every half-hour. The press has to be located in a fume cupboard with a fan to pre-vent the lab being filled with fume from the blanket wash evaporation.This fan also makes it hard to keep the right temperature because it coolsthe room.

To be able to have the right temperature and to keep it constant, theroom would need some kind of automatic installation.




18

5.3 HumidityHumidity is a very important factor in a printing room and should be heldat 50 %. The humidity has a great effect on the collaboration between theink and the dampening water. The print room does not have any instal-lations for controlling of the humidity.

5.4 Isolation/WeatherThe print lab has very poor insulation. A draft from the two big windowsin the printing room was insulated with cotton. Since other people mightneed things stored in the printing lab, the door to the room opens and clo-ses now and then, which contributes to the already poor conditions.

The humidity is strongly affected by the weather. Print jobs from awhole day with bad weather compared with print jobs from a sunny daywith exactly the same settings showed major differences. The best printsfrom the sunny day could show a really good quality while those from arainy day were completely smeary and showed a clear bad balance bet-ween the dampening water and the ink. Since the offset method is extre-mely sensitive to changes concerning humidity and temperature, thewheather had great effects on the printing results.

6. Image analysisImage analysis is a processing and data reduction system, which produ-ces a numerical or logical result from an image. A microscope with a CCDvideo camera captures the image, which is then analysed using a compu-ter with a frame grabber and image analysis software.

6.1 EquipmentThe PAPRO image analysis system is composed of

Leica MZ12 stereomicroscopeRing light, a fluorescent light with a design that allows the uniform vertical illumination of the sampleJVC TK-C1381 CCD colour video cameraCoreco Oculus F/64 frame grabberComputerOptimas 6.2, image analysis software

The camera is a JVC colour CCD video camera of high resolution (750 by480 lines). The acquired images have an effective number of 440 000 pix-els.

The Coreco Oculus F/64 frame grabber digitalises the electrical signalof the camera; provides extended memory, performs data management,display control, image processing and all operations within the graphicsoverlay plane.

The computer is a Pentium PC with 64 MB of memory and a frequencyof 200 MHz.




19

Optimas 6.2 was chosen as the image analysis software for its compre-hensive capabilities. It has a large range of measurements to quantifydots (i.e. one pixel), lines and objects. It can work on either coloured orgrey scale images. A range of image analysis macros are available andspecific macros may be written in ALI, which is a language close to C-language but based on vectors.

6.2 Image analysis procedureThe time required for the system to reach operational stability is fiveminutes for the light, and for warming up the camera about 75 minutes.[C. Antoine 1997] Thus it is recommended that the camera and ring lightare warmed up for at least 90 minutes before making any measurements.Even if the camera is warm, the average grey level will continue to decre-ase at a rate of about one unit every two hours. So, if it is used throug-hout the day, the calibration should be checked every four hours, at least.

The room lights have a small but not unimportant impact on the mea-surement system and therefore the same lights in the room were kept tur-ned off during all the measurements. To use the equipment, manual andhow to calibrate, [see Appendix E].

When calibrating the device, a good brightness and contrast must bechosen to get a reliable result. By default, the values are 230 (+/- 1) forthe white standard and 19 (+/- 1) for the black standard

6.3 Evaluation - microscope reliabilityThe microscope used for analysis of the print appeared to be very unsta-ble. The camera is supposed to give a colour image (to take into accountthe colour of the paper, which is not completely white). Cables betweenthe camera and the computer showed to sometimes have a loose connec-tion, which was impossible to control and that affected the results of theimage analyse.

To test the variability of the analysing equipment, before the measure-ments of the project took place, the same prints were measured twice ondifferent days. On the first day the camera took into account the colour ofthe paper which occurs in a “yellow” colored screen and the second timethe images was in black and white. A comparison of the two measure-ments showed that it was a slightly difference not to be repudiated. Toreduce the variable factors from the camera, the measures from all threeparts of the project took place in long sessions. This means that printedstrips measured took place during the same time without any breaks.

There might be some differences between the measurements, due to theinstability of the camera equipment, of all the printed strips cause of theimpossibility to measure them during the same day. However the rela-tionship between the variability shown of the printed strips in the sameprint rounds are to be trusted. And therefore conclusions from the imageanalyse were able to be drawn from the measures.




20

7. ResultsThe results from the first print rounds with IPA gave the impression thatIPA made the printing more unstable. The regular fountain solution with2 % DIOL green fountain concentrate and 98 % distilled water had awider time range, (from shortest to longest time on the sprays of fountainsolution applied), which meant that printing with this was less sensitive.[See Appendix H] After analysing the prints, the three best rounds werechosen for more thorough investigation. One sample without IPA and twoother samples with different percentages of IPA were chosen.

The result from the next investigation showed high variations betweenprints printed with the same fountain solution but from different rounds.[See Appendix K] There was no possibility to see constant variabilities indifferent print rounds with the same fountain solution. No stability couldbe obtained. Although print rounds made without Isopropanol added sho-wed better results and seemed to be more stable.

The third experiment when printing 45 strips in a row was made to cal-culate the variations within a long print round and to see if the processwould stabilise after several prints. The charts made from this analyseshowed also here that there was no clear constant variability. [SeeAppendix N] The figures in the charts and the pictures of the dots captu-red showed that a longer print round than 15 samples without cleaningthe plate and the copper rollers are not to prefer because of the increasingdot gain. [See Appendix M, N and O]




21

8. ConclusionConclusions from the first trials with IPA were that this substance makesthe process unstable and did not help to stabilise the printing process. Atleast the process looked more stable without IPA, though there were stillhigh variations within each print round.

Since no constant variability could be obtained, at present the processis uncontrollable. If the variations would have been repeatable, ways ofcontrolling the process could have been found. At present no stability canbe obtained without doing drastic changes about the conditions in theprinting room. A new way to add a more precise amount of fountain solu-tion or controlling of the amount delivered each time, might be a solutionto the problems with the airbrush.

The reason no constant variability could be seen is probably due to themany uncontrolled parameters in the process.




22

9. DiscussionThe whole work ended up in a “dead end”. Further investigations arerequired e.g. eliminating the parameters found that cause the variations.If this was made, maybe the printing quality could be reliable.

Earlier works have pointed out the importance of a fully conditionedroom, this whole work also shows the importance of that. When a con-stant temperature and humidity control doesn't exist, it results in runa-bilty problems, cause of the sensitiveness of the offset printing methoditself and to high variability in the quality of the prints. It becomes almostimpossible to make exact comparisons between the prints when twoexactly similar print rounds takes place with completely different printquality when analysed. Controlled air conditions is one of the keys toachieve acceptable quality in printing and most of all, keeping it stablewithout too high variation.

The behaviour of paper and ink is closely dependent on the temperatu-re and the relative humidity of the atmosphere. We noticed a big diffe-rence between two very similar print rounds that took place on a sunnyand on a rainy day. During rainy days it was difficult to get a stableresult, the prints toned very easily and became unsharp. Therefore theneed for a good conditioned room which provides good ventilation and fil-tration with uniform circulation throughout is recommended. Suggestedconditions for a print room are a constant temperature of 22–23°C and ahumidity level between 35–50 % RH [Grafisk Assistans AB 2004]. Withthe present situation in the lab room, the humidity is uncontrolled andthe temperature can vary between 18–23°C very quickly, due to the onlyheat source being a radiator placed on the floor. Furthermore the win-dows in the lab room were not insulated, this ended up in a draft from aminor window opening which caused changes in the room due to the out-door conditions.

The plate, which was used during the whole project, seemed to be moresensitive than a “normal” plate used in commercial printings. It got dirtyrelatively quick and it was not possible to be completely cleaned after theprinted rounds. As the conditions are now, the plate is cleaned with thesame cleaning solution as for the blanket roller. It might be good to inve-stigate if this wash is the ultimate to use when cleaning the plate or not.There was also another special plate cleaning agent to be used betweenthe print rounds, but it didn't clean the plate well enough either afterseveral print rounds. The plate was therefore changed more often than itwould have been during normal commercial printing conditions.

The comparison of all the different print rounds ended up, as mentionedearlier in the discussion, in a dead end. The future discussion needs to beconcerning whether there is something more to be developed to achievestable results with acceptable variations, or whether the laboratory offsetpress and the conditions around it are too unstable to be trusted at all.

A solution could be to further develop and design the printer for printingwith waterless offset which is less sensitive cause of no water involved.




23

This would eliminate the fountain solution and all its variabilities.Although when printing with waterless offset, the room still must be con-ditioned. It is especially important to keep the right temperature becau-se special ink is required.

Trials without fountain solution and with new plates designed forwaterless offset could not be done as a part of the project due to late arri-val of the ordered plates. A new project on the study of waterless offset inthe laboratory press would be of great interest for PAPRO.




24

10. References

10.1 ReportsAntoine Christine, (November 1997), Development of an image analysissystem for print quality evaluation, report no. C724

Burhen Tonie and von Sivers Mari, (July 2000), The development of alaboratory halftone offset printing method for newsprint, report no. D514

Koskela Katariina and Chalmers Ian, (September 2001), Further deve-lopment of a laboratory half-tone printing method, Report no. 32627

Lindqvist Antti, (March 2002), Development of a halftone dot printingmethod, PAPRO Science Report

Halonen Susanna and Magnusson Emma, (June 2002), Print qualitystudy of newsprint - further development of laboratory offset press atPAPRO, report no. E2383GT

Chalmers I.R., (June 2003), Method for offset printing of newsprint on thePAPRO laboratory offset printer (PLOT), PAPRO Science Report

Grund Sara and Forsstrom Mattias, (March 2004), Analysis of the foun-tain solution in coldset

10.2 Personal communicationChalmers I., Groupleader, PAPRO, Forest Research, Rotorua, NewZealand, [email protected]

Dickson A., Scientist, PAPRO, Forest Research, Rotorua, New Zealand,[email protected]

Dooley N., Scientist, PAPRO, Forest Research, Rotorua, New Zealand,[email protected]

Williams S. research technician, PAPRO, Forest Research, Rotorua, NewZealand, [email protected]

10.3 LiteratureFellers C. and Norman B., (1998), Pappersteknik, TABS - Tryckeri AB ISmaland, Sweden, ISBN 91-7170-741-7

Grafisk Assistans AB, (version 3.1), Handbok for grafisk utbildning,ISBN




25

Johansson K. m.fl., Grafisk Kokbok 2.0 - guiden till grafisk produktion,Varnamo, Bokforlaget Arena, ISBN 91-7843-161-1

Hallberg, (2001), Grafisk Ordbok - For medieanvandare, Uddevalla,Bokforlaget Natur och kultur, ISBN 91-27-08224-5

Correctors:

Underwood B, [email protected]

Manngård Johanna, [email protected]




26

V.15-16 Introduction at PAPRO Forest Research.Gather information through reports and books.Learning about the offset-press.Writing report (project background)

V.17-18 Investigating the press and get to see how the printing proceed.Get more information about the project.Get a practical review in how to handle the printing laboratory offset press (PLOT). Work with the press.Writing report (basics about the press and offset printing)

V.19-23 Preparing for the experiments (cutting samples of paper etc.)Working with the press and start with experiments.Analyse prints, evaluate and then continue printing to get more through results.

V.23-24 Analysis, evaluation and conclusion.Proposals to continuous tests.

V.25-26 Writing the report.

V.27 Handing over the conclusions and report to PAPRO.

V.36 Final presentation at the University of Dalarna.

Appendix ATime plan 1(1)

Inking unit

Printing unit

Appendix BPictures of the press 1(1)

Appendix CPlate illustration 1(1)

200

mm

7010

013

3

Scre

en R

ulin

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i

Thi

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olum

n 3

0%D

ot c

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PAPRO

SafetyWhenever in the printing area, eye protection must be worn. Wear poly-mer gloves when handling solvents and ink. All equipment used in theroom must be handled in the fume cup board with the extraction fan onlow.

Setting up equipmentThe inking unit with airbrush unit and IGT F1 are to be setup in the fumecupboard in Room 233 with the inker in the right hand side and the airb-rush setup in front of the left half of the copper inking roll. Room 233should be heated to about 23˚C and held at that temperature at least over-night before printing so that all the equipment is at that temperature.

Inking unit Turn on the printing machine and warm up, approximately for 1 hour.Remove the plastic covers from the copper inking rollers and clean the

whole inking unit using tissues and proprietary blanket wash.Attach the printing plate on the plate holder with strong two-sided

tape. (When changing to a new plate)Set printing force to 500 N and inking force to 450 N with a speed to 0.3

m/s.The fountain solution is prepared by diluting the concentrate to 2 %

and placed in the airbrush container. Fill up the airbrush container toapproximately 60 %. Turn the control knob 2 turns. [S. Halonen, E.Magnusson 2002] Small amounts of fountain solution should be made asit needs to be fresh. The airbrush is oriented at right angles to the copperroll and the stand is placed against the LHS inking unit. Make sure thatthe airbrush nozzle points straight to the inking unit.

Air supply is turned on (clockwise) and the initial air pressure is set to30 psi.

The programmed timer (”black box”) is plugged in.The IGT ink pipette is filled with printing ink.Drops of oil are put on the axles of the inking rollers as the inking unit

is turned on.Attach one sample strip onto the sample carrier with a piece of tape at

each end. The strip should be under slight tension.The rubber roller distribution roller is placed in position on top of the

copper inking rollers when the inking unit is moving.

Appendix DPrinting manual 1(2)

InkingMeasure the correct amounts of ink, in this case 0.4 ml [A. Lindqvist

2002] with the IGT pipette and distribute it on the inking unit. The inkshould be applied as evenly as possible and distributed over the full widthof the left side of the rubber roller (only the left half of the inking unitshould be used, the right side may cause an uneven printing). After fiveminutes, the ink should be completely distributed.

Spray the fountain solution on to the ink layer using the airbrush thatis connected to the programmed timer. Three sprays should be appliedapproximately every three seconds.

Wait 15 seconds (this is the ”even out time”) after the last spray toallow the fountain solution to emulsify and to evenly cover the ink surfa-ce.

Place the plate cylinder on the IGT disk holder above the inking unit.To ink the plate, set it down against the top roller of the inking unit for 4seconds.

After inking, immediately place the printing plate on the printing unit.

PrintingPlace the sample carrier onto the short carrier guide so that the start

(left hand end) of the sample is directly underneath the printing cylinder.To print, press both the operation buttons on the left and right ends of

the machine. When the text ”Apply ink” appears in the dialogue screenrelease one of the operating buttons and then press again. When thecylinders are stationary, both operation buttons are released.

Remove the printing strip from the sample carrier and leave to dry atroom temperature for approximately 24 hours.

Remove the printing plate from the printer and place back on to thedisk holder, without cleaning in the inking unit. Use a piece of cotton tex-tile fabric dampened with blanket wash to remove most of the ink fromthe blanket cylinder. The surface of the blanket does not have to be total-ly spotless between prints, but must be cleaned thoroughly at the end ofthe printing run. Make sure the blanket is dry before the next printing.

Add 0.04ml ink to the inking unit before the next print.

FinishingThe printing plate has to be cleaned after nine prints. Use a paper tis-

sue dampened with blanket wash to clean the surface of the plate. Theplate has to be cleaned very gently to avoid scratching the surface.

Clean the whole inking unit after nine prints, blanket wash can be usedfor this purpose.

Clean the airbrush container after the tests and unplug the program-med timer.

Close off the air pressure and turn off the main air supply.After cleaning, cover the surface of the copper rollers with singer oil andcling film.

Appendix DPrinting manual 2(2)

Updated Image analyse manual 2004-06-22A detailed description of the procedure for carrying out image analysis onsolid and halftone printed areas using a Leica MZ 12 stereomicroscope,CCD video camera and the software Optimas 6.2.

PreparationsSwitch on the camera and ring light and warm up for approximately 1

hour before making any measurements. The ring light should be turnedto 2 and light bulb.

Turn on the computer and open Optimas 6.2.

CalibrationWhen the equipment has reached an acceptable temperature the lumin-ance must be calibrated. This procedure is the same for both “halftonedots” and “solid areas”, with the exception of the macro used. To start thecalibrations do as follows:

Start to run the macro by clicking on Macro - Run on the top of themenu. Chose either halftone dots or solid areas, due to which should bemeasured, from: Print/AASueUseThisOneAnalyseHalfToneDotsVer2_5.mac (magnifica-tion set to 6.3) orPrint/AnalyseSolidsVer2_0.mac (magnification set to 2.5)

To calibrate, put the calibration plate with the white square centredunder the camera. Focus (easiest way to focus is to put the black borderwhich marks the white calibration area and focus on the border andslightly centre the white area again under the camera) and set whitestandard to 230 by changing the settings of both brightness and contrast.Switch over to the black calibration square and do the same procedure asfor the white area except from the black standard value is going to havethe value of 19. A variation of ±1 is accepted for both parameters. Todecrease the density, increases the contrast and decrease the brightness.The values change slightly from time to time. Following values are a hintof where to start the calibration:

When the density value is set press the “0” button and follow theinstructions given at the screen to start measure

Appendix EImage analysis manual 1(2)

Brightness Contrast

Halftone dots 116 118

Solid areas 110 106

MeasuringThe image analysis procedure is explained in the software by instructionwindows that pop up every time setting or parameter is changed. To geta reliable value, 10–15 measurements should be performed on the halfto-ne area and the solid area and at least 5 measurements on the unprintedarea (when measuring solid area). Try to spread out the measurements tocover the whole part of the square containing the halftone dots in order toget reliable measures.

Appendix EImage analysis manual 2(2)

NumDotsProcess - Number of dots processedShows in this case the same as the previous and are normally not usedwhen measurements take place. The purpose of the “NumDotsProcess” isoriginally used to exclude dots that are either joined or divided. Due tohow the Macro is programmed its sensibility for this can be adjusted. Theprevious “DotNumber” function counts all dots in total, joined as one andsplit up as two or more.

M_DotArea - Mean dot areaShows the mean area of all captured dots within the frame of the captu-re circle. The theoretical value is approximately 19 000 µm for half tonedots with 30% coverage and 100 lines per inch. Since there is always a dotgain in the offset print process itself the value of the mean dot area isexpected to be higher, although a too high value above 40 000 µm showsa big dot gain and/or joined dots.

SD_DotArea - Standard deviation dot areaShows the standard deviation of all captured dots within the frame circle.The lower the values of the standard deviation the lesser variability of theprinted dot area. A low value can show a good print quality but isn'tnecessarily a proof of that. The value of the standard deviation showswhether there is an equal stability in the area of the printed dots or not.

M_DotPeri - Mean dot perimeterGives the summary of the mean perimeter of the printed and measureddots in the frame capture. The calculated theoretical value for 30% dotcoverage and 100 lines per inch are 345 µm for a perfect circle shaped dot.The value of 345 µm is impossible to reach due to the dot gain in the prin-ting process of offset printing and the paper quality of newspaper. Theactual value will depend on both the size of the dot and the “raggedness”of the dot.

SD_DotPeri - Standard deviation dot perimeterShows the standard deviation of all captured dots within the frame circle.The lower the values of the standard deviation the lesser variability bet-ween the perimeter of the printed dots. A low value can show a good printquality of the dots but doesn't necessarily proof of that in this case either.The value of the standard deviation shows whether there is an equal sta-bility between the perimeters of the printed dots or not.

FormF - Form factorThe form factor is a measure that tells the “roundness” of the dot. In the-ory the value would be 1 for a completely round dot without any unevenedge/border/shape. The higher value of the form factor of measured dot,the poorer the roundness and in the end the quality of the print.

Appendix FExplanation of variable data 1(2)

DotMottleTells a form of standard deviation of the grey level in the printed dot. Itis a measure, which tells whether the dots printed quality, is even or not.A theoretical value would be 0, which means that the printed dot is com-pletely “black”, and got an even fully coverage by the ink. But it would beimpossible to reach under the circumstances of prints made in the offsetpress on newspaper. Although the lower values of the dot mottle the “dar-ker” are the dots. In the printed areas dot mottle shows as uneven prin-ted areas. A dot mottle within the range of 20–35 % is acceptable for new-spaper prints under these required conditions.

DotGainThe measured dot gain of the printed dots. The theoretical value is 30 %but a good and expected value for offset newsprint is in the range within20–25 %. Any higher values above 25 % results in a poorer print quality,which can be caused by joined dots for example.

Appendix FExplanation of variable data 2(2)

Appendix GData tables, Part1 1(18)

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F

orm

F

D

otM

ottl

e

D

otG

ain

1ipa

20ft

110s

130

100

1587

.67

4574

174

131

097.

2237

10.7

796

2.73

126.

21.

5420

.49

18.2

2ipa

20ft

110s

130

100

1587

.66

46.0

774

974

931

909.

537

70.1

796

3.2

116.

111.

5219

.88

19.4

6

3ipa

20ft

110s

130

100

1586

.945

.67

754

754

3155

6.69

3005

.32

954.

9910

2.42

1.52

20.1

318

.91

4ipa

20ft

110s

130

100

1586

.16

47.5

373

373

332

961.

9937

96.0

895

7.9

118.

251.

4920

.56

21.0

9

5ipa

20ft

110s

130

100

1582

.85

52.8

682

682

3895

3.5

9822

.44

1047

.29

257.

241.

4918

.130

.38

6ipa

20ft

110s

130

100

1583

.21

52.8

664

664

3854

7.18

9842

.83

1085

.11

252.

641.

5618

.22

29.7

5

7ipa

20ft

110s

130

100

1585

.42

54.2

645

645

4100

2.59

1162

6.71

1089

.39

305.

11.

5118

.26

33.5

5

8ipa

20ft

110s

130

100

1585

.87

53.4

765

665

639

701.

6311

750.

910

67.8

329

8.38

1.51

18.0

931

.54

9ipa

20ft

110s

130

100

1585

.17

53.4

662

662

4042

9.77

1317

1.88

1087

.67

335.

921.

5217

.77

32.6

7

10ip

a20f

t110

s1

3010

015

84.3

753

.27

639

639

4152

7.49

1548

3.45

1127

.92

402.

351.

5518

.15

34.3

7

11ip

a20f

t110

s1

3010

015

78.1

356

.247

447

450

665.

3628

841.

5713

64.7

569

6.58

1.68

18.5

248

.53

12ip

a20f

t110

s1

3010

015

84.0

653

.13

651

651

4016

7.09

1349

9.81

1090

.41

337.

371.

5317

.08

32.2

6


FO

UN

TA

INS

OL

UT

ION

+ A

DD

ITIV

E O

F 2

5% I

PA

Sp

rayt

ime:

0.9

0sS

ampl

e n

ame

Dat

a T

hD

C L

ines

Per

Inch

N

Con

tras

t

Dot

Cov

er

Dot

Nu

m

Nu

mD

Pro

c

M_D

otA

rea

SD

_Dot

Are

a

M

_Dot

Per

i

SD

Dot

Per

i

F

orm

F

D

otM

ottl

e

D

otG

ain

1ipa

25ft

090s

130

100

1584

.35

53.2

646

646

4038

7.12

1352

7.87

1152

.75

348.

031.

6320

.532

.6

2ipa

25ft

090s

130

100

1584

.34

54.6

644

644

4204

2.48

1564

8.25

1091

.97

380.

591.

518

35.1

7

3ipa

25ft

090s

130

100

1585

.253

.93

670

670

4035

8.02

1166

9.4

1074

.37

292.

731.

5118

.48

32.5

6

4ipa

25ft

090s

130

100

1585

.58

53.2

682

682

3958

4.13

1163

9.66

1064

.92

281.

841.

5118

.37

31.3

6

5ipa

25ft

090s

130

100

1585

.36

54.6

767

367

340

864.

7312

524.

3710

60.6

304.

11.

4818

.43

33.3

4

6ipa

25ft

090s

130

100

1586

.68

53.4

688

688

3881

6.83

9202

.56

1043

.98

236.

221.

4918

.32

30.1

7

7ipa

25ft

090s

130

100

1586

.83

51.6

701

701

3704

4.4

8070

.47

1035

.46

217.

331.

5218

.33

27.4

2

8ipa

25ft

090s

130

100

1585

.81

53.3

370

770

738

380.

4375

59.7

210

17.6

193.

511.

4717

.93

29.4

9

9ipa

25ft

090s

130

100

1587

.52

52.4

703

703

3766

6.21

8424

.69

1034

.43

223.

611.

518

.18

28.3

8

10ip

a25f

t090

s1

3010

015

85.1

953

.467

767

739

426.

2410

209.

3110

52.4

226

1.42

1.49

17.7

231

.11

11ip

a25f

t090

s1

3010

015

86.9

151

.47

711

711

3660

6.24

6858

.64

1016

.49

190.

471.

519

.14

26.7

4

12ip

a25f

t090

s1

3010

015

87.1

751

.67

736

736

3629

7.64

4977

.398

2.51

134.

851.

4618

.78

26.2

6

FO

UN

TA

INS

OL

UT

ION

+ A

DD

ITIV

E O

F 2

5% I

PA

Sp

rayt

ime:

0.9

5sS

ampl

e n

ame

Dat

a T

hD

C L

ines

Per

Inch

N

Con

tras

t

Dot

Cov

er

Dot

Nu

m

Nu

mD

Pro

c

M_D

otA

rea

SD

_Dot

Are

a

M

_Dot

Per

i

SD

Dot

Per

i

F

orm

F

D

otM

ottl

e

D

otG

ain

1ipa

25ft

095s

130

100

1589

.68

45.2

747

747

3157

6.88

5065

.53

1012

.29

166.

371.

6220

.918

.94

2ipa

25ft

095s

130

100

1587

.94

47.5

373

873

833

268.

7251

91.4

799

0.07

148.

911.

5419

.95

21.5

7

3ipa

25ft

095s

130

100

1588

.14

46.2

750

750

3205

3.29

3642

.25

974.

2710

7.51

1.54

20.0

819

.68

4ipa

25ft

095s

130

100

1589

.02

51.6

707

707

3717

3.05

7315

.44

1020

.93

196.

961.

4918

.99

27.6

2

5ipa

25ft

095s

130

100

1591

.246

755

755

3177

2.58

2795

.37

965.

6396

.32

1.53

20.8

219

.25

6ipa

25ft

095s

130

100

1590

.02

48.8

773

273

234

228.

8453

56.3

997

4.16

149.

351.

4919

.51

23.0

5

7ipa

25ft

095s

130

100

1589

.06

46.4

743

743

3197

3.78

3673

.396

7.86

110.

651.

5319

.74

19.5

6

8ipa

25ft

095s

130

100

1589

.81

45.8

751

751

3141

8.34

3443

.91

936.

4810

0.87

1.5

19.5

818

.7

9ipa

25ft

095s

130

100

1588

.74

46.2

775

775

731

952.

4726

4695

1.14

85.9

31.

5119

.58

19.5

3

10ip

a25f

t095

s1

3010

015

89.1

445

.67

764

764

3159

9.08

2535

.11

927.

5788

.27

1.47

19.0

518

.98

11ip

a25f

t095

s1

3010

015

88.5

450

.27

733

733

3549

1.32

5524

.84

989.

6216

0.53

1.48

18.2

925

.01

12ip

a25f

t095

s1

3010

015

89.1

746

.13

755

755

3170

836

10.4

194

6.09

111.

031.

519

.81

19.1

5


FO

UN

TA

INS

OL

UT

ION

+ A

DD

ITIV

E O

F 2

5% I

PA

Sp

rayt

ime:

1.0

0sS

ampl

e n

ame

Dat

a T

hD

C L

ines

Per

Inch

N

Con

tras

t

Dot

Cov

er

Dot

Nu

m

Nu

mD

Pro

c

M_D

otA

rea

SD

_Dot

Are

a

M

_Dot

Per

i

SD

Dot

Per

i

F

orm

F

D

otM

ottl

e

D

otG

ain

1ipa

25ft

100s

130

100

1589

.41

40.2

775

775

2712

1.57

3890

.597

5.99

134.

951.

6820

.17

12.0

4

2ipa

25ft

100s

130

100

1588

.15

44.4

761

761

3048

2.49

3779

.63

983.

0711

9.57

1.6

20.2

317

.25

3ipa

25ft

100s

130

100

1589

.52

44.2

775

675

630

500.

9234

13.2

298

2.48

116.

331.

5920

.49

17.2

8

4ipa

25ft

100s

130

100

1588

.46

50.2

770

870

835

808.

7165

55.0

510

32.1

618

4.07

1.54

19.2

725

.5

5ipa

25ft

100s

130

100

1589

.16

47.5

374

974

933

458.

5251

26.5

796

3.96

145.

061.

4919

.82

21.8

6

6ipa

25ft

100s

130

100

1587

.749

.873

173

135

544.

7668

37.2

410

02.9

918

0.05

1.5

19.3

325

.09

7ipa

25ft

100s

130

100

1588

.68

47.2

774

074

032

586.

7637

33.7

695

6.8

107.

611.

519

.71

20.5

1

8ipa

25ft

100s

130

100

1589

.87

48.3

373

373

333

618.

3847

33.9

895

6.17

139.

821.

4719

.28

22.1

1

9ipa

25ft

100s

130

100

1589

.16

49.5

373

973

934

694.

4546

57.3

997

2.57

135.

991.

4718

.85

23.7

8

10ip

a25f

t100

s1

3010

015

88.2

49.5

373

173

134

609.

858

36.1

297

4.65

152.

011.

4819

.13

23.6

5

11ip

a25f

t100

s1

3010

015

90.3

48.1

374

374

333

469.

1541

34.1

495

7.19

122.

041.

4819

.47

21.8

8

12ip

a25f

t100

s1

3010

015

89.0

250

.27

730

730

3554

5.26

5733

.23

995.

4216

2.17

1.49

18.9

625

.1

Appendix HImage analysis charts, Part1 1(1)

80130180230280330380430480530580

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2

Time

Mea

n sd

Dot

per

imet

er

0% IPA10% IPA15% IPA20% IPA25% IPA5% IPA

0

50

100

150

200

250

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2

Time

CoV

sd D

ot p

erim

eter 0% IPA

10% IPA15% IPA20% IPA25% IPA5% IPA

Stan

dard

dev

iatio

n do

t per

imet

erS

tand

ard

dot p

erim

eter

30% Dot Coverage 100 lpiOnly fountain solution

Appendix IHalftone dots, Part1 1(7)

Spray time: 0.65s

Spray time: 0.85s Spray time: 0.90s


Spray time: 0.70s

30% Dot Coverage, 100 lpiOnly fountain solution


Spray time: 0.95s

Spray time: 1.15s


Spray time: 1.00s

30% Dot Coverage, 100 lpiFountain solution + 5% Isopropanol


Spray time: 0.65s

Spray time: 0.85s


Spray time: 0.70s



Spray time: 0.70s


Spray time: 0.75s

30% Dot Coverage, 100 lpi Fountain solution + 15% Isopropanol


Spray time: 0.90s

Spray time: 1.10s


Spray time: 0.95s



Spray time: 0.90s

Spray time: 1.10s


Spray time: 0.95s



Spray time: 0.90s

Spray time: 1.00s

Spray time: 0.95s

Only fountain solution, repeated print rounds x 3 - Part 2

Appendix JData table, Part 2 1(6)

ON

LY

FO

UN

TA

INS

OL

UT

ION

Sp

rayt

ime:

0.7

5s,

Pri

nt

rou

nd

:1S

ampl

e n

ame

Dat

a T

hD

C L

ines

Per

Inch

N

Con

tras

t

Dot

Cov

er

Dot

Nu

m

Nu

mD

Pro

c

M_D

otA

rea

SD

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Are

a

M

_Dot

Per

i

SD

Dot

Per

i

F

orm

F

D

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D

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ain

1ny_

ipa0

_075

s_1

130

100

1585

.32

42.8

774

774

2813

5.53

5704

.48

1065

.54

186.

591.

8120

.15

13.6

1

2ny_

ipa0

_075

s_1

130

100

1584

.61

46.8

774

074

031

969.

472

21.3

710

76.3

422

3.06

1.7

20.1

219

.55

3ny_

ipa0

_075

s_1

130

100

1584

.74

48.9

373

373

333

428.

2171

98.5

710

54.5

922

0.94

1.63

19.7

321

.81

4ny_

ipa0

_075

s_1

130

100

1583

.98

48.9

373

073

033

830.

8175

26.3

710

62.7

622

7.14

1.63

19.5

322

.44

5ny_

ipa0

_075

s_1

130

100

1583

.52

49.2

732

732

3408

0.64

7233

.95

1058

.97

212.

061.

6219

.07

22.8

3

6ny_

ipa0

_075

s_1

130

100

1584

.58

50.6

731

731

3479

3.23

6503

.04

1045

.47

191.

061.

5819

.33

23.9

3

7ny_

ipa0

_075

s_1

130

100

1583

.69

53.5

364

764

739

742.

3613

692.

4311

31.3

536

4.58

1.6

17.8

431

.6

8ny_

ipa0

_075

s_1

130

100

1585

.42

48.7

374

074

033

349.

1464

07.5

310

35.4

419

5.56

1.6

19.4

521

.69

9ny_

ipa0

_075

s_1

130

100

1584

.75

49.3

373

073

034

519.

6178

72.4

610

50.9

923

1.27

1.6

19.2

23.5

1

10n

y_ip

a0_0

75s_

11

3010

015

85.2

750

.53

730

730

3519

6.99

7319

.22

1049

.13

205.

991.

5818

.36

24.5

6

11n

y_ip

a0_0

75s_

11

3010

015

85.3

647

.875

575

532

471.

5248

75.9

110

14.8

915

7.11

1.59

19.3

120

.33

12n

y_ip

a0_0

75s_

11

3010

015

85.7

349

.53

729

729

3418

4.57

6926

.63

1044

.34

208.

041.

5918

.622

.99

ON

LY

FO

UN

TA

INS

OL

UT

ION

Sp

rayt

ime:

0.7

5s,

Pri

nt

rou

nd

: 2

Sam

ple

nam

e D

ata

Th

DC

Lin

esP

erIn

ch

N

C

ontr

ast

D

otC

over

D

otN

um

N

um

DP

roc

M

_Dot

Are

a

S

D_D

otA

rea

M_D

otP

eri

S

DD

otP

eri

For

mF

Dot

Mot

tle

Dot

Gai

n

1ny_

ipa0

_075

s_2

130

100

1584

.97

43.6

763

763

2907

1.17

4565

.95

1027

.63

155.

911.

7120

.03

15.0

6

2ny_

ipa0

_075

s_2

130

100

1585

.69

47.2

744

744

3256

1.4

6876

.33

1046

.31

199.

171.

6419

.75

20.4

7

3ny_

ipa0

_075

s_2

130

100

1585

.82

46.8

760

760

3175

1.7

5146

.27

1018

.68

156.

051.

6219

.94

19.2

2

4ny_

ipa0

_075

s_2

130

100

1581

.65

51.4

769

569

537

267.

4311

056.

5711

20.1

230

7.67

1.63

19.1

527

.76

5ny_

ipa0

_075

s_2

130

100

1583

.16

51.2

707

707

3646

2.27

1045

6.31

1116

.41

291.

851.

6518

.56

26.5

2

6ny_

ipa0

_075

s_2

130

100

1585

.67

46.8

768

768

3142

4.29

4587

.95

989.

1914

5.08

1.58

19.2

918

.71

7ny_

ipa0

_075

s_2

130

100

1585

.85

48.2

774

574

532

848.

7256

25.4

310

14.8

717

0.78

1.58

19.3

620

.92

8ny_

ipa0

_075

s_2

130

100

1584

.32

49.1

374

274

233

641

6766

.35

1025

.95

194.

471.

5818

.57

22.1

4

9ny_

ipa0

_075

s_2

130

100

1585

.42

47.5

376

376

332

118.

9341

85.3

798

2.92

124.

861.

5519

.17

19.7

8

10n

y_ip

a0_0

75s_

21

3010

015

84.5

49.6

772

472

434

460.

9674

83.7

610

30.5

421

6.72

1.56

18.8

823

.41

11n

y_ip

a0_0

75s_

21

3010

015

85.2

649

.672

272

234

648.

1883

21.4

110

24.6

323

0.56

1.55

19.0

623

.7

12n

y_ip

a0_0

75s_

21

3010

015

85.6

449

.73

731

731

3470

2.88

7708

.88

1028

.73

218.

631.

5618

.51

23.7

9

Only fountain solution, repeated print rounds x 3 - Part 2


ON

LY

FO

UN

TA

INS

OL

UT

ION

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619

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19.6

5

Fountain solution + 10% IPA, repeated print rounds x 3 - Part 2


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5718

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22.5

7

Appendix KCharts, Part 2 1(1)

ipa0_075s

050

100150200250300350400

0 5 10 15

Strip number

ipa0_075s_1ipa0_075s_2ipa0_075s_3

ipa10_080s

70

120

170

220

270

320

370

0 5 10 15

Strip number

ipa10_080s_1ipa10_080s_2ipa10_080s_3

ipa20_095s

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Strip number

ipa20_095s_1

Sta

ndar

d de

viat

ion

mea

n do

t are

aS

tand

ard

devi

atio

n m

ean

dot a

rea

Sta

ndar

d de

viat

ion

mea

n do

t are

a

30% Dot Coverage, 100 lpi Only fountain solution, spray time: 0.75s

Appendix LHalftone dots, Part 2 1(3)

Print round 1

Print round 3

Print round 2

30% Dot Coverage, 100 lpi Fountain solution + 10% IPA, spray time: 0.80s


Print round 1

Print round 3

Print round 2

30% Dot Coverage, 100 lpi Fountain solution + 20% IPA, spray time: 0.90s


Print round 1

Print round: 2 & 3, No picture - toning

Only fountain solution repeated print rounds x 45 Spray time: 0.75s - Part 3

Appendix MData table, Part 3 1(2)

ON

LY

FO

UN

TA

INS

OL

UT

ION

Sp

rayt

ime:

0.7

5sS

ampl

e n

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Dat

a T

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1ipa

0ft0

70re

peat

451

3010

015

80.2

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.53

613

613

3987

1.53

1533

6.03

1254

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434.

541.

7819

.33

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2ipa

0ft0

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peat

451

3010

015

83.9

146

.53

714

714

3327

1.05

5765

.16

1061

.32

168.

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6519

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7

3ipa

0ft0

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451

3010

015

83.6

150

.665

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238

292.

4710

613.

3611

43.3

732

0.45

1.65

18.4

429

.35

4ipa

0ft0

70re

peat

451

3010

015

81.3

652

.27

633

633

4020

1.73

1505

0.03

1163

.45

385.

031.

6417

.91

32.3

1

5ipa

0ft0

70re

peat

451

3010

015

75.3

155

.850

750

750

451.

5326

918.

8313

39.4

694.

61.

6515

.64

48.2

6ipa

0ft0

70re

peat

451

3010

015

75.2

54.4

761

161

143

864.

6616

532.

2511

79.9

140

8.64

1.58

15.3

637

.99

7ipa

0ft0

70re

peat

451

3010

015

77.7

354

.73

565

565

4546

9.26

1824

2.36

1223

.13

469.

561.

615

.97

40.4

8

8ipa

0ft0

70re

peat

451

3010

015

76.8

755

.33

544

544

4745

6.41

2586

8.42

1241

.79

629.

711.

5815

.54

43.5

6

9ipa

0ft0

70re

peat

451

3010

015

75.4

356

.67

497

497

5214

2.98

3138

7.68

1353

.01

770.

531.

6315

.550

.82

10ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1582

.89

53.7

361

061

042

923.

9715

365.

8511

35.1

338

7.02

1.54

17.0

836

.53

11ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1583

.750

.468

668

637

574.

487

57.0

410

24.6

322

4.06

1.49

17.7

628

.24

12ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1582

.48

53.8

614

614

4248

4.96

1568

0.25

1086

.65

360.

141.

4816

.62

35.8

5

13ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1581

.61

5460

860

843

136.

6816

066.

1511

25.0

138

2.33

1.52

16.5

36.8

6

14ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1582

.67

50.6

767

667

637

655.

3978

90.8

110

23.0

319

6.87

1.49

16.4

728

.37

15ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1582

.22

50.5

367

467

437

450.

4791

67.8

210

27.6

724

3.64

1.5

16.5

228

.05

16ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1579

.31

52.9

362

662

641

194.

9112

620.

3910

92.5

231

8.55

1.51

15.3

733

.85

17ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1579

.79

54.6

597

597

4365

1.95

1690

4.86

1134

.841

2.23

1.52

15.6

837

.66

18ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1580

.68

5847

447

452

376.

4427

049.

0912

57.8

762

2.53

1.52

16.3

51.1

8

19ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1581

.79

58.6

452

452

5407

0.42

3153

8.62

1276

.67

706.

121.

5216

.453

.81

20ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1581

.41

58.8

430

430

5512

8.54

3277

3.99

1328

.96

767.

341.

5616

.74

55.4

5

21ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1580

.21

58.3

346

546

552

798.

7829

117.

0212

98.7

967

3.68

1.56

16.4

851

.84

22ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1580

.87

59.3

339

539

556

242.

1339

664.

8913

39.8

188

6.92

1.55

16.4

557

.18

23ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1580

.04

58.8

743

643

655

363.

834

292.

213

46.0

478

5.89

1.58

16.6

755

.81

24ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1579

.17

59.7

339

039

059

656.

1739

077.

7813

98.9

784

8.22

1.58

16.1

962

.47

25ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1581

.02

55.0

756

256

245

286.

2718

119.

2911

79.6

844

91.

5516

.58

40.1

9

Appendix MData table, Part 3 2(2)

ON

LY

FO

UN

TA

IN S

OL

UT

ION

Sp

rayt

ime:

0.7

5sS

ampl

e n

ame

Dat

a T

hD

C L

ines

Per

Inch

N

Con

tras

t

Dot

Cov

er

Dot

Nu

m

Nu

mD

Pro

c

M_D

otA

rea

SD

_Dot

Are

a

M

_Dot

Per

i

SD

Dot

Per

i

F

orm

F

D

otM

ottl

e

D

otG

ain

26ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1580

.54

56.9

349

349

351

025.

8229

266.

7813

03.9

671

0.41

1.6

16.6

149

.09

27ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1582

.38

5750

550

551

997.

6528

172.

1413

27.7

470

2.52

1.61

17.2

450

.6

28ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1581

.78

56.4

513

513

4874

1.92

2351

3.83

1256

.22

557.

171.

5917

45.5

5

29ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1582

.69

54.2

579

579

4413

9.76

1914

4.18

1176

.12

487.

651.

5616

.43

38.4

2

30ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1583

.32

54.8

535

535

4594

0.62

2123

2.96

1250

.75

539.

251.

6317

.89

41.2

1

31ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1584

.59

54.6

546

546

4711

8.55

2498

6.19

1272

.49

624.

91.

6316

.99

43.0

3

32ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1582

.18

57.8

416

416

5393

0.23

3469

7.24

1353

.81

824.

911.

616

.54

53.5

9

33ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1581

.36

56.3

349

049

050

108.

5826

663.

5713

00.6

637.

81.

6116

.82

47.6

7

34ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1581

.93

56.9

350

150

151

950.

4928

069.

8613

12.4

465

61.

617

.07

50.5

2

35ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1581

.97

57.7

347

147

152

366.

930

845.

0613

00.8

972

9.73

1.57

16.5

751

.17

36ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1580

.12

57.4

470

470

5613

9.55

3983

8.04

1413

.96

882.

971.

6516

.72

57.0

2

37ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1581

.02

5649

949

949

214.

7223

860.

8812

70.4

456

0.2

1.59

16.7

646

.28

38ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1581

.256

.67

509

509

5148

6.08

2921

6.07

1291

.92

665.

251.

5816

.78

49.8

39ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1582

.28

55.3

354

554

546

698.

3422

499.

6212

13.2

857

4.72

1.56

16.5

742

.38

40ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1580

.48

56.6

493

493

5199

6.46

3397

8.44

1340

.58

804.

461.

6316

.41

50.5

9

41ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1581

.24

58.9

345

045

057

210.

338

006.

9213

69.6

484

5.37

1.57

16.5

458

.68

42ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1579

.97

58.6

445

445

5677

6.47

3501

2.33

1381

.35

771.

391.

616

.74

58

43ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1580

.93

58.0

747

447

453

350.

4829

375.

2213

26.0

867

7.9

1.59

16.7

752

.69

44ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1579

.96

60.1

337

837

863

351.

1851

165.

1815

05.9

211

58.9

51.

6216

.54

68.1

9

45ip

a0ft

070r

epea

t45

130

100

1580

.59

60.2

370

370

6255

3.72

4928

4.92

1483

.84

1094

.61.

6116

.52

66.9

6

Appendix NCharts, Part 3 1(1)

0200400600800

100012001400

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45

Strip number

0100002000030000

40000500006000070000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Strip number

Sta

ndar

d do

t per

imet

erM

ean

dot a

rea

Repeatability control of 45 printed samples30% Dot Coverage, 100 lpi

Only fountain solution, spray time: 0.75s

Appendix OHalftone dots, Part 3 1(1)

Print strip no: 6

Print strip no: 31 Print strip no: 45

Print strip no: 16

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