principles of wildlife ecology & management starts at 12 noon · 2013-05-14 · principles of...
TRANSCRIPT
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Principles of Wildlife Ecology & Management starts at 12 noon
Maryland Department of Natural Resources Wildlife
and Heritage Service
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March 7, 2013 Wild Turkey Biology & Management in Maryland
Presented by Bob Long, Wild Turkey Biologist, Maryland DNR Wildlife & Heritage Service
April 4, 2013
Conservation Guidelines for Nongame Wildlife Presented by Jim McCann, State Zoologist, Maryland DNR Wildlife & Heritage Service
May 9, 2013
Ecology & Management of Young Forest Wildlife Presented by Tom Mathews, Habitat Biologist, The Wildlife Management Institute
Woodland Wildland Webinar series
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• Welcome from University of Maryland Extension • To receive webinar info and connection details:
– Subscribe to FSE Webinars Email Notification List. Send email to [email protected].
– Or contact the Forestry Extension Assistant Andrew Kling ([email protected])
• The first 100 people to log on will be the attendees for that session.
• All webinars are recorded and will be available on our YouTube channel; search “University of Maryland FSE”
Webinar Info
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• Q&A sessions during this webinar: – During presentation if possible – At the end, we will have Q&A – If we don’t get to your question, we will email you
later. • Other questions should be submitted to
Andrew Kling [email protected]. • Initial Poll
Have a Question?
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• Heating With Wood In Maryland – 12-page fact sheet available for free
download at: – www.naturalresources.umd.edu/Publicati
ons/PDFs/FS926WoodFuel.pdf • www.naturalresources.umd.edu
– Educational opportunities – Free forestry newsletter – Events & Resources
• www.forgreenheat.org – Residential wood heat information – Wood energy policy
Suggested Resources
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Website www.naturalresources.umd.edu
Starting Poll
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Principles of Wildlife Ecology & Management
Maryland Department of Natural Resources Wildlife and Heritage Service
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The Diversity of Wildlife in Maryland
• 97 Mammals • 410 Birds • 49 Reptiles • 42 Amphibians • 635 Fishes • >20,000 Invertebrates • ~3000 Vascular Plants
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What We’ll Cover Today
• Fundamentals of wildlife ecology & management • Examples of different habitats • Examples of different management practices and the
impact they have on wildlife habitat
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Questions to Ask Yourself About Managing Your Property
What is important to me? • Recreation: Hunting, Fishing, Hiking, Birding • Income: Primary vs. Supplemental • Aesthetics/Spiritual • Conservation: Doing My Part Can I Accomplish Anything Meaningful?
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Habitat Inventory - Identify the Natural Features of Your Property
-Use Google earth or map in forest stewardship plan
• Forests: hardwoods vs. conifers, age, acreage, landscape context
• Wetlands: type (emergent, scrub-shrub, forested), permanent or seasonal), size, landscape context
• Fields: crop, pasture, hay, idle acreage, landscape context
• Other: rivers, streams, seeps, rock outcrops, sand ridges, hedgerows, etc.
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Some Ideas…
• Conduct a species inventory (make a list) – What species or natural communities occur or could
occur on my property? – On adjacent or nearby properties? – Can I create or restore habitat? – What will I need to control invasive species?
• What existing laws/regulations could affect my project? – Do I need a permit?
• Develop a timeline?
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Understanding Size Requirements
• Grassland and forest interior species need BIG habitat blocks (10’s to 1000’s of ac)
• Smaller properties can
provide connectivity and buffering for interior species
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Understanding Size Requirements
• Woodland, edge and ‘early successional’ species can use smaller, more diverse habitat blocks
• Migratory birds use any
good habitat as ‘stopover’ habitat
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Abundance & Home Range of Common Eastern Wildlife
Animal Abundance Home Range
Robin 1320’ around nest
Black Bear ~70 per 100 sq mi Female: 6-19 sq mi Male: 60-100 sq mi
Chipmunk 2-4 per acre 0.5 acre
Rabbit Several per acre 10-25 acres
Raccoon ~1 per 10 acres 380-1150 acres
Red fox ~1 per 100 acres 640-1280 acres
Skunk Up to 31 per sq mi 160-320 acres
Squirrel 1-5 per acre Up to 10 acres
Turkey 10-100 per 1000 acres 600-1000 acres
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Wildlife Habitat Triangle
Food
Water Cover
Space Arrangement
Each must be of good quality, in ample supply, and properly situated in relation to each other
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Habitat Management Strategies
• Protection- High Quality • Enhancement- OK • Alteration-Marginal • Restoration- Poor • Creation –Brownfield or
mowed yard
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Understand Habitat Requirements
Non-breeding
Breeding
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Focus on Wildlife Habitat Elements What is limiting?
• Cover – caves & ledges; cavity trees; snags, tree tops; dense vegetation
• Food – hard & soft mast; wolf trees; apple trees; food plots
• Water – wetlands; riparian zones; spring seeps • Space – all elements in home range; landscape features
present;
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Habitat Changes with the Season!
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Maintain and Enhancing Habitat Elements
• Mast trees (produce edible fruits/nuts)
• Rocks (cliffs, outcroppings, piles) • Snags (dead standing trees) • Water (stream, pond, wetland,
spring) • Wolf trees (large, spreading, in the
open)
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Other Important Resources
• Vernal Pools (seasonal) • Coarse Woody Debris • Snags
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• Rock Outcrops • Cliffs • Talus Slopes
Maintain Forested Buffers around these unique features of your property
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Fen or Wet Sedge Meadow Shale Barren
Protect Unique or Sensitive Habitat
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What Species or Group of Species should you Manage for?
• Manage for quality habitat • Guiding principles (landscape…local)
– Regional priorities – State species of greatest concern – Rare species or special habitats – Landowner objectives
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Forest Interior Dwelling Species (FIDS) Regional Priority
Suite of 25 breeding bird species that are forest area sensitive
Most associated with pole-stage or older forest conditions
Minimum habitat criteria:
- 50+ acre forest tract with ≥10 acres of forest interior (300 ft from edge) or - 50+ acre riparian forest with width ≥ 300 ft
FIDS conservation serves as “umbrella” for other forest species and forest processes
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FIDS Habitat
> 80% Forest Closure
Diverse Vertical Structure
Large Contiguous Forest
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January June
No Fish=Amphibian Breeding Pond
Delmarva Bays & Vernal Pools are Seasonally Flooded Non-tidal Wetlands
Regional Priority
Eastern Pond Hawk Spotted Turtle
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Grassland Birds -National Priority
• Decline Greatest Among ALL Bird Species • Generally Require Minimum of 10 acres • Habitat Shape Important – Minimize Edge
(circles or squares vs. narrow rectangles) ● Suite of 15 Species
Bobolink Meadowlark Henslow’s Sparrow
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Young Forest Birds (Scrub, shrub dependent species) Regional Priority
• 56% decline in number of American woodcock heard in singing ground survey. Due to loss of habitat.
Eastern Region
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Bathtub Concept of
Wildlife Populations
• Carrying capacity of a habitat is similar to water-holding capacity of a bathtub
• Population is balanced when animals entering the habitat equal those leaving
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Potential population growth of robins without limiting factors. Losses to death and migration are important.
From: Benson, 1999
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Population curve. Each population annually produces more young than can survive to reproduce.
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Death is Part of Nature
Photo by Chip Clark
When carrying capacity of the habitat is approached, reached, or exceeded, one or more mortality factors will occur… - disease - severe weather - hunting - starvation - predators - accidents
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Identify & Manage for the Limiting Habitat Factor
Food
Water Cover
Space Arrangement
Limiting factor will change depending on the species or species group of interest.
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Habitat changes with stage of succession. Diverse habitat good.
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Attracting Wildlife Understand Edge Effect
• Interface between two or more cover types • Zones of high wildlife activity
Hard Edge Soft Edge
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Attracting Wildlife – Stay on Top of Invasives
• Always control invasives first • Fill in behind with natives or encourage natives to
grow • Requires ongoing maintenance
Japanese Honeysuckle
English Ivy
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Attracting Wildlife – Think Connectivity
• Wildlife need connected habitats to safely disperse, breed, forage, maintain genetic diversity - survive
• Stream corridors are ideal
• Small properties can buffer larger blocks of habitat
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Attracting Wildlife - Create New Habitat
• Plant native trees that are good for wildlife – think flowers, berries, fruits or nuts • Dogwoods • Hollies • Spicebush • Sumac • Serviceberry (early spring
berries for migrant birds!) • Viburnums (deer resistant!) • Oaks, Hickories, Walnuts • Black Gum
Build onto existing forest and stream corridors
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Attracting Wildlife - Field Borders • 50’-100’ border strips provide cover & food
– Between normal crop production or lawn and forest – Create on forest side or field side – Little reduction in productivity – Can easily be returned to production
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Managing & Creating Edge
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Attracting Wildlife – Mast Trees
• Oak, hickory, walnut, beech
• Cherry, crabapple, hackberry,
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Attracting Wildlife – Habitat Features
Wildlife Love Dead Wood!
Den Tree
Deadfall
Dead Branches Standing Snag
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Keep or Create Snags
• Most woodlots have them – 2-4 per acre
• Can create snags if they are under-represented: – Mechanical girdling –at least ½”
groove for small trees, 1-1.5” groove for larger trees; or
– Herbicides
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Attracting Wildlife – Habitat Elements
Brush Piles • Cover • Nest Sites • Loafing
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Building a Brush Pile
• Base - logs, rocks, fence posts – anything you have around
• 6” openings • Top - finer brush and
branches • Near water and other
habitat features • The bigger the better
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Attracting Wildlife – Habitat Features
Water is a Huge Draw – especially
running water
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Attracting Wildlife – Habitat Elements Messy Is OK
Create dense thickets • Allow brush to develop in
understory • Only mow those areas that
you need
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Pollinators Need: • A diversity of native plants
that flower all season • A place to nest and lay
eggs nearby
Attracting Wildlife - Pollinator Habitat
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• Landscape perspective + your own interests will help you determine what types of wildlife to manage for
• Easier to manage for habitat than individual species
• Cannot manage for everything
• Avoid attracting deer!
What should you Manage for?
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Manage Deer Population They will eliminate other wildlife
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Planning for your Property Think at the landscape level – act at the property level
Use Google Earth or Maps
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Cooperate with your Neighbors
Together you can provide more habitat niches, larger blocks of habitat and increased connectivity
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Edge Effect- Most Wanted List
Soft Edges = Less Nest Parasitism Manage Raccoon populations
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Hard Edge
Manage Edge Habitat
Softening edges provides greater cover, more niches and more nest site opportunities while reducing edge effect
Cut or plant field edge (50-100foot)
Soft edge
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Manage Field Areas
• Mow open habitats outside of the breeding/ flowering season –April-August (MD July 15)
• Mow only a portion each year or every 2-4 years to maintain habitat ‘patchiness’ and diversity
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Some Habitat Management Techniques for Forest Stands
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Timber Stand Improvement
– Thin out overstory – Allow light to forest floor – Promote growth of better trees – Mast Trees! – Save trees being used by wildlife
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Field Border cut Thick edge along border cut
White Pine Thinning after 1 year-4 years
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Seeded, fertilized & covered with straw
Grasses established
Seed Log Landings for Wildlife Create brood habitat and forage
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5 acre clearcut Road daylight
Use of Full Canopy Removal
< 1 acre wildlife openings
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Field Habitat
Mow in strips every 3 years
Food plots
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Snags Den Trees
Artificial habitat
Keep wolf trees?
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Useful Links
http://www.dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Plants Wildlife/rte/rteplants.asp http://www.dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Plants Wildlife/rte/rteanimals.asp http://www.dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Plants Wildlife/mdwllists.asp http://www.dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Plants Wildlife/invintro.asp http://www.dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Hunt_Trap/gamemam.asp
http://www.dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Hunt_Trap/gamebird.asp