TRANSCRIPT
FOREWORD !!
Grace be upon Allah the Almighty, with HIS blessings, the chemistry folio are
ready. Thank you to our SMK Pandan headmistress, Puan Rohany binti Saat,because
allow me to use all types of method to finish this folio completely.
Also thank you to our Chemistry teacher, Puan Badariah binti Ali Bajraj, because
give me the explanations and help me to finish this folio. Thank you to my parents
because of their supported to me to successful this folio.Also thank to my friends that
have always help me to finish this Chemistry Folio.
Lastly, I want to thank to all person that help me to finish this folio successfully.
Thank you very much.
INTRODUCTION !!
The discovery of chemical manufactured for consumers such as cleaning agents,food
additives and medicine has helped us improve our help and standard of living.Today,different
types of these chemicals are produces to meet the needs and preferences of
consumers.Therefore,understanding the chemistry of these chemical will help a consumers select
and use them wisely.
Medicines,soaps and detergent, we use these chemicals ever so often.Additives in food
make it last longer.Giving it nice colour, smell or flavor.Making simple food tastes so grand!
In this task,all people must know the use of food additives,soap and detergent and also
understand medicine.So,all people must always appreciate the existence of chemicals because
they are so important in our daily life.
OBJECTIVE !!
The objective for making this Chemistry Folio are :
1. We have know the cleaning agents,food additives and medicine has helped us improve our help and standard of living.
2. We able to know that additives in food make it last longer giving it nice colour, smell or flavor and making simple food tastes so grand!
3. By this project also,we have know the use of food additives,soap and detergent and also understand medicine.
4. We will know and understanding the chemistry of these chemical will help a consumers select and use them wisely.
5. Students will appreciate the existence of chemicals because they are so important in our daily life.
(1.0)
SOAP AND DETERGENT
Introduction What is soap
- The general formulae of a soap can be written as :
- RCOO-Na+or RCOO-K+
R is an alkyl group usually containing 12-18 carbon atoms.It can be saturated or unsaturated.
EXAMPLES OF SOAP:
1)Sodium palmitate, CH3(CH2)14COO-Na+ .
2)Potassium stearate, CH3(CH2)16COO-K+.
Soaps are made from natural
resources.
Soaps are sodium or potassium salt of long-chain fatty acids.
WHAT IS DETERGENT??
General formulae for two common detergents are :
O O
|| ||
R – O – S – Oˉ Na⁺ R– – S – Oˉ Na⁺
|| ||
O O
Sodium alkyl sulphate Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate
Detergent are usually made from synthetic resources such as petroleum fractions.They were developed during the 2nd world war in responds to a shortage of animal fats and vegetable oils.
SOAP PREPARATION PROCESS !!
1. Made from animals fats and vegetables oils.2. Prepared by hydrolysing fats or oils under alkaline condition. 3. The reaction is called saponafication.
Boil fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution or concentrated potassium hydroxide solution by saponafication process .
Glycerol and salts of fattyacids which are the soap are produce
Hydrolysed fats or oil to form glycerol or fatty acids.
Then, react the acid with an alkali to form corresponding sodium or potassium salts
Used concentrated potassium hydroxide solution instead of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution to form potassium soap, potassium palmitate
Poatssium soaps are softer, milder than sodium sooaps and are usually used for bathing
• CLEANING ACTION OF SOAP
ADDITIVES IN DETERGENT AND THEIR FUNCTIONS !!
ADDITIVES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONS
Biological enzyme
Amylases, proteases, cellulases and lipase
To remove protein stains such as blood
Whitening agent
Sodium perborate To convert stains into colourless substances
Optical whitener
Fluorescent dye To add brightness and whiteness to white fabrics
Builder Sodium tripolyphosphate To enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergent by
softening the water
Suspension agent
Carboxymethylcellulose To prevent the dirt particles removed from redepositing
onto cleaned fabrics
Filler Sodium sulphate, sodium silicate
To add to the bulk of the detergent and enable it to be
poured easily
Foam control agent
Silicones To control foaming in detergent
Fragrance - To add fragrance to both the detergent and fabrics
COMPARISON BETWEEN SOAP AND DETERGENT !!
SOAP DIFFERENCES DETERGENTSoaps are effective cleaners in soft water soaps from scum in
hard waterEffectiveness
Detergents are effective cleaners in both hard and soft water
Soaps form scum in hard water Formation of scum
Detergents do not form scum in hard water
Soaps are made from natural resources ( animal fats or
vegetable oils )Sources
Detergents are made from synthetic resources such as
petroleum fractionsSoaps form precipitate in
acidic waterFormation of precipitate
Detergents do not form precipitate in acidic water
Soaps are biodegradable and do not cause any pollution
Effect to environment
Non – biodegradable detergents give thick foams that kill
aquatic lives
STRUCTURAL FORMULAE OF SOAP AND DETERGENT
DISCUSSION !!
1) Soap are cleansing agent or natural detergent made from fats and oils of animals and vegetables.
2) Soap form scum in hard water while detergent do not scum in hard water.3) Soap are biodegradable and do not cause any pollution while detergent are non-
biodegradable and cause pollution.
CONCLUSION !!
The discovery of chemicals manufactured for consumers such as soap and detergent has helped us improve our standard living.both are surfactants (able to reduce surface tension of water to
emulsify oils and grease).This will help us use it and easier for our daily life. Therefore, understanding the chemistry of these chemicals will help a consumer select and use them wisely.
SOURCES OF REFERENCES !!
1) Chemistry Form 5 Text Book,Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong, Umi Kalthom Bt Ahmad,First Published 2006,Runz Creative Sdn. Bhd.
2) SPM Revision Series Grade A Chemistry,Grace Lee, Phoon Pooi Lan, Fok Poon Lih, W.S.Tham,First Published 2009,Cerdik Publication.
3) http://www.sdahq.org/soapchemistry 4) www.googleimage.com/soap 5) www.googleimage.com/detergent
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FOOD ADDITIVES
Introduction of food additives !!
OBJECTIVE !!
1. We are should be able to :
2. State the type of food additives and their examples.
3. State the function of each type of food additives.
4. Justify the use of food additives.
-Improve nutritional value of foods and improve their taste, texture, consistency or color.
-substances added to food to preserve flavour or improve its taste and appearance.
Salt , sugar, vinegar, fenugreek,clover, aniseed, cinnamon, buah pelage, turmeric etc.
definationFrom natural resources
FOOD
ADDITIVES
Types of food additives and their function !!
FOOD ADDITIVES EXAMPLES FUNCTIONSAntioxidants Ascorbic acid ,citric acid,
sorbic acid.Preventing oxidation that
causes rancid fats and brown fruits.
Stabilizers Lecithin Prevent emulsion from separating out
Thickness Jelly, starch Thicken foodsDyes Sunset yellow, tatrazine,
indigo, caramineAdd or restore the colour in
food in order to enhance visual appeal.
Preservative Sodium nitrite, benzoic acid, sulphur dioxide.
Slow down or prevent the growth or microorganism.
Flavourings Monosodium glutamate, aspartame, pentyl ethanoate
Improve the taste of food and restore taste loss.
DISCUSSION !!
1. Food additives have been used by mankind for centuries.
2. Improve nutritional value of foods and improve their taste, texture, consistency or color.
3. Substances added to food to preserve flavour or improve its taste and appearance.
CONCLUSION !!
The discovery of chemicals manufactured for consumers such as food additives has helped us improve our healthy and standard living. The, different types of these chemicals are produced to
meet the needs and preference of consumers. Therefore, understanding the chemistry of these chemicals will help a consumer select and use them wisely.
SOURCES OF REFERENCES !!
1) Chemistry Form 5 Text Book,Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong, Umi Kalthom Bt Ahmad,First Published 2006,Runz Creative Sdn. Bhd.
2) SPM Revision Series Grade A Chemistry,Grace Lee, Phoon Pooi Lan, Fok Poon Lih, W.S.Tham,First Published 2009,Cerdik Publication.
3) http://www.sdahq.org/chemcuisine 4) www.googleimage.com/foodadditives
(3.0)
MEDICINES
modern medicine !!
MODERN MEDICINE
- Made by scientist in laboratories base on the subtances found in nature
- Forms such as liquid, tablets, powders and capsules
MODERN MEDICINE
- Made by scientist in laboratories base on the subtances found in nature
- Forms such as liquid, tablets, powders and capsules
ANALGESIC
ANTIBIOTICS
PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC MEDICINES
Psychotherapeutic medicines Examples Side effects
PENICILLIN
- Most widely used in antibiotics
-Extracted from fungus Penicillium notatum
- Use to cure bacterial disease such as tuberculosis (TB), and pneumonia.
STREPTOMYCIN
- Produced by soil bacteria of the genus Streptomyces
- Used to treat tuberculosis, whooping cough and some forms of pneumonia.
-Broken down by acid in stomach
-Given by injection
-Side effects are:
Headache
Allergic reaction
Diarrhoea
Stimulant To reduce fatigue and elevate mood
Methylphenidate,dextroamphetamine,amphetamine
High does or excessive use of stimulants over long periods of time can lead to anxiety, hallucinations, severe depression, or physical and psychological dependence
Antidepressant To reduce tension and anxiety
Tranquillisers
Barbiturates
Tranquillisers cause drowsiness, poor condition or light-headedness. Overdose of these drugs can lead to respiratory difficulties, sleeplessness, coma and even death
Barbiturates cause addiction. People who rely on barbiturates to fight against insomnia sometimes kill themselves accidentally by taking an overdose
Antipsychotic To treat psychiatric illness such as schizophrenia
Chlorpromazine,haloperidol,clozapine
Antipsychotic medicines cause drowsiness, rapid heartbeat and dizziness
Traditional medicine !!
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
DISCUSSION !!Medicine is the science of diagnosing, treating and preventing disease.
Medicine is use to treat and cure disease.
Modern medicine are made by scientists in laboratories and are based on substances found in nature.
Base on effectiveness without knowing chemicals.Effectiveness depends on practices and belief without scientific
proof.
GINSENG
Use for the treatment for weakness and general fatigue
Increases resistance to stress.
ALOE VERA
Use to treat skin condition such as sunburn and insects bites.
Decrease the inflammation and pain caused by burn.
GARLIC
Can repel by thing insects.
An antioxidant and be able to lower high blood pressure.
PEGAGA
Use as herbal tea, provides extra vitality, increase brain power and improve blood circulation.
Traditional medicine are usually not processed.
CONCLUSION !!The discovery of chemicals manufactured for consumers such medicine has helped us improve
our healthy and standard living.Good medical practice help people live longer, have more meaningful and active lives.Therefore, understanding the chemistry of these chemicals will help
a consumer select and use them wisely.
SOURCES OF REFERENCES !!1) Chemistry Form 5 Text Book,Lim Eng Wah, Low Swee Neo, Lim Yean Ching, Eng Nguan Hong, Umi Kalthom Bt Ahmad,First Published 2006,Runz Creative Sdn. Bhd.2) SPM Revision Series Grade A Chemistry,Grace Lee, Phoon Pooi Lan, Fok Poon Lih, W.S.Tham,First Published 2009,Cerdik Publication.3) http://www.sdahq.org/modernmedicine 4) www.googleimage.com/medicine 5) www.googleimage.com/traditionalmedicine
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